Name: ASTM E18-05 - Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials
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Abstract

Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of metallic materials, including test methods for the verification of machines for Rockwell hardness testing (Part B) and the calibration of standardized hardness test blocks (Part C).
1.2 Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. SI units are provided for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Note 0.)Note 2
The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) maintains the national Rockwell hardness standards for the United States. In June 1998, NIST released new Rockwell C scale (HRC) test blocks as Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). The blocks were calibrated using NIST's primary reference standardizing machine. The major benefit of the NIST standards is that their HRC levels are in line with the other industrialized countries around the world. The NIST HRC levels establish the hardness of materials slightly harder than the historical standards used in the United States for the past 75 years. The revision of E 18 requires that all performance verifications of Rockwell hardness indenters and hardness machines must be made using test blocks calibrated traceable to the Rockwell standards maintained by NIST. This can be accomplished through the use of commercial test blocks calibrated traceable to the NIST standards or by directly using the NIST SRMs. This requirement will apply only to the Rockwell scale(s) for which NIST supplies primary reference test blocksNote 3
Previous editions of this standard have stated that the steel ball was the standard type of Rockwell indenter ball. Starting with this edition, the tungsten carbide ball is considered the standard type of Rockwell indenter ball. The use of tungsten carbide balls will provide an improvement to the Rockwell hardness test because of the tendency of steel balls to flatten with use, which results in an erroneously elevated hardness value. The user is cautioned that Rockwell hardness tests comparing the use of steel and tungsten carbide balls have been shown to give different results. For example, depending on the material tested and its hardness level, Rockwell B scale tests using a tungsten carbide ball indenter have given results up to one Rockwell point lower than when a steel ball indenter is used.

General Information

Status

Historical

Publication Date

31-Jan-2005

ICS

77.040.10 - Mechanical testing of metals

Technical Committee

E28 - Mechanical Testing

Drafting Committee

E28.06 - Indentation Hardness Testing

Current Stage

Ref Project

Relations

Replaces

ASTM E18-03e1 - Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials

Effective Date

01-Feb-2005

Replaced By

ASTM E18-05e1 - Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials

Effective Date

01-Apr-2005

Referred By

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Effective Date

01-Feb-2005

Referred By

ASTM F879M-16 - Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Socket Button and Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws (Metric) (Withdrawn 2023)

Effective Date

01-Feb-2005

Referred By

ASTM F835-23 - Standard Specification for Alloy Steel Socket Button, Low and Flat Countersunk Head Cap Screws

Effective Date

01-Feb-2005

Referred By

ASTM B944-22 - Standard Specification for Copper-Beryllium Welded Heat Exchanger and Condenser Tube (UNS No. C17510)

Effective Date

01-Feb-2005

Referred By

ASTM B1011/B1011M-22 - Standard Specification for Cobalt Alloy Spring Wire

Effective Date

01-Feb-2005

Referred By

ASTM F837M-20 - Standard Specification for Stainless Steel Socket Head Cap Screws [Metric] (Withdrawn 2023)

Effective Date

01-Feb-2005

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ASTM B150/B150M-19 - Standard Specification for Aluminum Bronze Rod, Bar, and Shapes

Effective Date

01-Feb-2005

Referred By

ASTM F1537-20 - Standard Specification for Wrought Cobalt-28Chromium-6Molybdenum Alloys for Surgical Implants (UNS R31537, UNS R31538, and UNS R31539)

Effective Date

01-Feb-2005

Referred By

ASTM B505/B505M-22 - Standard Specification for Copper Alloy Continuous Castings

Effective Date

01-Feb-2005

Referred By

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Effective Date

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Effective Date

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Effective Date

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Effective Date

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ASTM E18-05 - Standard Test Methods for Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superficial Hardness of Metallic Materials

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ASTM E18-05 - Standard Test Me...

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
An American National Standard
Designation: E 18 – 05
Standard Test Methods for
Rockwell Hardness and Rockwell Superﬁcial Hardness of
,
1 2
Metallic Materials
ThisstandardisissuedundertheﬁxeddesignationE18;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyearoforiginal
adoptionor,inthecaseofrevision,theyearoflastrevision.Anumberinparenthesesindicatestheyearoflastreapproval.Asuperscript
epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
comparing the use of steel and tungsten carbide balls have been shown to
1. Scope*
give different results. For example, depending on the material tested and
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
its hardness level, Rockwell B scale tests using a tungsten carbide ball
Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superﬁcial hardness of
indenter have given results up to one Rockwell point lower than when a
metallic materials, including test methods for the veriﬁcation
steel ball indenter is used.
of machines for Rockwell hardness testing (Part B) and the
2. Referenced Documents
calibration of standardized hardness test blocks (Part C).
3
1.2 Values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as 2.1 ASTM Standards:
the standard. SI units are provided for information only.
A370 TestMethodsandDeﬁnitionsforMechanicalTesting
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the of Steel Products
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
B19 Speciﬁcation for Cartridge Brass Sheet, Strip, Plate,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- Bar, and Disks (Blanks)
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
B36/B36 M Speciﬁcation for Brass Plate, Sheet, Strip, and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Note 6.) Rolled Bar
B96 Speciﬁcation for Copper-Silicon Alloy Plate, Sheet,
NOTE 1—The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Strip, and Rolled Bar for General Purposes and Pressure
maintains the national Rockwell hardness standards for the United States.
Vessels
In June 1998, NIST released new Rockwell C scale (HRC) test blocks as
Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). The blocks were calibrated using B97 Speciﬁcation for Copper-Silicon Alloy Plate, Sheet,
4
NIST’sprimaryreferencestandardizingmachine.Themajorbeneﬁtofthe
Strip, and Rolled Bar for General Purposes
NIST standards is that their HRC levels are in line with the other
B103/B103 M Speciﬁcation for Phosphor Bronze Plate,
industrializedcountriesaroundtheworld.TheNISTHRClevelsestablish
Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar
thehardnessofmaterialsslightlyharderthanthehistoricalstandardsused
B121/B121 M Speciﬁcation for Leaded Brass Plate,
in the United States for the past 75 years. The revision of E 18 requires
Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar
that all performance veriﬁcations of Rockwell hardness indenters and
B122/B122 MSpeciﬁcationforCopper-Nickel-TinAlloy,
hardness machines must be made using test blocks calibrated traceable to
the Rockwell standards maintained by NIST. This can be accomplished Copper-Nickel-Zinc Alloy (Nickel Silver), and Copper-
throughtheuseofcommercialtestblockscalibratedtraceabletotheNIST
Nickel Alloy Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Rolled Bar
standards or by directly using the NIST SRMs. This requirement will
B130 SpeciﬁcationforCommercialBronzeStripforBullet
apply only to the Rockwell scale(s) for which NIST supplies primary
Jackets
reference test blocks
B134 Speciﬁcation for Brass Wire
NOTE 2—Previous editions of this standard have stated that the steel
B152 Speciﬁcation for Copper Sheet, Strip, Plate, and
ball was the standard type of Rockwell indenter ball. Starting with this
Rolled Bar
edition, the tungsten carbide ball is considered the standard type of
Rockwell indenter ball. The use of tungsten carbide balls will provide an
B 291 Speciﬁcation for Copper-Zinc-Manganese Alloy
improvement to the Rockwell hardness test because of the tendency of
(Manganese Brass) Sheet and Strip
steel balls to ﬂatten with use, which results in an erroneously elevated
B370 SpeciﬁcationforCopperSheetandStripforBuilding
hardness value. The user is cautioned that Rockwell hardness tests
Construction
E4 Practices for Force Veriﬁcation of Testing Machines
E29 Practice for Using Signiﬁcant Digits in Test Data to
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E28 on
Mechanical Testing and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E28.06 on
Indentation Hardness Testing.
3
Current edition approved April 1, 2005. Published April 2005. Originally For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
e1
approved in 1932. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E18–03 . contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
...

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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Vickers hardness and Knoop hardness of metallic materials by the Vickers and Knoop indentation hardness principles. This standard provides the requirements for Vickers and Knoop hardness machines and the procedures for performing Vickers and Knoop hardness tests.
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Examples of Procedures for Determining Vickers and Knoop Hardness Uncertainty
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1.4 This test method covers Vickers hardness tests made utilizing test forces ranging from 9.807 × 10-3 N to 1176.80 N (1 gf to 120 kgf), and Knoop hardness tests made utilizing test forces from 9.807 × 10-3 N to 19.613 N (1 gf to 2 kgf).
1.5 Additional information on the procedures and guidance when testing in the microindentation force range (forces ≤ 1 kgf) may be found in Test Method E384, Test Method for Microindentation Hardness of Materials.
1.6 Units—When the Vickers and Knoop hardness tests were developed, the force levels were specified in units of grams-force (gf) and kilograms-force (kgf). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in mm or µm. However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in gf and kgf units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard as well as the...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Brinell hardness test is an indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information may correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, or other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and may be useful in quality control and selection of materials.
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SCOPE
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Table of Brinell Hardness Numbers
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1.5 At the time the Brinell hardness test was developed, the force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf). Although this standard specifies the unit of force in the International System of Units (SI) as the Newton (N), because of the historical precedent and continued common usage of kgf units, force values in kgf units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard refers to forces in kgf units.
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5.1 These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
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1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 Exception—Section 9 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.
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ABSTRACT
This test method establishes the standard procedures, including the calibration, precision and bias of the apparatus used, for the determination of indentation hardness of metallic materials by means of portable hardness testers.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Portable hardness testers are used for testing materials that because of their size, location or other requirements such as test point are unable to be tested using traditional fixed instruments.
3.2 Portable hardness testers, by their nature, induce variation that could influence the test results; therefore, hardness measurements made in accordance with this test method are not considered to meet the requirements of E10 or E18. The user should compare the results of the precision and bias studies in E110, E10 and E18 to understand the differences in results expected between portable and fixed instruments.
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3.4 Portable hardness testers are delicate instruments that are subject to damage when they are moved from one test site to another. Therefore, repeating the daily verification process during the testing sequence is recommended to insure that they are working properly.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method defines the requirements for portable instruments that are intended to be used to measure the Rockwell or Brinell hardness of metallic materials by performing indentation tests on the surface of materials in the field or outside of a test lab, or in cases where the size or weight of the test piece prevents it from being tested on a standard E10 or E18 hardness tester.
1.2 The principles used to measure the Rockwell or Brinell hardness are the same as those defined in the E18 standard test method for Rockwell or E10 standard test method for Brinell.
Note 1: Standard test methods E10 and E18 will be referred to in this test method as the standard methods.
1.3 The portable hardness testers covered by this test method are verified only by the indirect verification method. Although the portable hardness testers are designed to employ the same test conditions as those defined in the standard test methods, the forces applied by the portable Rockwell and Brinell testers and the depth measuring systems of the portable Rockwell testers may not meet the tolerance requirements of the standard methods. Portable hardness testers shall use indenters that meet the requirements of the standard test methods.
1.4 This test method does not apply to portable hardness testers that measure hardness by a means or procedure that is different than those defined in E10 or E18 For example, this test method does not apply to the methods defined in ASTM standard Practice A833, Test Methods A956 and A1038 or B647.
1.5 A report section is included to define how to indicate that the test result was obtained by using a portable device that conforms to this document.
1.6 Annex A1 is included that defines the periodic indirect verification and daily verification requirements for these instruments.
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5.1 Bend tests for ductility provide a simple way to evaluate the quality of materials by their ability to resist cracking or other surface irregularities during one continuous bend. No reversal of the bend force shall be employed when conducting these tests.
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5.4 Materials with an as-fabricated cross section of rectangular, round, hexagonal, or similar defined shape can be tested in full section to evaluate their bend properties by using the procedures outlined in these test methods, in which case relative width and thickness requirements do not apply.
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1.1 These test methods cover bend testing for ductility of materials. Included in the procedures are four conditions of constraint on the bent portion of the specimen; a guided-bend test using a mandrel or plunger of defined dimensions to force the mid-length of the specimen between two supports separated by a defined space; a semi-guided bend test in which the specimen is bent, while in contact with a mandrel, through a specified angle of bend or to a specified inside radius of bend (r) measured while under the bending force; a free-bend test in which the ends of the specimen are brought toward each other, but in which no transverse force is applied to the bend itself and there is no contact of the concave inside surface of the bend with other material; a bend-and-flatten test, in which a transverse force is applied to the bend such that the legs make contact with each other over the length of the specimen.
1.2 After bending, the convex surface of the bend is examined for evidence of a crack or surface irregularities. If the specimen fractures, the material has failed the test. When complete fracture does not occur, the criterion for failure is the number and size of cracks or surface irregularities visible to the unaided eye occurring on the convex surface of the specimen after bending, as specified by the product specification. Any cracks within one thickness of the edge of the specimen are not considered a bend test failure. Cracks occurring in the corners of the bent portion shall not be considered significant unless they exceed the size specified for corner cracks in the product specification.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Rockwell hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information may correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and may be useful in quality control and selection of materials.
4.2 Rockwell hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used extensively in industry for this purpose.
4.3 Rockwell hardness testing at a specific location on a part may not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product.
4.4 Adherence to this standard test method provides traceability to national Rockwell hardness standards except as stated otherwise.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the Rockwell hardness and the Rockwell superficial hardness of metallic materials by the Rockwell indentation hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Rockwell hardness machines and the procedures for performing Rockwell hardness tests.
1.2 This test method includes requirements for the use of portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that measure Rockwell hardness by the Rockwell hardness test principle and can meet all the requirements of this test method, including the direct and indirect verifications of the testing machine. Portable Rockwell hardness testing machines that cannot meet the direct verification requirements and can only be verified by indirect verification requirements are covered in Test Method E110.
1.3 This standard includes additional requirements in the following annexes:
Verification of Rockwell Hardness Testing Machines
Annex A1
Rockwell Hardness Standardizing Machines
Annex A2
Standardization of Rockwell Indenters
Annex A3
Standardization of Rockwell Hardness Test Blocks
Annex A4
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a
Test Piece
Annex A5
Hardness Value Corrections When Testing on Convex
Cylindrical Surfaces
Annex A6
1.4 This standard includes nonmandatory information in the following appendixes that relates to the Rockwell hardness test.
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Values Corresponding
to Tensile Strength
Appendix X1
Examples of Procedures for Determining Rockwell
Hardness Uncertainty
Appendix X2
1.5 Units—At the time the Rockwell hardness test was developed, the force levels were specified in units of kilograms-force (kgf) and the indenter ball diameters were specified in units of inches (in.). This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in millimeters (mm). However, because of the historical precedent and continued common usage, force values in kgf units and ball diameters in inch units are provided for information and much of the discussion in this standard refers to these units.
1.6 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for both the Rockwell and Rockwell superficial hardness tests. The significant differences between the two tests are that the test forces are smaller for the Rockwell superficial test than for the Rockwell test. The same type and size indenters may be used for either test, depending on the scale being employed. Accordingly, throughout this standard, the term Rockwell will imply both Rockwell and Rockwell superficial unless stated otherwise.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized p...

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4.1 Tension tests provide information on the strength and ductility of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. This information may be useful in comparisons of materials, alloy development, quality control, and design under certain circumstances.
4.2 The results of tension tests of specimens machined to standardized dimensions from selected portions of a part or material may not totally represent the strength and ductility properties of the entire end product or its in-service behavior in different environments.
4.3 These test methods are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments. The test methods have been used extensively in the trade for this purpose.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the tension testing of metallic materials in any form at room temperature, specifically, the methods of determination of yield strength, yield point elongation, tensile strength, elongation, and reduction of area.
1.2 The gauge lengths for most round specimens are required to be 4D for E8 and 5D for E8M. The gauge length is the most significant difference between E8 and E8M test specimens. Test specimens made from powder metallurgy (P/M) materials are exempt from this requirement by industry-wide agreement to keep the pressing of the material to a specific projected area and density.
1.3 Exceptions to the provisions of these test methods may need to be made in individual specifications or test methods for a particular material. For examples, see Test Methods and Definitions A370 and Test Methods B557, and B557M.
1.4 Room temperature shall be considered to be 10 °C to 38 °C [50 °F to 100°F] unless otherwise specified.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as separate from inch/pound units. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard
31 pages
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30-Apr-2022
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E28

ASTM

ASTM E3246-22(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Differential Indentation Depth Hardness of Metallic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Differential Indentation Depth hardness test is an empirical indentation hardness test that can provide useful information about metallic materials. This information can correlate to tensile strength, wear resistance, ductility, and other physical characteristics of metallic materials, and can be useful in quality control and selection of materials.
4.2 Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests are considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, and have been used in industry for this purpose.
4.3 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing at a specific location on a part might not represent the physical characteristics of the whole part or end product. Machines that comply with this Standard are used when machines that comply with the regular hardness standards such as Test Methods E10, E18, E92, and E384 cannot be used. Test results obtained with these machines are comparable BUT NOT EQUIVALENT to those obtained with machines that comply with the above mentioned standards.
4.4 Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines covered by this standard do not comply with Test Methods E10, E18, E92, or E110.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Differential Indentation Depth hardness of metallic materials by the Differential Indentation Depth hardness principle. This standard provides the requirements for Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing machines and the procedures for performing Differential Indentation Depth hardness tests.
1.2 This standard includes additional requirements in annexes:
Verification of Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Testing Machines
Annex A1
Guidelines for Determining the Minimum Thickness of a Test Piece
Annex A2
1.3 This standard includes non-mandatory information in appendixes which relates to the Differential Indentation Depth hardness test.
List of ASTM Standards Giving Hardness Numbers Corresponding to Tensile Strength
Appendix X1
Examples of Procedures for Determining Differential Indentation Depth Hardness Uncertainty
Appendix X2
Examples of Indenters Used in Differential Indentation Depth Machines
Appendix X3
1.4 Units—This standard specifies the units of force and length in the International System of Units (SI); that is, force in Newtons (N) and length in micrometers (µm). However, because of continued common usage, values are provided in other units of measure for information.
1.5 The test principles, testing procedures, and verification procedures are essentially identical for all the Differential Indentation Depth hardness testing instruments. The testing instruments may use different test forces and indenter shapes. The type and size of the indenters are matched to the design of the instrument by the manufacturer. Accordingly, the indenters, probes and other instrument components are generally not interchangeable among manufacturers.
1.6 The hardness number reported by these instruments are based on direct correlations to existing hardness scales as determined by each manufacturer for each instrument and hardness scale. Unless otherwise noted on the instrument or in the operating manual for the instrument, the hardness numbers reported by the instrument are only applicable to non-austenitic steels. See 5.6.1 for additional information.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organizati...

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31-Mar-2022
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ASTM

ASTM E436-03(2021)(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Drop-Weight Tear Tests of Ferritic Steels

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to determine the appearance of propagating fractures in plain carbon or low-alloy pipe steels (yield strengths less than 825 MPa) over the temperature range where the fracture mode changes from brittle (cleavage or flat) to ductile (shear or oblique).
4.2 This test method can serve the following purposes:
4.2.1 For research and development, to study the effect of metallurgical variables such as composition or heat treatment, or of fabricating operations such as welding or forming on the mode of fracture propagation.
4.2.2 For evaluation of materials for service to indicate the suitability of a material for specific applications by indicating fracture propagation behavior at the service temperature(s).
4.2.3 For information or specification purposes, to provide a manufacturing quality control only when suitable correlations have been established with service behavior.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers drop-weight tear tests (DWTT) on ferritic steels with thicknesses between 3.18 mm and 19.1 mm.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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31-May-2021
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ASTM

ASTM E143-20(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Shear Modulus at Room Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Shear modulus is a material property useful in calculating compliance of structural materials in torsion provided they follow Hooke's law, that is, the angle of twist is proportional to the applied torque. Examples of the use of shear modulus are in the design of rotating shafts and helical compression springs.
5.2 The procedural steps and precision of the apparatus and the test specimens should be appropriate to the shape and the material type, since the method applies to a wide variety of materials and sizes.
5.3 Precise determination of shear modulus depends on the numerous variables that may affect such determinations.
5.3.1 These factors include characteristics of the specimen such as residual stress, concentricity, wall thickness in the case of tubes, deviation from nominal value, previous strain history, and specimen dimension.
5.3.2 Testing conditions that influence the results include axial position of the specimen, temperature and temperature variations, and maintenance of the apparatus.
5.3.3 Interpretation of data also influences results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear modulus of structural materials. This test method is limited to materials in which, and to stresses at which, creep is negligible compared to the strain produced immediately upon loading. Elastic properties such as shear modulus, Young's modulus, and Poisson's ratio are not determined routinely and are generally not specified in materials specifications.
1.2 For materials that follow nonlinear elastic stress-strain behavior, the value of tangent or chord shear modulus is useful for estimating the change in torsional strain to corresponding stress for a specified stress or stress-range, respectively. Such determinations are, however, outside the scope of this standard. (See for example Ref (1).)2
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Standard
4 pages
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Standard
4 pages
English language
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30-Nov-2020
77.040.10
E28