ASTM D2402-94

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Designation: D 2402 – 94
Standard Test Method for
Water Retention of Textile Fibers (Centrifuge Procedure)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2402; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
TABLE 1 Analysis of Data
1. Scope
Cotton Polyester
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of water
Oper 1 Oper 2 Combined Oper 1 Oper 2 Combined
retention of man-made and natural fibers as staple, tow, or
filament and spun yarns. It is intended to give a measure of the Number 12 12 24 12 12 24
Average in % 30.20 32.80 31.46 4.821 4.077 4.453
amount of water which cannot be removed from thoroughly
Standard deviation 0.860 0.859 1.566 0.257 0.426 0.525
wetted fiber solely by mechanical means as applied by cen-
% CV 4.98 11.79
trifugal force (see 3.1.2).
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Water retention is traditionally based on the oven-dried fiber
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mass and, as such, is a type of moisture pick-up.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2 For definitions of other moisture terms related to tex-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
tiles, refer to Terminology D 4920.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific
precautionary statements, see Section 9.
4. Summary of Test Method
2. Referenced Documents 4.1 A specimen is thoroughly wetted-out by immersion,
centrifuged for 5 min at an acceleration of 9800 m/s and
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 weighed wet. Then, the wet specimen is dried and reweighed.
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
Water retention is calculated and reported as a percentage of
D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
2 the dry mass.
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
5. Significance and Use
D 2494 Test Method for Commercial Mass of a Shipment of
2 5.1 This test method for testing for water retention of fibers
Yarn or Man-Made Staple Fiber or Tow
after centrifuging is not recommended for acceptance testing of
D 3333 Practice for Sampling Man-Made Staple Fibers,
3 commercial shipments because the test is more appropriate for
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
3 development and research. However, if the test is to be used for
D 4920 Terminology Relating to Moisture in Textiles
acceptance testing, comparative tests as described in 5.1.1 are
advised.
3. Terminology
5.1.1 In the case of a dispute arising from differences in
3.1 Definitions:
reported test results using Test Method D 2402 for acceptance
3.1.1 moisture pick-up—as in Terminology D 4920.
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
3.1.2 water retention, n—the water remaining in and on a
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if statisti-
material after a specified mechanical treatment.
cal biases exist between their laboratories. As a minimum, the
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In this test method, water retained by
two parties should take a group of test specimens that are as
fiber masses includes water absorbed from the prevailing
homogeneous as possible and that are from a lot of material of
atmosphere, water imbibed during (not following) immersion,
the type in question. The test specimens should then be
and water adhering to fiber surfaces after being subjected to
randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for
1000 times normal gravitational acceleration (g) for 5 min.
testing. The average results from the two laboratories should be
compared using the Student’s t-test for unpaired data with an
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textiles acceptable probability level chosen by the two parties while
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.57 on Fiber Test Methods,
designing the test program. If the analysis shows a bias, its
General. This version of Test Method D 2402 corrects the error in Eq 2 that was
cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and
introduced in the 1978 edition and mistakenly used the moist fiber mass instead of
the moisture mass and replaces the conditioned fiber basis introduced in the 1990 supplier must agree to interpret future test data with consider-
edition to the previous dried fiber basis.
ation for the known bias.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 1994. Published February 1995. Originally
5.2 The amount of water retained by a fiber mass increases
published as D 2402 – 65T. Last edition D 2402 – 90.
with an increase in the hydrophilic tendency of the fiber. Thus
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02. the data obtained can be used to indicate the following:
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 2402
take at random the number of shipping containers directed in
the applicable material specification or other agreement be-
tween the purchaser and supplier, such as an agreement to use
Practice D 3333 for staple fiber, sliver, top or tow, or to use
Practice D 2258 for yarn. Consider the shipping containers to
be the primary sampling units.
NOTE 1—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
purchaser and supplier requires taking into account the variability between
shipping containers, between laboratory samples within the shipping
container, and between test specimens within a laboratory sample, to
provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s
risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
8.2 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
tance testing, proceed as follows:
8.2.1 For Staple Fiber—Systematically take five laboratory
sample subunits from each bale in the lot sample as directed in
FIG. 1 Cross-section View of Centrifuge Tube Assembly
Practice D 3333.
8.2.2 For Tow and Sliver (or Top)—From each shipping
5.2.1 Differences in water retention between the various
container in the lot sample, take at least a metre, or yard, of
man-made and natural fibers,
material from the leading end of the textile strand that has a
5.2.2 Degree of cross-linking in cellulosic fibers,
clean uniform appearance. If the shipping container has mul-
5.2.3 Damage incurred by wool and silk fibers due to
tiple packages, take one package drawn at random from the
alkaline processing, and
container for that laboratory sample.
5.2.4 Persistence of water-repellent treatments.
8.2.3 For Yarn in Cases—Take ten yarn packages as di-
6. Apparatus
rected in Practice D 2258. Remove enough traverses of yarn to
obtain a surface free of visible damage or soil, and then remove
6.1 Stationary Coarse Comb , approximately 63 mm long
at least a gram of yarn for the laboratory sample from each
and having needles approximately 12.5 mm long and spaced 19
laboratory sampling unit.
needles to the 10 mm, or
8.2.4 For Yarn on Beams—Sample as agreed upon between
6.2 Hand Cards.
the purchaser and supplier.
6.3 Centrifuge, with trunnions capable of holding at least 2
8.3 Test Specimens—Test two 0.5 g specimens from each
tube assemblies. The centrifuge must be capable of operating
laboratory sampling unit, preferably from different sections of
to develop an angular speed that will produce a radial accel-
the laboratory sample units.
eration of 9800 m/s (1000 g) on the specimen within 5 min.
6.4 Tube Assemblies, each consisting of a 15-mL, polypro-
9. Conditioning
pylene, centrifuge tube with draining holes, shell and support
9.1 Specimens may be tested without any conditioning.
wire (see Fig. 1).
6.5 Timer, suitable for controlling immersion time and
10. Specimen Preparation
centrifuge time to 61s.
6.6 Balance, with sensitivity of 0.5 mg and a capacity of 10.1 Foreign Matter and Extractable Matter—If the labo-
2000 g. ratory sample units contain foreign matter, remove the latter by
6.7 Weighing Containers, air-tight, large enough to hold a mechanical means (such as hand carding). For samples con-
specimen basket. taining n
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