ASTM D3822-96

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:D3822–96
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Properties of Single Textile Fibers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3822; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope relative effect of slippage and stretching of the test specimens
within the jaws of either clamp.
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of tensile
1.8 The values stated in either acceptable metric units or in
properties of natural and man-made single textile fibers of
other units shall be regarded separately as standard.The values
sufficient length to permit mounting test specimens in a tensile
stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore,
testing machine.
each system must be used independently of the other, without
1.2 This test method is also applicable to continuous (fila-
combining values in any way.
ment) and discontinuous (staple) fibers or filaments taken from
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the
yarns or tow. When the fibers to be tested contain crimp, or if
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the tow or yarns have been subjected to bulking, crimping, or
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
texturing process, the tensile properties are determined after
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
removal of the crimp.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—Testing of filaments taken from yarns or tow, included in this
test method was originally covered in Test Method D 2101, that is
2. Referenced Documents
discontinued.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 The words “fiber” and “filament” are used interchange-
D 76 SpecificationforTensileTestingMachineforTextiles
ably throughout this test method.
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
1.4 This test method is also applicable to fibers removed
D 578 Specification for Glass Fiber Yarns
from yarns, or from yarns processed further into fabrics. It
D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
should be recognized that yarn and manufacturing processes
D 1577 Test Methods for Linear Density of Textile Fibers
can influence or modify the tensile properties of fibers.
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
Consequently, tensile properties determined on fibers taken
D 2101 Test Method for Tensile Properties of Single Man-
from yarns, or from yarns that have been processed into
Made Fibers Taken from Yarns and Tow
fabrics, may be different than for the same fibers prior to being
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
subjected to yarn or fabric manufacturing processes.
D 3333 Practice for Sampling Man-Made Staple Fibers,
1.5 This test method provides directions for measuring the
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
breaking force and elongation at break of single textile fibers
D 4848 Terminology Relating to Force and Deformation
and for calculating breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord
Properties of Textiles
modulus, tangent modulus, tensile stress at specified elonga-
E 178 Practice for Dealing with Outlying Observations
tion, and breaking toughness.
3. Terminology
1.6 Procedures for measuring the tensile properties of both
conditionedandwetsinglefibersareincluded.Thetestmethod
3.1 Definitions:
is applicable to testing under a wide range of conditions.
3.1.1 breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a
1.7 As the length of the test specimen decreases, the tensile
material carried to rupture.
strength is likely to increase, but the accuracy of the tensile
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The observed breaking force for fibers
properties determined may decrease, which may require the
and filaments is generally expressed as millinewton (mN) or
need to increase the number of test specimens. This is
gram-force (gf).
particularly true for those properties dependent on the mea-
3.1.2 breaking tenacity, n—the tenacity at the breaking
surement of elongation, since the shorter lengths increase the
force.
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD-13onTextiles
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.57 on Fiber Test Methods, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
General. Discontinued; see 1995 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1996. Published January 1997. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
published as D 3822 – 79. Last previous edition D 3822 – 95a. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D3822–96
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Breaking tenacity is commonly ex- 3.1.16 secant modulus, n—deprecated term in textile termi-
pressed as centinewton per tex (cN/tex) or gram-force per nology. Use the preferred term chord modulus.
denier (gf/den). The breaking tenacity is calculated from the 3.1.17 tangent modulus, n—in a stress-strain curve, the
breaking force and the linear density of the unstrained speci- ratio of change in stress to change in strain derived from the
men or obtained directly from tensile testing machines that can tangent to any point on the curve.
be suitably adjusted to indicate tenacity instead of force for 3.1.18 tenacity, n—in a tensile test, the force exerted on the
specimens of known linear density. specimenbasedonthelineardensityoftheunstrainedmaterial.
3.1.18.1 Discussion—Tenacity is commonly expressed as
3.1.3 breaking toughness, n—toughness up to the breaking
centinewton per tex (cN/tex) or gram-force per denier (gf/d).
force.
3.1.19 tow, n—in man-made fibers, a twistless multifila-
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Breaking toughness is proportional to
ment strand suitable for conversion into staple fibers or sliver,
the area under the force-elongation curve from the origin to the
or for direct spinning into yarn.
breaking force. In textile strands, it is expressed as work
3.1.20 yield point, n—in a stress-strain curve, the point
(joules) per unit linear density.
beyond which work is not completely recoverable and perma-
3.1.4 chordmodulus,n—inastress-straincurve,theratioof
nent deformation takes place.
the change in stress to the change in strain between two
3.1.20.1 Discussion—In textile fibers, an exact proportion-
specified points on the curve.
ality does not exist between force and extension and there is
3.1.4.1 Discussion—The chord modulus is expressed in
not a true yield point. The point on the force-extension curve
centinewton per tex (cN/tex), or in gram-force per denier
beyond which the force-extension ratio changes from that
(gf/den).
existing during the first essentially straight line portion of the
3.1.5 corresponding elongation, n—see elongation at speci-
curve is frequently called the yield point of a textile strand or
fied force.
fiber. With animal fibers, permanent deformation does not
3.1.6 corresponding force, n—see force at specified elonga-
occur until the extension reaches about 30 %, or when the rate
tion.
ofextensionisextremelysloworthefiberisheldundertension
3.1.7 elongation, n—the ratio of the extension of a material
for a long time. In fact, if animal fiber is stretched in water, or
to the length of the material prior to stretching, expressed as a
at high humidity conditions, to as much as 30 % of the original
percent.
length and allowed to relax for 24 h, the original force-
3.1.7.1 Discussion—Elongation may be measured at any
extension curves may be reproduced.
specified force or at rupture.
3.1.21 Refer to Terminology D 123 for definitions of other
3.1.8 elongation at break, n—the elongation corresponding
textile terms and Terminology D 4848 for definitions of terms
to the breaking force. (Syn. breaking elongation.)
related to force and deformation used in this test method.
3.1.9 elongation at specified force, (EASF) n—the elonga-
4. Summary of Test Method
tion associated with a specified force on the force-extension
curve. (Syn. corresponding elongation.) 4.1 Single-fiber specimens are broken on a constant-rate-of-
extension (CRE) type tensile testing machine at a predeter-
3.1.10 fiber, n—in textiles, a generic term for any one of the
mined gage length and rate of extension. Using the force-
various types of matter that form the basic elements of a textile
extension curve, the breaking force and elongation at break are
and that is characterized by having a length at least 100 times
determined. The force-elongation curve and linear density are
its diameter.
used to calculate breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord
3.1.10.1 Discussion—Refer to D 123 definitions for man-
modulus, tangent modulus, tensile stress at specified elonga-
made fiber and natural fiber, and Annex A1 and Annex A2 for
tion, and breaking toughness.
additional information.
3.1.11 filament, n—in textiles, continuous fiber of indefinite
5. Significance and Use
length.
5.1 Test Method D 3822 using test specimens having gage
3.1.12 filament yarn, n—a yarn composed of (continuous)
lengths of 10 mm (0.4 in.) or greater is considered satisfactory
filaments assembled with or without twist.
for acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the test
3.1.13 force at specified elongation (FASE), n—the force
method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance
associated with a specific elongation on the force-extension or
testing. Critical differences noted in Tables 1 and 2 were
force-elongation curve. (Syn. corresponding force.)
obtained on man-made fibers having a gage length of 25.4 mm
3.1.14 initial modulus, n—in a stress-strain curve, the slope
(1.0 in.) and 254 mm (10 in.). Natural fibers or fibers having
of the initial straight portion of the curve.
lesser or greater gage lengths may provide different values and
3.1.14.1 Discussion—The modulus is the ratio of the
may require comparative testing. (See 5.1.1.)
change in stress, expressed in centinewton per tex (cN/tex) or
5.1.1 In cases of a dispute arising from differences in
gram-force per denier (gf/den), to the change in strain, ex-
reported test results when using Test Method D 3822 for
pressed as a fraction of the original length.
acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and
3.1.15 linear density, n—mass per unit length; the quotient
the supplier should conduct comparative tests to determine if
obtained by dividing the mass of a fiber or yarn by its length.
there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent
3.1.15.1 Discussion—The tex unit (gram per kilometre) is statistical assistance is recommended for the investigation of
preferred over the denier unit (gram per 9 kilometres). bias.As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D3822–96
TABLE 1 Fiber Tensile Properties Using 25.4 mm (1 in.) Gage TABLE 2 Fiber Tensile Properties Using a 254 mm (10 in.) Gage
Length Length
A A
Critical Differences for the Conditions Noted Critical Differences for the Conditions Noted
Number of Number of
Properties, Limits Single- Within- Between- Properties, Limits Single- Within- Between-
Observations Observations
of Measure Operator Laboratory Laboratory of Measure Operator Laboratory Laboratory
in Each in Each
and Materials Precision Precision Precision and Materials Precision Precision Precision
Average Average
Breaking Tenacity, gf/tex: Breaking Tenacity, gf/tex
Acetate 1 0.17 0.18 0.24 Acetate 1 0.19 0.21 0.23
10 0.05 0.08 0.18 10 0.06 0.10 0.13
20 0.04 0.07 0.18 20 0.04 0.09 0.13
40 0.03 0.06 0.18 40 0.03 0.09 0.12
Aramid 1 14.05 14.05 14.05 Aramid 1 8.73 9.27 9.68
10 4.44 4.44 4.44 10 2.76 4.15 5.01
20 3.14 3.14 3.14 20 1.95 3.67 4.61
40 2.22 2.22 2.22 40 1.38 3.40 4.40
Nylon 1 0.78 0.78 0.82 Nylon 1 0.69 0.74 0.83
10 0.24 0.27 0.37 10 0.22 0.33 0.51
20 0.17 0.21 0.32 20 0.15 0.29 0.49
40 0.12 0.17 0.30 40 0.11 0.27 0.47
Polyester 1 0.53 0.53 0.57 Polyester 1 0.69 0.78 0.79
10 0.17 0.17 0.28 10 0.22 0.42 0.43
20 0.12 0.12 0.25 20 0.15 0.39 0.40
40 0.08 0.08 0.24 40 0.11 0.38 0.39
Initial Modulus, gf/tex Initial Modulus, gf/tex
Acetate 1 7.32 11.01 16.64 Acetate 1 4.02 4.82 5.29
10 2.31 8.55 15.12 10 1.27 2.95 3.67
20 1.64 8.39 15.03 20 0.90 2.81 3.56
40 1.16 8.31 14.99 40 0.64 2.74 3.50
Aramid 1 266.1 283.8 367.1 Aramid 1 191.8 191.8 243.7
10 84.2 129.5 266.5 10 60.6 60.6 162.2
20 59.5 115.1 259.7 20 42.9 42.9 156.4
40 42.1 107.1 256.3 40 30.3 30.3 153.5
Nylon 1 6.26 8.47 15.54 Nylon 1 4.85 7.08 10.71
10 1.98 6.04 14.36 10 1.53 5.38 9.67
20 1.40 5.88 14.29 20 1.08 5.27 9.60
40 0.99 5.79 14.26 40 0.77 5.21 9.58
Polyester 1 21.84 28.52 38.99 Polyester 1 12.25 15.66 17.11
10 6.91 21.35 33.03 10 3.87 10.50 12.56
20 4.88 18.99 32.66 20 2.74 10.13 12.26
40 3.45 18.67 32.48 40 1.94 9.95 12.11
Elongation at Break, % Elongation at Break, %
Acetate 1 7.29 7.65 8.64 Acetate 1 8.23 8.65 8.82
10 2.30 3.28 5.18 10 2.60 3.72 4.10
20 1.63 2.84 4.92 20 1.84 3.24 3.66
40 1.15 2.60 4.78 40 1.30 2.96 3.42
Aramid 1 1.25 1.25 1.53 Aramid 1 0.64 0.73 0.77
10 0.39 0.39 0.97 10 0.20 0.41 0.48
20 0.28 0.28 0.93 20 0.14 0.39 0.46
40 0.20 0.20 0.91 40 0.10 0.37 0.45
Nylon 1 17.93 18.36 22.43 Nylon 1 14.80 16.20 16.20
10 5.67 6.92 14.63 10 4.68 8.09 8.09
20 4.01 5.64 14.01 20 3.31 7.38 7.38
40 2.84 4.87 13.78 40 2.34 7.00 7.00
Polyester 1 14.97 15.09 17.82 Polyester 1 13.77 13.87 15.35
10 4.73 5.10 10.76 10 4.36 4.65 8.05
20 3.35 3.85 10.23 20 3.08 3.49 7.44
40 2.37 3.04 9.95 40 2.18 2.72 7.11
A A
The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on The critical differences were calculated using t = 1.960, which is based on
infinite degrees of freedom. infinite degrees of freedom.
5.2 The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which forceandthelineardensity,andtheelongationarefundamental
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test properties that are widely used to establish limitations on fiber
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers processing or conversion and on their end-use applications.
to each laboratory for testing.The average results from the two Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance of the fiber to
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for extension at forces below the yield point.The tangent modulu
...