ASTM D1754-97

Designation:D1754–97
Standard Test Method for
Effects of Heat and Air on Asphaltic Materials (Thin-Film
Oven Test)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1754; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the effects 4.1 This method indicates approximate change in properties
of heat and air on a film of semisolid asphaltic materials. The of asphalt during conventional hot-mixing at about 150°C
effects of this treatment are determined from measurements of (302°F) as indicated by viscosity, penetration, or ductility
selected asphalt properties before and after the test. measurements. It yields a residue which approximates the
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the asphalt condition as incorporated in the pavement. If the
standard. mixing temperature differs appreciably from the 150°C
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the (302°F) level, more or less effect on properties will occur.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
5. Apparatus
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5.1 Oven—The oven shall be electrically heated and shall
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. conform to the performance requirements of Specification
E 145, Type IB (Gravity-Convection), for operating tempera-
2. Referenced Documents
tures up to 180°C (356°F). During the tests for compliance to
2.1 ASTM Standards: Specification E 145 requirements, the oven shelf, properly
D 5 Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials centered as described in 5.1.2 shall be in place and rotating.
D 113 Test Method for Ductility of Bituminous Materials 5.1.1 Construction—The oven shall be rectangular, and
D 2170 Test Method for Kinematic Viscosity of Asphalts each interior dimension (exclusive of space occupied by the
(Bitumens) heating element) shall be a minimum of 330 mm (13 in.) and
D 2171 Test Method for Viscosity of Asphalts by Vacuum a maximum of 535 mm (21 in.). The oven shall have, in front,
Capillary Viscometer atightlyfittedhingeddoor,whichshallprovideaclearopening
E 1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers substantially the same as the interior height and width of the
E 145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced- oven. The door may contain a window with dimensions of at
Ventilation Ovens least 100 by 100 mm (4 by 4 in.) and with two sheets of glass
separated by an air space, through which a vertical thermom-
3. Summary of Test Method
eter, located as specified in 5.2, may be read without opening
3.1 Afilm of asphaltic material is heated in an oven for 5 h
thedoor;ortheovenmaybeprovidedwithaninnerglassdoor,
at 163°C (325°F). The effects of heat and air are determined through which the thermometer may be observed on opening
from changes incurred in physical properties measured before
the outer door momentarily. The oven shall be adequately
andaftertheoventreatment.Anoptionalprocedureisprovided ventilated by convection currents of air and for this purpose
for determining the change in sample mass.
shall be provided with openings for the entrance of air and for
3.2 Precisionvaluesforthemethodhavebeendevelopedfor the exit of heated air and vapors. Openings may be of any size
viscosity, viscosity change, penetration change, mass change,
and arrangement provided the requirements of Specification
and ductility. E 145, Type IB, are met.
5.1.2 Rotating Shelf—The oven shall be provided with a
single metal circular shelf having a minimum diameter of 250
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-4 on Road
mm (9.8 in.) and a maximum diameter of 450 mm (18 in.).The
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.46 on
shelf construction shall be such that it provides a flat surface
Durability and Distillation Tests.
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 1997. Published February 1998. Originally forsupportofthecontainerswithoutblockingallaircirculation
published as D 1754 – 60 T. Last previous edition D 1754 – 94.
through the shelf when the containers are in place. The shelf
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.03.
shallbesuspendedbyaverticalshaftandcenteredwithrespect
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
to the horizontal interior dimensions of the oven and shall be
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D1754–97
provided with a mechanical means of rotating it at the rate of 7. Procedure
5.5 6 1.0 r/min. The preferred vertical position for the shelf is
7.1 Level the oven so that the shelf rotates in a horizontal
150 mm (6 in.) above the bottom of the oven (exclusive of
plane.The maximum tilt during rotation shall be not more than
space occupied by the heating element), and the shelf shall be
3° from the horizontal.
located as close to this position as permitted by compliance
7.2 Place an empty sample container in each of the prede-
withtherequirementsof5.2regardingthermometerplacement.
termined sample container positions on the rotating shelf.
The shelf shall be constructed or marked in such a way that the
Adjust the temperature control so the specified thermometer
sample containers can be placed in the same position during
(see 5.2) reads 163 6 1°C (325 6 2°F) when the oven is at
each test. There shall be a minimum of two and a maximum of
equilibrium. Once adjustment is complete, the empty sample
six sample container positions. Each sample container position
containers may be removed at the discretion of the operator.
shall be symmetrical with respect to the shaft and to any holes
However, the temperature control shall not be readjusted once
in the shelf. The number of sample container positions shall be
any sample containers are removed.
the maximum that will fit on the shelf without violating the
above requirements and without excessive overhang.
NOTE 2—Removing sample containers will affect convection patterns
5.2 Thermometer—An ASTM Loss on Heat Thermometer
in the oven, and may cause the thermometer reading to change from the
having a range from 155 to 170°C and conforming to the desired level. This is normal, and occurs because the thermometer is not
in the same location as the temperature control sensor. Replacing the
requirements for Thermometer 13C, as prescribed in Specifi-
containers should cause the thermometer reading to return to the original
cation E 1 shall be used for determining the test temperature.
level.
The thermometer shall be supported from the shaft of the
circular shelf in a vertical position at a point equidistant from
7.3 With the oven preheated and adjusted as described in
the center and outer edge of the shelf. The bottom of the
7.2, quickly place the asphalt samples in the predetermined
thermometer bulb shall be 40 mm (1.5 in.) above the top of the
sample container positions on the circular shelf (Note 3 and
shelf.Thethermometershallberadiallycenteredoverasample
Note 4). Fill any vacant positions with empty sample contain-
container position.
ers, so that every sample container position is occupied. Close
5.3 Container—A cylindrical pan, 140 mm (5 ⁄2 in.) in the oven door and start rotating the shelf. Maintain the
inside diameter and 9.5 mm ( ⁄8 in.) deep with a flat bottom. specified temperature range for 5 h after the sample has been
Fifty millilitres of the sample in this size container give a film introduced and the oven has again reached that temperature.
thicknessofapproximately3.2mm( ⁄8in.).Pansshallbemade The 5-h period shall start when the temperature reaches 162°C
of stainless steel and shall have a metal thickness of approxi- (323°F) and in no case shall the total time that a sample is in
mately 0.64 mm (0.025 in.). the oven be more than 5 ⁄4 h. At the conclusion of the heating
period, remove the samples from the oven. If the mass change
NOTE 1—Pans have a tendency to become warped or bent with use.
is not being determined, proceed in accordance with 7.5. If the
Although tests indicate that a small amount of warping does not
mass change is being determined, cool to room temperature,
significantly affect results, frequent inspection to eliminate warped or
weigh to the nearest 0.001 g, and calculate the mass change on
damaged pans is advisable. The indicated metal thickness has been found
the basis of the asphalt in each container (Note 5).
to provide adequate rigidity without excessive weight. Stainless steel pans
manufactured from 0.6-mm thick (No. 24) stainless sheet gage steel
NOTE 3—Materials having different mass change characteristics should
comply with the recommended thickness. Pans made from 0.48 mm-thick
not generally be tested at the same time due to the possibility of
(No. 26) stainless sheet gage metal are also acceptable but have a greater
cross-absorption.
tendency to warp during use.
NOTE 4—This test method does not prohibit placing an asphalt sample
in the position under the thermometer. However, it is recommended that
6. Preparation of Samples
thispositionnotbeusedforasample,andthatanemptypanremaininthis
6.1 Place sufficient material for the test in a suitable
position, in order to minimize the risk associated with thermometer
container and heat to a fluid condition. Extreme care should be
breakage.
taken so that there is no local overheating of the sample and
NOTE 5—When complete tests cannot be made in the same day, and if
that the highest temperature reached is not more than 150°C
the mass change is being determined, weigh the residues and store them
overnight before reheating. If the mass change is not being determined,
(302°F). Stir the sample during the heating period, but avoid
transfer the residue to the 240-mL (8-oz) container as described in 7.5
incorporating air bubbles in the sample. Weigh 506 0.5 g into
before storing overnight.
each of two or more tared containers meeting the requirements
of 5.3.
7.4 After weighing the samples, place them on a refactory-
6.2 At the same time, pour a portion of the sample into the board and then on the shelf of the ove
...