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ASTM A1036-04

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet Testers

Standard Guide for Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet Testers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Materials Evaluation—Small single sheet testers were developed to supplement the testing of Epstein specimens for various applications. They are especially appropriate for determining the magnetic properties of samples when insufficient material is available for preparation of an Epstein specimen. Although the small specimen size is attractive, the precision of the small sheet testers is not expected to be as good as that of the test method Test Method A 343/A 343M. Small sheet testers are frequently used to measure the properties of both fully processed and semiprocessed nonoriented and magnetic lamination steels. Specimens of semiprocessed steels are normally subjected to an appropriate quality development anneal prior to testing. Small sheet testers may also be used to evaluate oriented electrical steels in either the as sheared or stress-relief annealed condition.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for interpreting the specific core loss and peak permeability determined using small single-sheet test systems. It is limited to single-sheet test systems that require a test specimen or coupon be cut from the material being tested and are designed such that the entire width of that test specimen is magnetized during testing.
1.2 This guide is primarily intended for measurements of the magnetic properties of flat-rolled electrical steels at frequencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz under sinusoidal flux conditions.
1.3 This guide includes procedures to provide correlation with the 25-cm Epstein test method (Test Method A 343/A 343M).
1.4 The range of magnetic flux densities is governed by the properties of the test specimens and the instruments and test power source. Nonoriented electrical steels may be tested at magnetic flux densities up to about 16-kG [1.6T] for core loss. The maximum magnetic field strength for peak permeability testing is limited by the current carrying capacity of the magnetizing winding and the test power source. Single sheet testers are typically capable of testing at magnetic field strengths up to 50 Oe [4000 A/m] or more.
1.5 Within this guide, a small single sheet tester (small SST) is defined as a magnetic tester designed to test flat, rectangular sheet-type specimens. Typical specimens for these testers are square (or nearly so). The design of the small SST test fixture may be small enough to accommodate specimens about 5 by 5 cm or may be large enough to accommodate specimens about 36 by 36 cm. Specimens for a particular SST must be appropriate for the particular test fixture.
1.6 This guide covers two alternative test methods: Method 1 and Method 2.
1.6.1 Method 1 is an extension of Method 1 of Test Method A 804/A 804M, which describes a test fixture having two windings that encircle the test specimen and two low-reluctance, low-core loss ferromagnetic yokes that serve as flux return paths. The dimensions of the test fixture for Method 1 are not fixed but rather may be designed and built for any nominal specimen dimension within the limits given in . The power loss in this case is determined by measuring the average value of the product of primary current and induced secondary voltage.
1.6.2 Method 2 covers the use of a small single sheet tester, which employs a magnetizing winding, a magnetic flux sensing winding, and a magnetic field strength detector. The power loss in this case is determined by measuring the average value of the product of induced secondary voltage and magnetic field strength.
1.6.3 The calibration method described in the Annex of this guide applies to both test methods.
1.7 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformanc...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2004
ICS
29.030 - Magnetic materials
Technical Committee
A06 - Magnetic Properties
Drafting Committee
A06.01 - Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM A1036-04(2009) - Standard Guide for Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet Testers
Effective Date
01-May-2009

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ASTM A1036-04 - Standard Guide for Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet TestersASTM A1036-04 - Standard Guide for Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet Testers
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ASTM A1036-04 - Standard Guide for Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet Testers
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:A1036–04
Standard Guide for
Measuring Power Frequency Magnetic Properties of Flat-
1
Rolled Electrical Steels Using Small Single Sheet Testers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation A 1036; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope The power loss in this case is determined by measuring the
average value of the product of primary current and induced
1.1 This guide covers procedures for interpreting the spe-
secondary voltage.
cific core loss and peak permeability determined using small
1.6.2 Method 2 covers the use of a small single sheet tester,
single-sheet test systems. It is limited to single-sheet test
whichemploysamagnetizingwinding,amagneticfluxsensing
systems that require a test specimen or coupon be cut from the
winding,andamagneticfieldstrengthdetector.Thepowerloss
material being tested and are designed such that the entire
in this case is determined by measuring the average value of
width of that test specimen is magnetized during testing.
the product of induced secondary voltage and magnetic field
1.2 This guide is primarily intended for measurements of
strength.
the magnetic properties of flat-rolled electrical steels at fre-
1.6.3 The calibration method described in theAnnex of this
quencies of 50 Hz or 60 Hz under sinusoidal flux conditions.
guide applies to both test methods.
1.3 This guide includes procedures to provide correlation
1.7 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu
with the 25-cm Epstein test method (Test Method A 343/
and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as
A 343M).
standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets.
1.4 The range of magnetic flux densities is governed by the
The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
properties of the test specimens and the instruments and test
therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependentlyoftheother.
power source. Nonoriented electrical steels may be tested at
Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-
magnetic flux densities up to about 16-kG [1.6T] for core loss.
formance with this standard.
The maximum magnetic field strength for peak permeability
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
testing is limited by the current carrying capacity of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
magnetizing winding and the test power source. Single sheet
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
testers are typically capable of testing at magnetic field
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
strengths up to 50 Oe [4000 A/m] or more.
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.
1.5 Withinthisguide,asmallsinglesheettester(smallSST)
is defined as a magnetic tester designed to test flat, rectangular
2. Referenced Documents
sheet-type specimens. Typical specimens for these testers are
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
square (or nearly so). The design of the small SST test fixture
A 34/A 34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Test-
may be small enough to accommodate specimens about 5 by 5
ing of Magnetic Materials
cm or may be large enough to accommodate specimens about
A 340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to
36 by 36 cm. Specimens for a particular SST must be
Magnetic Testing
appropriate for the particular test fixture.
A 343/A 343M Test Method for Alternating-Current Mag-
1.6 This guide covers two alternative test methods: Method
netic Properties of Materials at Power Frequencies Using
1 and Method 2.
Wattmeter-Ammeter-VoltmeterMethodand25-cmEpstein
1.6.1 Method 1 is an extension of Method 1 of Test Method
Test Frame
A 804/A 804M, which describes a test fixture having two
A 677/A 677M Specification for Nonoriented Electrical
windings that encircle the test specimen and two low-
Steel Fully Processed Types
reluctance,low-corelossferromagneticyokesthatserveasflux
A 683/A 683M Specification for Nonoriented Electrical
return paths. The dimensions of the test fixture for Method 1
Steel, Semiprocessed Types
are not fixed but rather may be designed and built for any
nominal specimen dimension within the limits given in 1.5.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on Magnetic contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
PropertiesandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeA06.01onTestMethods. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published May 2004. the ASTM website.
...

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1.6 The symbols and abbreviated definitions used in this test method appear with Fig. 1 and in appropriate sections of this document. For the official definitions, see Terminology A340. Note that the term magnetic flux density used in this document is synonymous with the term magnetic induction.
FIG. 1 Basic Circuit Using Permeameter  
Note 1:  
A1—Multirange ammeter (main current)
A2—Multirange ammeter (hysteresis current)
B—Magnetic flux density test position for Switch S3
F—Electronic Fluxmeter
H—Magnetic field strength test position for Switch S3
N1—Magnetizing coil
N2—Magnetic flux sensing (B) coil
N3—Magnetic field strength (H) sensing coil
R1—Main current control rheostat
R2—Hysteresis current control rheostat
S1—Reversing switch for magnetizing current
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3.1 This test method is suitable for specification acceptance, design purposes, service evaluation, regulatory statutes, manufacturing control, and research and development.  
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1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for determination of the permeability [relative permeability]2 of materials having a relative permeability not exceeding 6.0.  
1.2 The test methods covered are as follows:  
1.2.1 Test Method 1—Fluxmetric Method is suitable for materials with relative permeabilities between 1.0 and 4.0. This method permits the user to select the magnetic field strength at which the permeability is to be measured.  
1.2.2 Test Method 2—Permeability of Paramagnetic Materials has been eliminated as an acceptable method of test.  
1.2.3 Test Method 3—Low Mu Permeability Indicator is suitable for measuring the permeability of a material as “less than” or “greater than” that of calibrated standard inserts with relative permeabilities between 1.01 and 6.0, as designated for use in a Low-Mu Permeability Indicator.3 In this method, a small volume of specimen is subjected to a local magnetic field that varies in magnitude and direction, so it is not possible to specify the magnetic field strength at which the measurement is made.  
1.2.4 Test Method 4—Flux Distortion is suitable for materials with relative permeabilities between 1.0 and 2.0. In this method, a small volume of specimen is subjected to a local magnetic field that varies in magnitude and direction, so it is not possible to specify the magnetic field strength at which the measurement is made.4  
1.2.5 Test Method 5—Vibrating Sample Magnetometry is suitable for materials with relative permeabilities between 1.0 and 4.0. This test method permits the user to select the magnetic field strength at which the permeability is to be measured.  
1.3 Materials typically tested by these methods such as austenitic stainless steels may be weakly ferromagnetic. That is, the magnetic permeability is dependent on the magnetic field strength. As a consequence, the results obtained using the different methods may not closely agree with each other. When using Methods 1 and 5, it is imperative to specify the magnetic field strength or range of magnetic field strengths at which the permeabilities have been determined.  
1.4 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM A773/A773M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Direct Current Magnetic Properties of Low Coercivity Magnetic Materials Using Hysteresigraphs

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Hysteresigraphs permit more rapid and efficient collection of data as compared to the point by point ballistic Test Methods A341/A341M and A596/A596M. The high measurement point density offered by computer-automated systems is often required for computer aided design of electrical components such as transformers, motors, and relays.  
5.2 Hysteresigraphs are particularly desirable for testing of semi-hard and hard magnetic materials, where either the entire second quadrant (demagnetization curve) or entire hysteresis loop is of primary concern. Test Method A977/A977M describes the special requirements for accurate measurement of hard magnetic (permanent magnet) materials.  
5.3 Hysteresigraphs are not recommended for measurement of initial permeability, µi, of materials with high magnetic permeability such as nickel-iron, amorphous, and nanocrystalline materials due to errors associated with integrator drift; in these cases, Test Method A596/A596M is a more appropriate method.  
5.4 Provided the test specimen is representative of the bulk sample or lot, this test method is well suited for design, specification acceptance, service evaluation, and research and development.
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1.1 This test method provides dc hysteresigraph procedures for the determination of basic magnetic properties of materials in the form of ring, spirally wound toroidal, link, double-lapped Epstein cores, or other standard shapes that may be cut, stamped, machined, or ground from cast, compacted, sintered, forged, or rolled materials. It includes tests for initial and normal magnetization curves and hysteresis loop determination taken under conditions of continuous sweep magnetization. Rate of sweep may be varied, either manually or automatically at different portions of the curves during measurement.  
1.2 The equipment and procedures described in this test method are most suited for soft and semi-hard materials with intrinsic coercivity less than about 100 Oersteds [8 kA/M]. Materials with higher intrinsic coercivities should be tested according to Test Method A977/A977M.  
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ASTM A596/A596M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Direct-Current Magnetic Properties of Materials Using the Point by Point (Ballistic) Method and Ring Specimens

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Test methods using suitable ring-type specimens4 are the preferred methods of determining the basic magnetic properties of a material caused by the absence of demagnetizing effects and are well suited for specification acceptance, service evaluation, and research and development.  
3.2 Provided the test specimen is representative of the bulk material as is usually the case for thin strip and wire, this test is also suitable for design purposes.  
3.3 When the test specimen is not necessarily representative of the bulk material such as a ring machined from a large forging or casting, the results of this test method may not be an accurate indicator of the magnetic properties of the bulk material. In such instances, the test results when viewed in context of past performance history will be useful for judging the suitability of the current material for the intended application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers dc testing for the determination of basic magnetic properties of materials in the form of ring, toroidal, link, double-lapped Epstein cores, or other standard shapes which may be cut, stamped, machined, or ground from cast, compacted, sintered, forged, or rolled materials. It includes tests for determination of the normal magnetization curve and hysteresis loop taken under conditions of steep wavefront reversals of the direct-current magnetic field strength.  
1.2 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A34/A34M.  
1.3 This test method is suitable for a testing range from very low magnetic field strength up to 200 or more Oe [15.9 or more kA/m]. The lower limit is determined by integrator sensitivity and the upper limit by heat generation in the magnetizing winding. Special techniques and short duration testing may extend the upper limit of magnetic field strength.  
1.4 Testing under this test method is inherently more accurate than other methods. When specified dimensional or shape requirements are observed, the measurements are a good approximation to absolute properties. Test accuracy available is primarily limited by the accuracy of instrumentation. In most cases, equivalent results may be obtained using Test Method A773/A773M or the test methods of IEC Publication 60404-4.  
1.5 This test method permits a choice of test specimen to permit measurement of properties in any desired direction relative to the direction of crystallographic orientation without interference from external yoke systems.  
1.6 The symbols and abbreviated definitions used in this test method appear in Fig. 1 and Sections 5, 6, 9, and 10. For the official definitions see Terminology A340.  
FIG. 1 Basic Circuit Using Ring-Type Cores  
Note 1:  
A1—Multirange ammeter, main-magnetizing current circuit
A2—Multirange ammeter, hysteresis-current circuit
N1—Magnetizing (primary) winding
N2—Flux-sensing (secondary) winding
F—Electronic integrator
  R1—Main current control rheostat
R2—Hysteresis current control rheostat
S1—Reversing switch
S2—Shunting switch for hysteresis current control rheostat  
1.7 Warning—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney, and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website (http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm ) for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, in your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.8 The values stated in either customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this test method, the SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections fo...

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ASTM
ASTM A34/A34M-06(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice defines test lots and describes the selection and preparation of test specimens used in the determination of magnetic properties of various materials.  
4.2 A method of calculating the density of iron-base electrical steels is given and a table of assumed densities for magnetic testing of commercial soft magnetic alloys is provided.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers sampling procedures and test practices for determination of various magnetic properties of both soft and hard magnetic materials.  
1.2 This practice may be used either in conjunction with, or independent of, the standard test methods and materials specifications under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06. In the former situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall not supersede those found in the individual test methods and materials specifications. In the latter situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall strictly apply.  
1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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