ASTM E1886-97

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 1886 – 97 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for
Performance of Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, Doors, and
Storm Shutters Impacted by Missile(s) and Exposed to
Cyclic Pressure Differentials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1886; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Cyclic Static Air
Pressure Differential
1.1 This test method determines the performance of exterior
2.2 ANSI/ASCE Standard:
windows, curtain walls, doors, and storm shutters impacted by
ANSI/ASCE 7, American Society of Civil Engineers Min-
missile(s) and subsequently subjected to cyclic static pressure
imum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures
differentials. A missile propulsion device, an air pressure
2.3 American Lumber Standard:
system, and a test chamber are used to model some conditions
Document PS20-94—American Softwood Lumber Stan-
which may be representative of windborne debris and pressures
dard
in a windstorm environment. This test method is applicable to
the design of entire fenestration or shutter assemblies and their
3. Terminology
installation. The performance determined by this test method
3.1 Definitions: General terms used in this test method are
relates to the ability of elements of the building envelope to
defined in Terminology E 631.
remain unbreached during a windstorm.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 The specifying authority shall define the representative
3.2.1 2 3 4 in. lumber—a dressed piece of surface dry,
conditions (see 10.1).
softwood lumber as defined in Document PS20-94.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.2.2 air pressure cycle—beginning at a specified air pres-
standard. Values given in parentheses are for information only.
sure differential, the application of positive (negative) pressure
Certain values contained in reference documents cited herein
to achieve another specified air pressure differential and
may be stated in inch-pound units and must be converted by the
returning to the initial specified air pressure differential.
user.
3.2.3 air pressure differential—the specified differential in
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
static air pressure across the specimen, creating an inward
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
(outward) load, expressed in Pa (lb/ft ). The maximum air
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
pressure differential (P) is specified or is equal to the design
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
pressure.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard
3.2.4 basic wind speed—the wind speed as determined by
statements are given in Section 7.
the specifying authority.
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.5 design pressure—the uniform static air pressure dif-
ference, inward or outward, for which the test specimen would
2.1 ASTM Standards:
be designed under service load conditions using conventional
E 330 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior
structural engineering specifications and concepts. This pres-
Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors by Uniform Static Air
sure is determined by either analytical or wind tunnel proce-
Pressure Difference
2 dures (such as are specified in ANSI/ASCE 7).
E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions
3.2.6 fenestration assembly—the construction intended to
E 997 Test Method for Structural Performance of Glass in
be installed to fill a wall or roof opening.
Exterior Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors Under the
3.2.7 missile—the object which is propelled toward a test
Influence of Uniform Static Loads by Destructive Meth-
2 specimen.
ods
3.2.8 positive (negative) cyclic test load—the specified
E 1233 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior
difference in static air pressure, creating an inward (outward)
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-6 on
Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.51 Available from the American Society of Civil Engineers, 1801 Alexander Bell
on Component Performance of Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors. Drive, Reston, VA 20191-4400.
Current edition approved May 10, 1997. Published July 1997. Available from the American Lumber Standard Committee, Inc., P.O. Box 210,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11. Germantown, MD 20875.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 1886
loading, for which the specimen is to be tested under repeated 5.1.2 Windows, doors, and curtain walls are building enve-
conditions, expressed in Pa (lb/ft ). lope components often subject to damage in windstorms. The
3.2.9 shutter assembly—the construction intended to be
damage caused by windborne debris during windstorms goes
installed in front of fenestration assemblies to provide protec- beyond failure of building envelope components such as
tion.
windows, doors, and curtain walls. Breaching of the envelope
3.2.10 specifying authority—the entity responsible for de- exposes a building’s contents to the damaging effects of
termining and furnishing information required to perform this
continued wind and rain (1, 4-7). A potentially more serious
test method. result is internal pressurization. When the windward wall of a
3.2.11 test loading program—the entire sequence of air
building is breached, the internal pressure in the building
pressure cycles to be applied to the test specimen.
increases, resulting in increased outward acting pressure on the
3.2.12 test specimen—the entire assembled unit submitted
other walls and the roof. The internal pressure coefficient (see
for test.
ANSI/ASCE 7), which is one of several design parameters, can
3.2.13 windborne debris—objects carried by the wind in
increase by a factor as high as four. This can increase the net
windstorms.
outward acting pressure by a factor as high as two.
3.2.14 windstorm—a weather event, such as a hurricane,
5.1.3 The commentary to ANSI/ASCE 7-93 discusses inter-
with high sustained winds and turbulent gusts capable of
nal pressure coefficients and the increased value to be used in
generating windborne debris.
designing envelopes with “openings” as follows:
“Openings” in Table 9 (Internal Pressure Coefficients for Buildings) means
4. Summary of Test Method
permanent or other openings that are likely to be breached during high
winds. For example, if window glass is likely to be broken by missiles dur-
4.1 This test method consists of mounting the test specimen,
ing a windstorm, this is considered to be an opening. However, if doors
impacting the test specimen with a missile(s), and then
and windows and their supports are designed to resist specified loads and
applying cyclic static pressure differentials across the test the glass is protected by a screen or barrier, they need not be considered
openings. (109)
specimen in accordance with a specified test loading program,
observing and measuring the condition of the test specimen,
Thus, there are two options in designing buildings for
and reporting the results.
windstorms with windborne debris: buildings designed with
“openings” (partially enclosed buildings) to withstand the
5. Significance and Use
higher pressures noted in the commentary to ANSI/ASCE 7-93
5.1 Structural design of exterior windows, curtain walls,
and, alternatively, building envelope components designed so
doors, and storm shutters is typically based on positive and
they are not likely to be breached in a windstorm when
negative design pressure(s). Design pressures based on wind
impacted by windborne debris. The latter approach reduces the
speeds with a mean recurrence interval (usually 25–100 years)
likelihood of exposing the building contents to the weather.
that relates to desired levels of structural reliability and are
5.2 In this test method, a test specimen is first subjected to
appropriate for the type and importance of the building (1).
specified missile impact(s) followed by the application of a
The adequacy of the structural design is substantiated by other
specified number of cycles of positive and negative static
test methods such as Test Methods E 330 and E 1233 which
pressure differential (8). The assembly must satisfy the pass/
discuss proof loads as added factors of safety. However, these
fail criteria established by the specifying authority, which may
test methods do not account for other factors such as impact
allow damage such as deformation, deflection, or glass break-
from windborne debris followed by fluctuating pressures
age.
associated with a severe windstorm environment. As demon-
5.3 The windborne debris generated during a severe wind-
strated by windstorm damage investigations, windborne debris
storm varies greatly, depending upon windspeed, height above
is present in hurricanes and has caused a significant amount of
the ground, terrain, surrounding structures, and other sources
damage to building envelopes (2-7). The actual in-service
of debris (4). Typical debris in hurricanes consists of missiles
performance of fenestration assemblies and storm shutters in
including, but not limited to, roof gravel, roof tiles, signage,
areas prone to severe windstorms is dependent on many
portions of damaged structures, framing lumber, roofing ma-
factors. Windstorm damage investigations have shown that the
terials, and sheet metal (4,7,9). Median impact velocities for
effects of windborne debris, followed by the effects of repeated
missiles affecting residential structures considered in Ref (7)
or cyclic wind loading, were a major factor in building damage
ranged from 9 m/s (30 fps) to 30 m/s (100 fps). The missiles
(2-7).
and their associated velocity ranges used in this test method are
5.1.1 Many factors affect the actual loading on building
selected to reasonably represent typical debris produced by
surfaces during a severe windstorm, including varying wind
windstorms.
direction, duration of the wind event, height above ground,
5.4 To determine design wind loads, averaged wind speeds
building shape, terrain, surrounding structures, and other fac-
are translated into air pressure differences. Superimposed on
tors (1). The resistance of fenestration or shutter assemblies to
the averaged winds are gusts whose aggregation, for short
wind loading after impact depends upon product design,
periods of time (ranging from fractions of seconds to a few
installation, load magnitude, duration, and repetition.
seconds) may move at considerably higher speeds than the
averaged winds. Wind pressures related to building design,
wind intensity versus duration, frequency of occurrence, and
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this standard. other factors are considered.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
E 1886
5.4.1 Wind speeds are typically selected for particular and with a response time less than 50 ms. Examples of
geographic locations and probabilities of occurrence from wind acceptable apparatus are: mechanical pressure gages and elec-
speed maps such as those prepared by the National Weather tronic pressure transducers.
Service, from appropriate wind load documents such as ANSI/ 6.2.5 Missile Propulsion Device(s)—Any device capable of
ASCE 7 or from building codes enforced in a particular propelling the missile at a specified speed, orientation, and
geographic region. impact location. The missile shall not be accelerating upon
5.4.2 Equivalent static pressure differences are calculated impact due to the force of gravity along a line normal to the
using the selected wind speeds (1). specimen. Examples of commonly used missile propulsion
5.5 Cyclic pressure effects on fenestration assemblies after devices are found in Appendix X1.
impact by windborne debris are significant (6-8, 10-12).Itis 6.2.6 Speed Measuring System—A system capable of mea-
appropriate to test the strength of the assembly for a time suring missile speeds within the tolerances defined in 11.2.1.
duration representative of sustained winds and gusts in a Typical speed measuring systems are described in Appendix
windstorm. Gust wind loads are of relatively short duration. X2.
Other test methods, such as Test Methods E 330 and E 1233, 6.2.7 Missile—Missiles shall be one or more of the follow-
do not model gust loadings. They are not to be specified for the ing:
purpose of testing the adequacy of the assembly to remain 6.2.7.1 Small Missile—A solid steel ball having a mass of 2
unbreached in a windstorm environment following impact by g (0.004 lb) 6 5 %, with an 8-mm ( ⁄16-in.) nominal diameter,
windborne debris. and an impact speed between 0.40 and 0.75 of the basic wind
5.6 Further information on the subjects covered in Section 5 speed (3-s gust in accordance with ANSI/ASCE 7).
is available in Refs (1-12). 6.2.7.2 Large Missile—A No. 2 or better Southern Yellow
Pine or Douglas Fir 2 3 4 in. lumber having an American
6. Apparatus
Lumber Standard Committee accredited agency mark having a
6.1 Use any equipment capable of performing the test
mass of between 2050 g 6 100 g (4.5 6 0.25 lb) and 6800 g
procedure within the allowable tolerances.
6 100 g (15.0 6 0.25 lb) and having a length between 1.2 m
6.2 Major Components:
6 100 mm (4 ft 6 4 in.) and 4.0 m 6 100 mm (13.2 ft 6 4 in.)
6.2.1 Mounting Frame—The fixture which supports the test
and an impact speed between 0.10 and 0.55 of the basic wind
specimen in a vertical position during testing. The maximum
speed (3-s gust in accordance with ANSI/ASCE 7). The missile
deflection of the longest member of the mounting frame either
shall have no defects, including knots, splits, checks, shakes, or
during impact or the maximum specified static air pressure
wane within 30 cm (12 in.) of the impact end. The impact end
differential shall not exceed L/360, where L denotes the longest
shall be trimmed square in accordance with the rules certified
unsupported length of a member of the mounting frame.
by the American Lumber Standard Committee. If required for
Deflection measurements shall be made normal to the plane of
propulsion, a circul
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