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ASTM C856-04

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete

Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete

ABSTRACT
This practice outlines the standard procedures for performing petrographic examination of hardened concrete samples. The samples examined may be taken from concrete constructions, that is, all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic cement concrete. They may also be concrete products or portions thereof, or concrete or mortar specimens that have been exposed in natural environments or simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. This practice applies to samples of all types of hardened hydraulic-cement mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. The equipments generally used for specimen preparation are diamond saw, cutting lubricant, horizontal lap wheels, free abrasive machine, polishing wheel, hot plate or oven, prospector's pick and/or bricklayer's hammer, abrasives, plate-glass squares, suitable media, and microscope slides. For specimen examination, the equipments needed are stereomicroscope, dollies, petrographic or polarizing microscope, metallographic microscope, eyepiece micrometer, stage micrometer, microscope lamps, needleholders and points, bottles with droppers, assorted forceps, lens paper, refractometer, and immersion media. Appropriate procedures for the sampling, preparation, and examination of specimens are detailed methodically.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples examined may be taken from concrete constructions, they may be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be concrete or mortar specimens that have been exposed in natural environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. The phrase "concrete constructions" is intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic cement concrete.
Note 1—A photographic chart of materials, phenomena, and reaction products discussed in Sections 7-12 and Table 1-6 are available as Adjunct C856 (ADJCO856).
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are applicable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened hydraulic-cement mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the material for examination is designated as "concrete," even though the commentary may be applicable to the other mixtures, unless the reference is specifically to media other than concrete.
1.3 outlines an uranyl acetate method for identifying locations where alkali-silica gel may be present. It is a requirement that the substances in those locations must be identified using any other more definitive techniques, such as petrographic microscopy.
1.4 The purposes of and procedures for petrographic examination of hardened concrete are given in the following sections:SectionQualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians3Purposes of Examination4Apparatus5Selection and Use of Apparatus6Samples 7Examination of Samples8Specimen Preparation9Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination10Polarizing Microscope Examination11Paste Features12Report13
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 5.2.10.1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2003
ICS
91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.65 - Petrography
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C856-02 - Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Replaced By
ASTM C856-11 - Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
Effective Date
01-Apr-2011
Referred By
ASTM C1084-19 - Standard Test Method for Portland-Cement Content of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM D4619-12(2018) - Standard Practice for Inspection of Linings in Operating Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C457/C457M-23 - Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C823/C823M-12(2017) - Standard Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened<brk/> Concrete in Constructions
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C151/C151M-18 - Standard Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hydraulic Cement
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1778-22 - Standard Guide for Reducing the Risk of Deleterious Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1528/C1528M-20 - Standard Guide for Selection of Dimension Stone
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004

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ASTM C856-04 - Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened ConcreteASTM C856-04 - Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
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ASTM C856-04 - Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C856–04
Standard Practice for
1
Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C856; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Section
Report 13
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic
examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples 1.5 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded
examined may be taken from concrete constructions, they may
as the standard. The SI units in parentheses are provided for
be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be information purposes only.
concreteormortarspecimensthathavebeenexposedinnatural
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
to laboratory tests. The phrase “concrete constructions” is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
have been built of hydraulic cement concrete.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard
statement is given in 5.2.10.1.
NOTE 1—A photographic chart of materials, phenomena, and reaction
products discussed in Sections 7-12 and Tables 1-6 are available as
2. Referenced Documents
Adjunct C856 (ADJCO856).
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are appli-
C215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse, Longitudi-
cable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened
nal, and Torsional Resonant Frequencies of Concrete
hydraulic-cement mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout,
Specimens
plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the
C227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of
material for examination is designated as “concrete,” even
3
Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)
though the commentary may be applicable to the other mix-
C342 TestMethodforPotentialVolumeChangeofCement-
tures, unless the reference is specifically to media other than
3
Aggregate Combinations
concrete.
C441 Test Method for Effectiveness of Pozzolans or
1.3 AnnexA1 outlines an uranyl acetate method for identi-
Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive Ex-
fying locations where alkali-silica gel may be present. It is a
pansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
requirement that the substances in those locations must be
C452 Test Method for Potential Expansion of Portland-
identified using any other more definitive techniques, such as
Cement Mortars Exposed to Sulfate
petrographic microscopy.
C457 Test Method for Microscopical Determination of
1.4 Thepurposesofandproceduresforpetrographicexami-
Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete
nationofhardenedconcretearegiveninthefollowingsections:
C496/C496M Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of
Section
Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
C597 Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
Qualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians 3
Purposes of Examination 4
C803/C803M Test Method for Penetration Resistance of
Apparatus 5
Hardened Concrete
Selection and Use of Apparatus 6
C805 Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Con-
Samples 7
Examination of Samples 8
crete
Specimen Preparation 9
C823 Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened
Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination 10
Polarizing Microscope Examination 11 Concrete in Constructions
Paste Features 12
1 2
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
andConcreteAggregatesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeC09.65on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Petrography. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2004. Published February 2004. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1977. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C856 – 02. DOI: Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced
10.1520/C0856-04. on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C856–04
6
TABLE 1 Visual Examination of Concrete (1)
Coarse Aggregate + Fine Aggregate + Matrix + Air + Embedded Items
Composition:
A
Maximum dimension, in. or
mm, in the range> d>
Type: Type: color,
...

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4.1 Alkali-silica reaction is a chemical interaction between some siliceous constituents of concrete aggregates and hydroxyl ions (1).5 The concentration of hydroxyl ion within the concrete is predominantly controlled by the concentration of sodium and potassium (2).  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the susceptibility of an aggregate or combination of an aggregate with pozzolan or slag for participation in expansive alkali-silica reaction by measurement of length change of concrete prisms.  
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4.1 This test method is of primary significance in determining the acceptability of aggregate with respect to the requirements of Specification C33/C33M.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the approximate determination of clay lumps and friable particles in aggregates.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
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ASTM C1231/C1231M-23(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides for using an unbonded capping system in testing hardened concrete cylinders made in accordance with Practices C31/C31M or C192/C192M, or cores obtained in accordance with Test Method C42/C42M in lieu of the capping systems described in Practice C617/C617M.  
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ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of strength of cylindrical concrete specimens that have been molded in place using special molds attached to formwork. A concrete cylinder mold assembly consisting of a mold and a tubular support member is fastened within the concrete formwork prior to placement of the concrete. The elevation of the mold upper edge is adjusted to correspond to the plane of the finished slab surface. The mold support prevents direct contact of the slab concrete with the outside of the mold and permits its easy removal from the hardened concrete. Strength of cast-in-place cylinders may be used for various purposes, such as estimating the load-bearing capacity of slabs, determining the time of form and shore removal, and determining the effectiveness of curing and protection. Consolidation of concrete in the mold may be varied to simulate the conditions of placement. Internal vibration of concrete in the mold is prohibited except under special circumstances.
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1.1 This practice covers procedures for fabricating test specimens in the laboratory or field using a representative sample of fresh self-consolidating concrete (SCC). This practice is applicable to SCC with a nominal maximum aggregate size up to 25 mm [1 in.] and a slump flow of 500 mm [20 in.] or greater. If the slump flow is less than 500 mm [20 in.] follow the fabrication procedures described in the standard for which the test specimen is required.  
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5.1 Tests performed at the same location across a span of years may be used to detect a reduction of infiltration rate of the pervious concrete, thereby identifying the need for remediation.  
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SCOPE
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1.3 The text of this standard references notes that provide explanatory material. These notes shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
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ASTM C617/C617M-23(Practice)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice describes procedures for providing plane surfaces on the ends of freshly molded concrete cylinders, hardened cylinders, or drilled concrete cores when the end surfaces do not conform with the planeness and perpendicularity requirements of applicable standards. Practice C1231/C1231M describes alternative procedures using unbonded caps or pad caps.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers apparatus, materials, and procedures for capping freshly molded concrete cylinders with neat cement and hardened cylinders and drilled concrete cores with high-strength gypsum paste or sulfur mortar.  
1.2 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
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ASTM C1621/C1621M-17(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Passing Ability of Self-Consolidating Concrete by J-Ring

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a procedure to determine the passing ability of self-consolidating concrete. This test method is applicable for laboratory use in comparing the passing ability of different concrete mixtures. It is also applicable in the field as a quality control test.  
5.2 The difference between the slump flow and J-Ring flow is an indication of the passing ability of the concrete. A difference less than 25 mm [1 in.] indicates good passing ability and a difference greater than 50 mm [2 in.] indicates poor passing ability. The orientation of the mold for the J-Ring test and for the slump flow test without the J-Ring shall be the same.  
5.3 This test method is limited to self-consolidating concrete with nominal maximum size of aggregate of up to 25 mm [1 in.].
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the passing ability of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) by using the J-Ring in combination with a mold.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
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ASTM C173/C173M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. It measures the air contained in the mortar fraction of the concrete, but is not affected by air that may be present inside porous aggregate particles.  
4.1.1 Therefore, this is the appropriate test to determine the air content of concretes containing lightweight aggregates, air-cooled slag, and highly porous or vesicular natural aggregates.  
4.2 This test method requires the addition of sufficient isopropyl alcohol, when the meter is initially being filled with water, so that after the first or subsequent rollings little or no foam collects in the neck of the top section of the meter. If more foam is present than that equivalent to 2 % air above the water level, the test is declared invalid and must be repeated using a larger quantity of alcohol. Addition of alcohol to dispel foam any time after the initial filling of the meter to the zero mark is not permitted.  
4.3 The air content of hardened concrete may be either higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This depends upon the methods and amounts of consolidation effort applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete specimen is taken; uniformity and stability of the air bubbles in the fresh and hardened concrete; accuracy of the microscopic examination, if used; time of comparison; environmental exposure; stage in the delivery, placement and consolidation processes at which the air content of the unhardened concrete is determined, that is, before or after the concrete goes through a pump; and other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete containing any type of aggregate, whether it be dense, cellular, or lightweight.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C138/C138M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete

ABSTRACT
This test method covers determination of the density of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the unit weight, yield or relative yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials. The test method shall use the following apparatuses: balance or scale; tamping rod, which is a round straight steel rod having the tamping end rounded to a hemispherical tip; internal vibrator which may have rigid of flexible shafts, preferably powered by electric motors; measure, which is a cylindrical container made of steel or other suitable metal specified herein; strike-off plate; mallet; and scoop of a size large enough so each amount of concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representative and small enough so it is not spilled during placement in the measure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the density (see Note 1) of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: Unit weight was the previous terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is mass per unit volume.  
1.3 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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  • Standard
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