ASTM E3179-18

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:E3179 −18
Standard Test Method for
Determining Antimicrobial Efficacy of Ultraviolet Germicidal
Irradiation against Influenza Virus on Fabric Carriers with
Simulated Soil
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E3179; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or
national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their
1.1 This test method defines test conditions to evaluate
location.
ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI) light devices (mer-
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
cury vapor bulbs, light-emitting diodes, or xenon arc lamps)
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
that are designed to kill/inactivate influenza virus deposited on
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
inanimate carriers.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.2 This test method defines the terminology and method-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ology associated with the ultraviolet (UV) spectrum and
1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-
evaluating UVGI dose.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.3 This test method defines the testing considerations that
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
can reduce UVGI surface kill effectiveness (that is, soiling).
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.4 Protocols for adjusting the UVGI dose to impact the
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
reductions in levels of viable influenza virus are provided
(Annex A1).
2. Referenced Documents
1.5 This test method does not address shadowing. 3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E1053Test Method to Assess Virucidal Activity of Chemi-
1.6 The test method should only be used by those trained in
cals Intended for Disinfection of Inanimate, Nonporous
microbiologyandinaccordancewiththeguidanceprovidedby
Environmental Surfaces
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories.
E1316Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.7 This test method is specific to influenza viruses
E2720Practice for Evaluation of Effectiveness of Decon-
tamination Procedures for Air-Permeable Materials when
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
Challenged with Biological Aerosols Containing Human
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Pathogenic Viruses
standard.
E2721Practice for Evaluation of Effectiveness of Decon-
1.9 Warning—Mercuryhasbeendesignatedbymanyregu-
tamination Procedures for Surfaces When Challenged
latoryagenciesasahazardoussubstancethatcancauseserious
with Droplets Containing Human Pathogenic Viruses
medicalissues.Mercury,oritsvapor,hasbeendemonstratedto
E2756Terminology Relating toAntimicrobial andAntiviral
be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution
Agents
when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See
E3135Practice for Determining Antimicrobial Efficacy of
the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional
Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation Against Microorgan-
information. The potential exists that selling mercury or
isms on Carriers with Simulated Soil
G130Test Method for Calibration of Narrow- and Broad-
Band Ultraviolet Radiometers Using a Spectroradiometer
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 on
Pesticides, Antimicrobials, and Alternative Control Agents and is the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee E35.15 on Antimicrobial Agents.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018. Published April 2019. DOI: 10.1520/ For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
E3179–18 contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories (5th edition), 2009, Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
HHS Publication No. (CDC) 21-1112. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E3179−18
2.2 ISO Standards: 3.2.14 xenon arc lamp, n—a specialized type of gas dis-
ISO 9370– Plastics -- Instrumental Determination of Radi- charge lamp, an electric light that produces light by passing
antExposureinWeatheringTests--GeneralGuidanceand
electricity through ionized xenon gas at high pressure.
Basic Test Method. 21348 – Definitions of Solar Irradi-
ance Spectral Categories
4. Summary of Test Method
ISO 21348–Space environment (natural and artificial) —
4.1 This test method describes the steps required to deposit
Process for determining solar irradiances
influenza virus onto fabric carriers.
3. Terminology 4.2 This test method defines the process for adding soiling
agents on top of influenza virus, which can reduce the
3.1 For Definitions of Terms used in this Method, refer to
effectiveness of UV antimicrobial activity.
Terminologies in E3135, E1316, E2756, and ISO 21348:
4.3 This test method defines a protocol for quantifying the
3.2 Definitions:
3.2.1 carrier, n—a surrogate surface or matrix that facili- dose a UVGI device delivers to a surface.
tates the interaction of test microorganisms and treatment(s).
4.4 This test method defines the process for exposure of
3.2.2 irradiance (E), n—a radiometric term for the radiant
influenza virus to UVGI.
-2
flux that is incident upon a surface (W·m ).
4.5 This test method defines protocols for extraction of
3.2.3 joule (J), n—a unit of work or energy in the SI system
viable influenza virus from carriers followed by viable enu-
of units.
meration.
3.2.3.1 Discussion—One Joule is one watt-second.
3.2.4 light-emitting diode (LED), n—a solid-state electronic
5. Significance and Use
device or transistor which emits light.
5.1 This test method determines the effectiveness of UVGI
3.2.4.1 Discussion—An LED is a p-n junction diode, which
emits light when activated. When a suitable voltage is applied devices for reducing viable microorganisms deposited on
carriers.
totheleads,electronsareabletorecombinewithelectronholes
within the device, releasing energy in the form of photons.
5.2 Thistestmethodevaluatestheeffectsoilingagentshave
3.2.5 mercury vapor lamp, n—a gas discharge lamp that
on UVGI antimicrobial effectiveness.
uses electric arc through vaporized mercury to produce light.
5.3 This test method determines the delivered UVGI dose.
3.2.6 radiometer, n—a device for measuring the radiant
power that has an output proportional to the intensity of the
6. Hazards
input power.
6.1 UV light becomes increasingly hazardous as the wave-
3.2.7 shadowing, v—creating a dark area or shape by
length decreases, shifting from longer wavelengths (UV-A,
blocking light rays.
UV-B) to shorter wavelengths (UV-C). UV-A and UV-B are
3.2.8 soiling agent, n—substance applied either along with
part of the normal solar spectrum found in our atmosphere and
or on top of the test microorganism that can reduce the
are responsible for UV-related aging, sunburns, and mutagenic
effectiveness of the antimicrobial technology.
effects.UV-CradiationisfilteredoutbytheEarth’satmosphere
3.2.9 ultraviolet germicidal irradiation (UVGI), n—a
and is not part of the received solar spectrum. UV-C is highly
method that uses short-wavelength ultraviolet (UV-C) light to
mutagenic and is harmful to all life forms.
killorinactivatemicroorganismsprimarilybyformingpyrimi-
dine dimers, leaving them unable to perform vital cellular
NOTE 1—This method is not designed to evaluate safety concerns
functions. surrounding UV exposure.
3.2.10 ultraviolet (UV) light, n—radiation having wave-
6.2 Some UVGI bulbs produce ozone, which is harmful to
lengthsshorterthanwavelengthsofvisiblelight(~400nm)and
all life forms. Consult the manufacturer of the UVGI bulbs or
longer than those of X-rays (~100 nm).
the device, or both, to determine if ozone is produced. If so,
you must follow Occupational Safety and Health Administra-
3.2.11 UV-A, n—radiation within the ultraviolet spectrum
tion (OSHA) regulations to ensure worker safety.
thatextendsfromapproximately315to400nminwavelength.
3.2.12 UV-B, n—radiation within the ultraviolet spectrum
NOTE 2—This test method is not designed to evaluate safety concerns
thatextendsfromapproximately280to315nminwavelength.
surrounding ozone production by UVGI devices
3.2.13 UV-C, n—radiation within the ultraviolet spectrum
6.3 Safety measures are required to ensure workers are not
which extends from approximately 100 to 280 nm in wave-
exposed to UV light during testing, especially UV-B and
length.
UV-C. Safety glasses with appropriate UV protection and
appropriate lab attire shall be used at all times when working
with UV devices
Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISO
6.4 Signage shall be posted on the laboratory when UV
Central Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP 401, 1214 Vernier,
Geneva, Switzerland, http://www.iso.org. lights are in use to prevent accidental exposure to coworkers.
E3179−18
7. Reagents and Materials 7.12 Carriers—2.5 cm in diameter, and composed of any
fabric material.
7.1 Influenza A Virus (H1N1; A/PR/8/34)—cell culture
adapted, ATCC VR-1469.
8. Equipment
NOTE 3—The WHO Manual on Animal Influenza Diagnosis and
8.1 UV Exposure Device—UVGI light source that is a
Surveillance contains specific procedures for preparing and assaying
standalone bulb or contained within an exposure system.
influenza viruses and titering samples. Other influenza strains and viruses
may be used, with conditions for propagation and enumeration provided.
8.2 Radiometer—calibrated to measure 254-nm irradiation
in accordance with Test Method G130 or ISO 9370.
7.2 Sodium Hypochlorite, ~0.5%.
7,8
8.3 Spectrophotometer—calibrated to measure wavelengths
7.3 Artificial Sebum Soiling Agent.
ranging from at least 200 to 315 nm. Typically, a cosine
Reagent Amount
correctorisusedthatwillallowlighttobecollectedfrom180°
Palmitic Acid 10%
Stearic Acid 5% field of view.
Coconut Oil 15%
8.4 Vortex Mixer.
Paraffin Wax 10%
Synthetic Spermacetti 15%
8.5 Thermometer or Thermocouple—accuracy of 6 0.5 °C
Olive Oil 20%
Squalene 5% and range of 10 to 100 °C.
Cholesterol 5%
8.6 Hygrometer—accuracyof 65%RHandarangeof1to
Oleic Acid 10%
Linoleic Acid 5%
99% RH.
7.4 Artificial Saliva (Mucin) Soiling Agent (See Practice
8.7 Analytical Balance—capable of weighing 0.001 g and a
E2720 and Practice E2721.):
range of up to 500 g.
Reagent Amount
8.8 Refrigerator—capable of maintaining 2 to 8 °C.
MgCl ·7HO0.04g
2 2
CaCl ·HO0.13g
2 2
8.9 Electronic Timer.
NaHCO 0.42 g
0.2MKH PO 7.70 mL
8.10 Autoclave (steam)—capable of maintaining 121 °C to
2 4
0.2MK HPO 12.3 mL
2 4
123 °C and 103 kPa to 117 kPa.
NH Cl 0.11 g
KSCN 0.19 g
8.11 Pipettor—capable of a volume up to 1 mL and a
(NH ) CO 0.12 g
2 2
precision of 0.001 mL.
NaCl 0.88 g
KCl 1.04 g
8.12 CO Incubator—capableofmaintaining35°Cto37°C
Mucin 3.00 g
and 5 6 0.5% CO .
Distilled water 1000 mL 2
pH7
8.13 Biological Safety Cabinet—Class II, A2
7.5 50-mL Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes—sterile, with
caps. 9. UV Dose Determination
9.1 Turn on the UVGI light source and allow it to stabilize
7.6 1.7-mL Sterile Polypropylene Microcentrifuge Tubes.
as indicated by the manufacturer.
7.7 15-mL Sterile Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes.
9.2 Measure and record air temperature and humidity in the
7.8 Cell Culture Treated Flasks—T-25, T-75, T-175,
UV Exposure Device (If the UVGI light source is unshielded,
7.9 Cell Culture Cluster Plates—24-well plate. measureandrecordairtemperatureandhumidityintheroom).
7.10 Cell Spreaders—disposable, plastic triangular 60 mm, NOTE4—SomeUVGIlightsourceswillgenerateheatduringoperation.
The delivered dose of UV light can be reduced due to elevated tempera-
sterile.
ture.Itisimportanttoquantifychangesinairtemperatureoverthecourse
7.11 Petri Dishes—100×15 mm, sterile; glass or plastic. of the exposure and measure the effect it has on UVGI dose.
NOTE 5—The delivered dose of UVGI light can be reduced due to
elevated relative humidity. It is important to quantify humidity over the
course of the exposure and measure the effect it has on UVGI dose.
Reagent Chemicals, American Chemical Society Specifications, American
9.3 MeasureoutputfrommercuryvapororLEDUVGIlight
Chemical Society, Washington, DC. For Suggestions on the testing of reagents not
using a calibrated radiometer. If using a xenon arc lamp, refer
listed by the American Chemical Society, see Annual Standards for Laboratory
Chemicals, BDH Ltd., Poole, Dorset, U.K., and the United States Pharmacopeia
to 9.4.
and National Formulary, U.S. Pharmacopeial Convention, Inc. (USPC), Rockville,
NOTE 6—Radiometers are normally set to measure a band of wave-
MD.
Webster, R., Cox, N., Stohr, K. WHO Manual on Animal Influenza Diagnosis lengthssurroundingthepeakintensitywavelength,whichwillvaryamong
and Surveillance. World Health Organization, Department of Communicable manufacturers.
Disease Surveillance and Response. WHO/CDS/CDR/2002.5 Rev. 1.
7 9.3.1 The peak intensity for UV-C is 254 nm, and this
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