ASTM F3387-23

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F3387 − 23
Standard Practice for
Respiratory Protection
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3387; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This practice sets forth minimally accepted practices for 2.1 ASTM Standards:
occupational respirator use; provides information and guidance F3537 Guide for Respirator Fit Testing Methods
on the proper selection, use, and maintenance of respirators; F3620 Practice for Respiratory Protection—Respirator
and contains requirements for establishing, implementing, and Use—Physical Qualifications for Personnel
evaluating respirator programs. 2.2 ANSI Standards:
ANSI/ASSE Z117.1 Safety Requirements for Entering Con-
1.2 This practice covers the use of respirators to protect
fined Spaces
persons against the inhalation of harmful air contaminants and
ANSI/ASSE Z88.2 Practices for Respiratory Protection
oxygen-deficient atmospheres in the workplace. The following
ANSI Z88.10 Respirator Fit Testing Methods
are not covered by this practice:
2.3 CAN/CSA Standards:
1.2.1 Underwater breathing devices,
CAN/CSA Z94.4 Selection, Use, and Care of Respirators
1.2.2 Aircraft oxygen systems,
CAN/CSA Z180.1 Compressed Breathing Air and Systems
1.2.3 Supplied-air suits,
2.4 CGA Standards:
1.2.4 Use of respirators under military combat conditions,
CGA C-7 Guide to Classification and Labeling of Com-
and
pressed Gases
1.2.5 Medical inhalators and resuscitators.
CGA G-7.1 Commodity Specification for Air
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be
2.5 NFPA Standards:
regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are
NFPA 1851 Standard on Selection, Care, and Maintenance
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for
of Protective Ensembles for Structural Fire Fighting and
information only and are not considered standard.
Proximity Fire Fighting
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the NFPA 1981 Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) for Emergency Services
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 2.6 Federal Standards:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- 29 CFR Part 1910.134 Respiratory Protection
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 29 CFR Part 1910.146 Permit-Required Confined Spaces
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
the ASTM website.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd.,
Toronto, ON M9W 1R3, Canada, http://www.csagroup.org.
Available from Compressed Gas Association (CGA), 14501 George Carter
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F23 on Personal Way, Suite 103, Chantilly, VA 20151, http://www.cganet.com.
Protective Clothing and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
F23.65 on Respiratory. Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2023. Published November 2023. Originally Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
approved in 2019. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as F3387 – 19. DOI: Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://
10.1520/F3387-23. www.access.gpo.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F3387 − 23
42 CFR Part 84 Respiratory Protective Devices vapor-removing sorbent or catalyst that removes gases and
49 CFR Part 180 Continuing Qualification and Maintenance vapors and filter that removes particles from inspired air (or air
of Packagings drawn through the unit).
3.1.12.1 Discussion—Typically attached to a full-face piece,
3. Terminology
either mounted directly to the chin or connected to a breathing
3.1 Definitions: tube so the canister may be worn in the front or back of the
3.1.1 abrasive blasting respirator, n—airline respirator de- person. Respirators with air-purifying canisters are approved
signed to protect the wearer from inhalation of, impact of, and
by NIOSH as gas masks and contain an approval number
abrasion by materials used or generated in abrasive blasting. TC-14G-xxxx.
3.1.2 aerodynamic diameter, n—diameter of a unit density
3.1.13 canister (carbon dioxide scrubbing), n—container
sphere having the same terminal settling velocity as the particle filled with a chemical used to remove carbon dioxide from
in question.
exhaled air before that air is rebreathed in a closed-circuit
SCBA.
3.1.3 aerosol, n—particles, solid or liquid, suspended in air
(for example, dust, fumes, mists, or fibers).
3.1.14 canister (oxygen generating), n—container filled
with a chemical that generates oxygen by chemical reaction
3.1.4 airline respirator (supplied-air respirator, SAR),
used in closed-circuit SCBA.
n—atmosphere-supplying respirator in which the respirable air
is supplied from a hose or breathing tube rather than being 3.1.15 cartridge, n—small container filled with sorbents or
carried by the wearer.
catalysts that remove gases and vapors from the inspired air.
3.1.15.1 Discussion—The cartridge may also have particu-
3.1.5 air-purifying respirator, n—respirator in which ambi-
late filters that are an integral part or ones that are replaceable.
ent air is passed through an air-purifying element by either
inhalation or by means of a blower. 3.1.16 ceiling limit, n—maximum allowable concentration
of an airborne contaminant that shall not be exceeded at any
3.1.6 ambient air pump, n—motorized blower used to sup-
time.
ply air to a continuous-flow airline respirator.
3.1.17 certified, v—see approved.
3.1.7 approved, v—respirator for which a formal certificate
was issued by the National Institute for Occupational Safety
3.1.18 change schedule, n—time interval after which a used
and Health (NIOSH) or by NIOSH and the Mine Safety and
filter, cartridge, or canister is replaced with a new one.
Health Administration (MSHA) in accordance with 42 CFR
3.1.19 confined space, n—enclosed space not designed for
Part 84 and is maintained in full compliance with the certifi-
human occupancy that has the following characteristics: re-
cate.
stricted entry and exit, primary function is something other
3.1.8 assigned protection factor, APF, n—minimum ex-
than human occupancy, and contains potential or known
pected workplace level of respiratory protection that would be
respiratory hazards.
provided by a properly functioning and used respirator or a
3.1.19.1 Discussion—Examples of confined spaces include,
class of respirators to properly fitted and trained wearers when
but are not limited to: tanks, silos, vessels, pits, sewers,
all elements of an effective respirator program are established
pipelines, tank cars, boilers, septic tanks, and utility vaults. See
and being implemented.
29 CFR 1910.146 and ANSI/ASSE Z117.1 for more details on
permit-required confined spaces.
3.1.9 atmosphere-supplying respirator, ASR—class of respi-
rators that supply a respirable atmosphere independent of the
3.1.20 contaminant, n—potentially harmful, irritating, or
workplace atmosphere.
nuisance airborne material.
3.1.9.1 Discussion—This class includes airline respirators
3.1.21 continuous-flow respirator—atmosphere-supplying
and self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA).
respirator that provides a continuous flow of respirable air to
3.1.10 bioaerosol, n—liquid droplet (generated, for
the respiratory inlet covering.
example, by coughing, sneezing) or a solid particle (generated,
3.1.22 demand respirator, n—atmosphere-supplying respi-
for example, by sweeping, shoveling) suspended in the air that
rator that admits respirable air to the respiratory inlet covering
is living or originates from living organisms.
only when a negative pressure is created inside the respiratory
3.1.10.1 Discussion—Bioaerosols include living or dead
inlet covering by inhalation.
microorganisms, fragments, toxins, and particulate waste prod-
3.1.23 dust, n—aerosol consisting of mechanically produced
ucts from all varieties of living things. They are capable of
solid particles derived from the breaking up of larger particles.
causing infection and an adverse or allergic response poten-
3.1.24 end-of-service-life indicator, ESLI, n—system or de-
tially leading to disease. Individual bioaerosols most often
range in size from 0.4 to 3937 μin. (0.01 to 100 μm) in vice that warns the wearer of the approach of the end of
adequate respiratory protection.
diameter.
3.1.11 biomonitoring, v—determination of the concentration 3.1.25 escape-only respirator, n—respirator intended only
for use during emergency egress from a hazardous atmosphere.
of a substance in biological fluids or tissue and used for
occupational exposure surveillance.
3.1.26 filter, n—material used in air-purifying respirators to
3.1.12 canister (air purifying), n—container with (1) gas- remove solid or liquid aerosols from inspired air; some filters
and vapor-removing sorbent or catalyst, or (2) gas- and are encapsulated in a container and some are not.
F3387 − 23
3.1.26.1 HE filter, n—NIOSH classification for a 99.97 % cover the neck and shoulders, and may or may not offer head
efficiency filter used in a powered air-purifying respirator protection against impact and penetration.
(PAPR) that is effective against all particulate aerosols.
3.1.39 mass median aerodynamic diameter, MMAD,
3.1.26.2 N-series particulate filter, n—NIOSH classification n—calculated aerodynamic diameter that divides the aerosol
for particulate filters effective against particulate aerosols free
particles based on the weight of the particles.
of oil; time-use restrictions may apply. 3.1.39.1 Discussion—By weight, 50 % of the particles will
be larger than the MMAD and 50 % of the particles will be
3.1.26.3 P-series particulate filter, n—NIOSH classification
smaller than the MMAD.
for particulate filter effective against all particulate aerosols.
3.1.40 maximum use concentration, MUC, n—maximum
3.1.26.4 R-series particulate filter, n—NIOSH classification
atmospheric concentration of a hazardous substance from
for particulate filter effective against all particulate aerosols;
which a wearer can be expected to be protected when wearing
time-use restrictions may apply.
a respirator and is frequently determined by the assigned
3.1.26.5 Discussion—N-, R-, and P-series particulate filters
protection factor of the respirator or class of respirators and the
are tested at 99.97, 99, and 95 % efficiency levels, referred to
exposure limit of the hazardous substance.
as Classes 100, 99, and 95, respectively.
3.1.40.1 Discussion—The MUC can frequently be deter-
3.1.27 filtering face piece, n—negative-pressure respirator
mined mathematically by multiplying the assigned protection
in which the filter is an integral part of the face piece or
factor specified for a respirator by the required time-weighted
comprises the entire face piece.
average occupational exposure limit (OEL), short-term expo-
sure limit, or ceiling limit. When no OEL is available for a
3.1.28 fit factor, n—numeric expression of how well a
tight-fitting respirator fits a wearer during a quantitative fit test, hazardous substance, an employer shall determine a MUC on
the basis of relevant available information and informed
and it is the ratio of the measured challenge agent concentra-
professional judgment.
tion outside the respirator (C ) to its concentration inside the
out
respirator (C ).
in 3.1.41 mist, n—aerosol composed of liquid droplets pro-
duced either mechanically or by condensation of vaporized
Fit factor 5 C ⁄ C (1)
out in
liquid.
3.1.28.1 Discussion—A fit factor resulting from a qualita-
tive fit test has been validated to 100 (Annex A5).
3.1.42 mouthpiece and nose clamp assembly, n—respiratory
inlet covering that is held in the wearer’s mouth and shall
3.1.29 fit test, n—use of a qualitative or quantitative proto-
col to evaluate sealing surface leakage of a specific tight-fitting always be used in conjunction with a nose clamp.
respirator while worn by an individual.
3.1.43 negative-pressure respirator, n—respirator in which
the air pressure inside the respiratory inlet covering is negative
3.1.30 fume, n—aerosols formed by condensation of a
vaporized solid. during inhalation with respect to the ambient air pressure.
3.1.44 occupational exposure limit, OEL, n—maximum al-
3.1.31 gas, n—fluid that has neither an independent shape
nor volume and tends to expand indefinitely. lowable concentration of a contaminant in the air to which an
individual may be exposed over a period of time.
3.1.31.1 Discussion—In contrast, liquids have independent
volume but not independent shape. 3.1.44.1 Discussion—Commonly used OELs include Occu-
pational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible
3.1.32 hazard ratio, n—number obtained by dividing the
exposure limits (PELs) and ACGIH® threshold limit values
concentration of a contaminant by its occupational exposure
(TLVs®). These may be time-weighted averages, short-term
limit.
limits, or ceiling limits.
3.1.33 hazardous atmosphere, n—atmosphere that contains
3.1.45 physician or other licensed healthcare professional,
a contaminant(s) in excess of the occupational exposure limit
PLHCP, n—individual whose legally permitted scope of prac-
or is oxygen deficient.
tice (that is, license, registration, or certification) allows them
3.1.34 helmet, n—hood that offers head protection to the
to independently provide, or be delegated the responsibility to
wearer against impact and penetration.
provide, some or all of the healthcare services required by 29
3.1.35 high-effıciency particulate air (HEPA) filter,
CFR 1910.134(e).
n—HEPA filters are considered N100, R100, P100, and HE.
3.1.46 positive-pressure respirator, n—respirator in which
3.1.35.1 Discussion—P100 and HE filters are identified with
the pressure inside the respiratory inlet covering is normally
a magenta color.
positive with respect to ambient air pressure (Annex A6).
3.1.36 hood, n—tight- or loose-fitting respiratory inlet cov-
3.1.47 powered air-purifying respirator, PAPR, n—air-
ering that completely covers the head and neck and may cover
purifying respirator that uses a blower to move the ambient
portions of the shoulders.
atmosphere through air-purifying elements into the respiratory
3.1.37 immediately dangerous to life or health, IDLH,
inlet covering.
n—any atmosphere that poses an immediate hazard to life or
immediate irreversible debilitating effects on health.
3.1.38 loose-fitting face piece, n—respiratory inlet covering
ACGIH® and TLVs® are registered trademarks of the American Conference of
that is designed to form a partial seal with the face, does not Governmental Industrial Hygienists.
F3387 − 23
3.1.48 pressure-demand respirator, n—atmosphere- 3.1.66 wearer seal check (namely, user seal check),
supplying respirator in which the pressure inside the respira- n—procedure conducted by the wearer to determine if a
tory inlet covering, in relation to the pressure surrounding the tight-fitting respirator is properly donned; see Section 11.
outside of the respiratory inlet covering, is positive during both
3.1.67 written record, n—documentation, either paper or
inhalation and exhalation.
electronic, of any record-keeping requirements and details of
the respirator program.
3.1.49 qualitative fit test, QLFT, n—pass/fail fit test that
relies on the subject’s sensory response to detect a challenge
4. Significance and Use
agent.
4.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide information
3.1.50 quantitative fit test, QNFT, n—fit test that uses an
and guidance on the proper selection, use, and maintenance of
instrument to measure face seal leakage.
respirators, which will help safeguard the life and health of
3.1.51 required fit factor, RFF, n—numeric value established
respirator wearers. This practice is written for all persons
as pass/fail point or acceptance criterion for a quantitative fit
concerned with respiratory protection, but especially for those
test.
primarily responsible for establishing and administering an
3.1.52 respirator, n—personal protective equipment (PPE) acceptable respirator program. This practice contains require-
designed to protect the wearer from inhalation of hazardous ments recommended for enforcement authorities in establish-
atmospheres. ing regulations or codes for respiratory protection use.
4.2 Exceptions—Users of this practice shall be aware that
3.1.53 respirator manufacturer, n—entity that designs or
manufactures (or both) a respirator, or has a respirator designed regulatory agencies may have requirements that are different
from this practice.
or manufactured (or both) for them under their name or
trademark.
5. Respirator Program Requirements
3.1.54 respirator user instructions, n—instructions and in-
5.1 Purpose—This section establishes requirements for us-
formation provided by the respirator manufacturer.
ing respirators in the workplace. The following requirements
3.1.55 respiratory inlet covering, n—that portion of a res-
are supplemented by recommended practices in subsequent
pirator that connects the wearer’s respiratory tract to an air- or
sections of this practice.
atmosphere-supplying respirator.
5.2 Permissible Practice—In the control of those occupa-
3.1.55.1 Discussion—They may be either tight fitting or
tional diseases or injuries caused by breathing contaminated air
loose fitting in design. It may be a face piece, helmet, hood, or
or oxygen-deficient atmospheres, the primary objective shall
mouthpiece/nose clamp.
be to minimize the workplace exposure. This shall be accom-
3.1.56 self-contained breathing apparatus, SCBA,
plished as far as feasible by accepted engineering control
n—atmosphere-supplying respirator in which the respirable gas
measures (for example, enclosure or confinement of the
source is designed to be carried by the wearer.
operation, general and local ventilation, and substitution of less
toxic materials). When effective engineering controls are not
3.1.57 service life, n—period of time that a respirator
feasible, or while they are being implemented or evaluated,
provides adequate protection to the wearer.
appropriate respirators shall be used according to the require-
3.1.58 shall, v—denoting a mandatory requirement.
ments of this practice.
3.1.59 should, v—denotes a recommendation.
5.3 Employer Responsibility:
3.1.60 sorbent, n—material that removes specific gases and 5.3.1 The employer shall select approved respirators ac-
vapors from the inhaled air.
cording to the airborne hazards likely to be encountered in the
workplace and provide them at no cost to the employee. The
3.1.61 supplied-air respirator, n—see airline respirator.
selection process shall include workplace and user factors that
3.1.62 tight-fitting respiratory inlet covering, n—respirator
are specific and unique to each workplace.
component designed to form a complete seal with the face or
5.3.2 The employer shall be responsible for establishing and
neck.
maintaining a respirator program that shall include the require-
3.1.62.1 Discussion—A half-face piece (includes quarter-
ments outlined in 5.5.
masks, filtering face piece, and half-face piece with elastomeric
5.3.3 The employer shall allow a respirator wearer to leave
face pieces) covers the nose and mouth; a full-face piece covers
the hazardous atmosphere for any respirator-related cause.
the nose, mouth, and eyes. Tight-fitting hoods seal at the neck.
Reasons may include, but are not limited to:
5.3.3.1 Respirator fails to provide adequate protection;
3.1.63 user, n—person or organization who makes use of the
5.3.3.2 Respirator malfunction;
respirator; for example, one involved in selecting, maintaining,
5.3.3.3 Detecting air-contaminant leakage into the respira-
or wearing the respirator.
tor;
3.1.64 vapor, n—gaseous phase of matter that normally
5.3.3.4 Increased breathing resistance;
exists in a liquid or solid state at room temperature and
5.3.3.5 Unusual discomfort in wearing the respirator;
pressure.
5.3.3.6 Illness of the respirator wearer, including sensation
3.1.65 wearer, n—person who wears the respirator. of dizziness, nausea, and weakness;
F3387 − 23
5.3.3.7 Breathing difficulty, coughing, sneezing, vomiting, not an employee has any medical conditions that would
fever, and chills; preclude the use of respirators, limitations on use, or other
restrictions.
5.3.3.8 To wash their face and the respirator face piece to
minimize skin irritation;
5.5.3.1 The program administrator shall advise the PLHCP
5.3.3.9 To change the air-purifying elements or other com- of the following conditions to aid in determining the medical
ponents whenever needed; and
evaluation required:
(1) Type and weight of the respirator to be used by the
5.3.3.10 When the respirator reaches the limits of its service
employee;
life.
(2) Duration and frequency of respirator use (including use
5.3.4 The employer shall investigate malfunctions of respi-
for rescue and escape), typical work activities, and environ-
rators to determine the cause and ensure corrective measures
mental conditions (for example, temperature and humidity
are taken. Suspected manufacturing defects should be reported
extremes);
to the manufacturer and the certifying agency.
(3) Hazards for which the respirator will be worn, includ-
5.3.5 The employer shall use a respirator equipped with an
ing potential exposure to reduced-oxygen environments; and
end-of-service-life indicator or establish a change schedule for
(4) Additional protective clothing and equipment to be
filters, cartridges, and canisters. Guidance for determining a
worn.
change schedule is contained in Annex A1.
5.5.3.2 Written records of medical evaluations shall be
5.3.6 The employer shall train the wearer in the proper and
secured and maintained as medical records.
effective use of the provided respirators, including the proper
egress from the hazardous environment before the end of
5.5.3.3 For additional information on medical evaluations,
service is reached and during failures of the respirator accord-
refer to Practice F3620.
ing to Section 9.
5.5.4 Respirator Selection—The selection of the proper
5.3.7 For all tight-fitting respirators, the employer shall
type(s) of respirator(s) shall be based upon their capabilities,
ensure that employees perform a wearer seal check each time
limitations, and respiratory hazards (Section 8).
they put on the respirator using the procedures described in
5.5.5 Training—Each respirator wearer shall be given train-
Section 11. Either the positive or negative pressure checks
ing and retraining according to Section 9.
according to the respirator manufacturer’s recommended
5.5.6 Fit Testing—Each wearer shall be fit tested before
wearer seal check method shall be used. Wearer seal checks are
being assigned a tight-fitting respirator (Section 10).
not substitutes for qualitative or quantitative fit tests.
5.5.7 Maintenance, Inspection, and Storage—Maintenance
5.4 Wearer Responsibility:
shall be carried out by properly trained individuals according to
5.4.1 The wearer shall use the provided respirator in accor-
the respirator user instructions and on a schedule that ensures
dance with instructions and training received.
that each respirator wearer is provided with a respirator that is
5.4.2 The wearer shall guard against damage to the respira-
clean, sanitary, and in good operating condition. Each respira-
tor.
tor shall be inspected by the wearer before its use to ensure that
5.4.3 The wearer shall immediately leave the contaminated it is in proper working condition. Respirators shall be stored in
area according to established procedures if the wearer detects
a convenient, clean, and sanitary location according to the
contaminant by odor, taste, or irritation; an ESLI indicates end
respirator user’s instructions (Section 12).
of cartridge service life; or a respirator malfunction occurs. The
wearer shall also immediately report the situation to the person
6. Program Administration
designated by the employer in the written standard operating
6.1 Respirator Program Administrator—An individual shall
procedures (SOP).
be assigned responsibility and authority for administering the
5.4.4 The wearer shall report to the person designated by the
respirator program. This individual shall have access and direct
employer in the written SOP any physical or medical condition
communication to the site manager for matters impacting
that could impair the ability to wear a respirator properly.
worker safety and health. It is preferable that the administrator
5.4.5 The wearer who uses a tight-fitting respirator shall
be in the company’s industrial hygiene, environmental, health
perform a wearer seal check to ensure that an adequate seal is
physics, or safety engineering department. A third-party entity
achieved each time the respirator is worn.
meeting these requirements may provide this service.
5.5 Minimal Acceptable Respirator Program Elements:
6.2 Respirator Program Administrator Qualifications—
5.5.1 Program Administration—Responsibility and author-
Respirator program administrators shall be knowledgeable in
ity for the respirator program shall be assigned to a single
respiratory protection and competent in the administration of
person (Section 6). That person shall be identified to all
their duties. Program administrators shall keep abreast of
respirator wearers as the respirator program administrator in
current issues, advances, and regulations.
the written SOP.
6.3 Responsibilities:
5.5.2 SOP—Written SOP covering the complete respirator
program shall be established and implemented (Section 7).
6.3.1 Respirator Program Administrator Responsibilities—
The administrator’s responsibilities shall ensure that the fol-
5.5.3 Medical Evaluation—A physician or other licensed
healthcare professional (PLHCP) shall determine whether or lowing components of the respirator program are conducted:
F3387 − 23
6.3.1.1 Measurement, estimation, or review of information with a PLHCP, shall determine the medical surveillance
on the concentration of airborne contaminant(s) in the work program requirements.
area before respirator selection and periodically during respi-
rator use; 7. Standard Operating Procedures (SOP)
6.3.1.2 Ensuring that medical evaluations, training, and fit
7.1 Written SOP shall be established by the employer and
testing are performed;
shall cover a complete respirator program for routine and
6.3.1.3 Selection of the appropriate type or class of respi-
emergency situations. Copies of the procedures shall be avail-
rator that will provide adequate protection for each
able for all wearers to read. The procedures shall be reviewed
contaminant, present or anticipated;
in conjunction with the annual respirator program audit and
revised by the program administrator as necessary.
6.3.1.4 Maintenance of records and written procedures in a
manner that documents the respirator program and allows for
7.2 Operating Procedure Elements for Respirator Use—
the evaluation of the program’s effectiveness;
Written SOP shall include information necessary, as
6.3.1.5 Evaluation of the respirator program’s effectiveness;
appropriate, for the proper use of respirators, including:
and
7.2.1 Hazard assessment;
6.3.1.6 Revision of the program as necessary.
7.2.2 Respirator selection;
6.3.2 Respirator Program Audit—The most comprehensive 7.2.3 Medical evaluation;
respirator program is of little value if it is not maintained and
7.2.4 Training;
implemented as designed and corrected when deficiencies are
7.2.5 Fit testing;
identified. Therefore, in addition to ongoing surveillance, the
7.2.6 Issuance;
program administrator shall annually audit the respirator pro-
7.2.7 Maintenance, inspection, and storage;
gram to ensure that the program procedures reflect the require-
7.2.8 Air-purifying element change schedule;
ments of current applicable regulations and industry-accepted
7.2.9 Breathing air quality;
standards and the program as implemented reflects the written
7.2.10 Monitoring respirator use;
procedures.
7.2.11 Hazard re-evaluation;
6.3.2.1 To aid objectivity, an additional audit shall be
7.2.12 Employer policies; and
conducted by a knowledgeable person not directly associated
7.2.13 Program evaluation and auditing.
with the program, rather than the respirator program adminis-
trator. The frequency of this outside audit should be determined
7.3 Special Considerations for Respirators Used for Emer-
by the size and complexity of the respirator program and
gency Escape—Written SOP shall be developed covering
previous audit findings. An audit checklist, or equivalent, shall
respirators used for emergency escape. Using guidance in
be prepared and updated as necessary.
Section 8, a hazard assessment shall be performed to determine
6.3.2.2 The audit shall focus, as a minimum, on the follow- if, during an emergency, the use of respirators for escape is
required and, if so, the appropriate type of respirator for escape
ing areas:
(1) Respirator program; shall be selected. Consideration should be given to past
emergencies and occurrences that required using respirators for
(2) Program administration;
(3) Training; escape, as well as conditions that may have necessitated their
use, such as equipment or power failures, uncontrolled chemi-
(4) Medical evaluation;
(5) Fit testing; cal reactions, fire, explosion, or human error.
(6) Air sampling and classification of hazard(s); 7.3.1 An adequate number of escape respirators shall be
(7) Selection and issuance;
provided and accessible where they may be needed.
(8) Use;
7.3.2 Personnel Assigned to Work Areas Where Escape
(9) Equipment cleaning, maintenance, and inspection;
Respirators Are Required—Personnel assigned to areas where
(10) Breathing air quantity and quality;
respirators may be required for escape shall be enrolled in the
(11) Storage;
complete respirator program, including medical evaluation and
(12) Emergency preparedness;
training in the use and limitations of escape respirators.
(13) Special problems; and
7.3.3 Visitors and Personnel Not Assigned to Work Areas
(14) Corrective action.
Where Escape Respirators Are Required—Medical approval is
6.3.2.3 Action shall be taken to correct any defects or
not required for visitors and personnel not assigned to work
shortcomings found during the audit. Findings shall be
areas where hooded or mouthpiece escape-only respirators are
documented, including plans to correct problem areas with
provided for potential emergencies. However, they shall be
target dates for completion and tracking mechanisms to ensure
trained in how to don and use the escape-only respirator
completion.
according to the respirator user instructions.
6.3.3 Medical Surveillance—When applicable, medical 7.3.3.1 For work areas where self-contained breathing ap-
surveillance, which may include biomonitoring, shall be car- paratus having a tight-fitting respiratory inlet covering, gas
ried out periodically to determine if respirator wearers are masks, or other non-escape-only respirators are selected for
adequately protected. An occupational health professional (for emergency escape, visitors shall receive medical evaluation,
example, industrial hygienist, health physicist), in conjunction respirator training, and fit testing.
F3387 − 23
7.3.4 Operating Procedure Elements for Emergency 8.2.2.4 If the contaminant is a particulate hazard, determine
Respirator—Written SOP shall be developed for all emergency if it is an oil or if an oil aerosol is present along with the
use and anticipated emergency use. particulate contaminant.
NOTE 1—Knowledge of the presence of airborne oil is needed to select
8. Respirator Selection
a particulate filter properly (8.3.2.11 and Annex A2).
NOTE 2—Examples of activities that are known to produce airborne oil
8.1 Respirator selection for routine and emergency use shall
include use of air compressor systems with oil lubricators and operation of
involve:
motor vehicles.
8.1.1 Hazard assessment;
8.2.2.5 Determine the likely airborne concentration of the
8.1.2 Respirator selection of type or class of respirators that
contaminant(s). An estimate of the airborne concentrations of
can offer adequate protection; and
contaminants to which persons might be exposed shall be
8.1.3 Maintaining written records of hazard assessment and
conducted as follows:
respirator selection (Section 14).
(1) Air sampling and analysis conducted in accordance
with recognized occupational hygiene practices (1);
8.2 Hazard Assessment—Perform a hazard assessment in-
(2) Mathematical modeling or estimating based on the
cluding evaluation of potential respiratory hazards (oxygen
workplace volume and physical properties (for example, vapor
deficiency or airborne contaminants) and any other hazardous
pressure); or
conditions present such as eye and skin hazards, humidity and
(3) Experience from similar circumstances and materials.
temperature extremes, and other environmental conditions to
8.2.2.6 Anticipated exposures should account for variations
assist in the selection of an appropriate respirator
in process operation, rate and direction of air movement,
8.2.1 When the only hazard identified is a bioaerosol, the
temperature (ambient or process), and seasonal variations. The
guidance in 8.3.3 shall be followed.
workplace atmosphere shall be assessed on a regular basis for
8.2.2 Hazard Assessment Steps for the Inhalation Hazard:
respiratory hazards to confirm that the proper type of respirator
8.2.2.1 The nature of the inhalation hazard shall be estab-
is being used.
lished by determining:
8.2.2.7 Determine if the potential for an oxygen-deficient
(1) Which contaminant(s) may be present in the workplace;
environment exists. Where the potential for an oxygen-
(2) The physical state and chemical properties of all
deficient atmosphere exists, the oxygen concentration shall be
airborne contaminants;
measured. Where oxygen concentration is below 159 mmHg
(3) By measurement or estimation, the likely airborne
(21 kPa) (20.9 % oxygen at sea level), the cause of the
concentration of the contaminant(s);
deficiency shall be identified and understood or monitored if
(4) If the potential for an oxygen-deficient environment
appropriate, or both. Where oxygen concentration is confirmed
exists;
to be below 19.5 % (at sea level), the cause of the deficiency
(5) Whether there is an occupational exposure limit for
shall be determined and ongoing monitoring shall be per-
each contaminant;
formed (Annex A3) or the atmosphere shall be assumed to be
(6) If an IDLH atmosphere exists;
IDLH until the cause of the deficiency is understood and
(7) If there is an applicable health regulation or OSHA
controlled to greater than 122 mmHg (16.27 kPa) (16 % oxy-
substance-specific standard (for example, lead, asbestos) for
gen at sea level); see 8.2.2.10.
the contaminant(s); and
8.2.2.8 Oxygen deficiency is classified as either IDLH or
(8) If the contaminant(s) can be absorbed through the eyes
non-IDLH by this practice.
or skin, produce skin sensitization, or be irritating or corrosive
(1) Oxygen-Deficiency IDLH—An oxygen partial pressure
to the eyes or skin.
less than 122 mmHg (16.27 kPa) (16 % oxygen at sea level)
8.2.2.2 Determine which contaminant(s) may be present in
shall be considered IDLH.
the workplace. The following factors concerning an operation
(2) Oxygen-Deficiency Non-IDLH—An oxygen partial
or process shall be taken into consideration:
pressure of ≥122 mmHg (16.27 kPa) (16 % oxygen at sea
(1) Operation or process characteristics as they relate to the
level) and less than 148 mmHg (19.73 kPa) (19.5 % oxygen at
release of air contaminants through routine or non-routine
sea level) shall be considered an oxygen-deficient atmosphere
procedures, malfunctioning of equipment, or processes or
that is not immediately dangerous to life.
spills;
8.2.2.9 Determine whether there is an occupational expo-
(2) Materials used, produced, or stored, including raw
sure limit for each contaminant. Occupational exposure limits
materials, end products, by-products, chemical reactivity, and
shall be identified such as published threshold limit value,
wastes; and
permissible exposure limit, derived air concentration (radio-
(3) Emergency repair, shutdown procedures, escape, and
logical protection limits), or any other available exposure
rescue operations.
limits or estimate of toxicity for the contaminant(s).
8.2.2.3 Determine the physical state and chemical properties
8.2.2.10 Determine if an IDLH atmosphere exists. A loca-
of all airborne contaminants. The physical states for all
tion shall be considered to be IDLH when:
airborne contaminants as they are likely to be encountered shall
be identified as follows:
(1) Gas or vapor, or
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
(2) Particle. this standard.
F3387 − 23
(1) The identity or concentration of a contaminant is 8.3.1.3 Worker Activity—Worker activity and worker loca-
unknown (for example, interior structural fire-fighting) or it is tion in a hazardous area shall be considered in selecting the
proper respirator. These considerations shall include:
an atmosphere known or suspected to have concentrations
(1) The period of time for which the respirator is to be
above the IDLH level for that contaminant (see Ref (2) for
used, whether the worker is in the hazardous area continuously
IDLH values for specific substances);
or intermittently during the work shift;
(2) It is a space that contains less than the normal
(2) Physical demands made on the worker, whether the
159 mmHg (21 kPa) (20.9 % oxygen at sea level) oxygen,
work rate is light, medium, or heavy;
unless the source of the oxygen reduction is understood and
(3) Work area layout;
controlled or the oxygen concentration is unknown;
(4) Work activities; and
(3) Oxygen partial pressure is below 122 mmHg
(5) Temperature and humidity of the work environment
(16.27 kPa) (16 % oxygen at sea level);
(8.3.8.5) or concern for heat stress, or both, based on other
(4) Total atmospheric pressure less than 584 mmHg
personal protective equipment (PPE) selected.
(77.86 kPa) equivalent to 7000 ft (2134 m) altitude or any
8.3.1.4 Several of these considerations may apply. For
combination of reduced percentage of oxygen and reduced
example, extreme physical exertion can cause the wearer to
pressure that leads to an oxygen partial pressure less than
deplete the air supply in a SCBA such that service life is
122 mmHg (16.27 kPa) (for example, areas other than sea
significantly reduced.
level) (8.3.4 and Annex A3); or
(5) Any confined space containing less than 159 mmHg 8.3.1.5 Respirator Use Duration—The period of time that a
(21 kPa) (20.9 % oxygen at sea level) oxygen, unless the respirator shall be worn is an important factor that shall be
source of the oxygen reduction is understood and controlled taken into account in selecting a respirator. Consideration shall
(8.3.4 and 8.3.5). This restriction is imposed because any be given to the type of use, such as routine, non-routine,
emergency, or rescue. Respirator wearers shall be given breaks
reduction in the percentage of oxygen present is proof, at a
throughout the day. The work/rest period may be dependent on
minimum, that the confined space is not adequately ventilated.
other factors such as heat stress, work rate, and intended
8.2.2.11 Determine if there is an applicable OSHA
service life of the respirator.
substance-specific standard for the contaminant(s). Determine
8.3.1.6 Respirator Limitations—Performance limitations of
if there is an applicable substance-specific standard by review-
the various types of respirators shall be considered during the
ing applicable standards, for example, OSHA, MSHA. If so,
selection process. Types of respirators and considerations for
there may be specific respirators required that will influence the
their use are described in Annex A2. For example:
selection process.
(1) Service Life—The expected service time of a cartridge
8.2.2.12 Determination of Other Hazards:
or filter, or the amount of breathing air available;
(1) Determine whether the contaminant(s) can be absorbed
(2) Worker Mobility—Limits for hoses may include length,
through the eyes or skin, produce skin sensitization, or be
entry, and exit points. Bulkiness may limit entry into tight
irritating or corrosive to the eyes or skin.
spaces;
(2) Determine the nature of other hazards and environmen-
(3) Compatibility with Other Protective Equipment—
tal conditions that may exist that would affect respirator
Respirator fit when used with other equipment, for example,
selection, such as:
the need for safety glasses, face shield, or welding equipment;
(a) Heat, cold, humidity;
(4) Durability—Physical limitations of a specific respira-
(b) Head impact hazards;
tor;
(c) Welding arc;
(5) Comfort Factors—Respirator fit, weight, breathing
(d) Splash; and
resistance, and ease of use;
(e) Eye impact.
(6) Compatibility with the Environment—For example, if
flammable, explosive, or corrosive substances are present; and
8.3 Respirator Selection:
(7) Compatibility with Job and Workplace Performance—
8.3.1 General Considerations:
For example, use of a firearm with different types of face
8.3.1.1 Proper respirator selection for any situation shall
pieces.
consider the following:
8.3.1.7 Approved Respirators—Approved respirators shall
(1) The nature of the hazard;
be used. Under 42 CFR Part 84, respirators are approved by
(2) Worker activity and workplace factors;
NIOSH except respirators used in mine rescue and other mine
(3) Respirator use duration;
emergencies, which are required to be approved by both
(4) Respirator limitation; and
NIOSH and MSHA. Any change or modification, however
(5) Use of approved respirators.
minor, may adversely affect the performance of the respirator
8.3.1.2 Nature of the Hazard—Nature of the hazardous
and the resulting respirator configuration will not be NIOSH
atmosphere shall be determined by the hazard assessment:
approved. Respirators approved by NIOSH and NIOSH/
(1) IDLH;
MSHA under provisions of 42 CFR Part 84 are listed in the
(2) Non-IDLH; NIOSH Certified Equipment List, which is available on the
(3) Oxygen deficient; or
NIOSH website at: http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/npptl/topics/
(4) Bioaerosol. respirators/cel/.
F3387 − 23
8.3.2 Selection Steps—The following shall be considered or be selected (refer to Annex A2 for description of these filters).
known for the respirator selection: Refer to 8.3.6 for filter change schedule.
8.3.2.1 If there is an oxygen-deficient atmosphere, the type
8.3.2.12 If the contaminant is a gas or vapor, an atmosphere-
of respirator selected depends on the partial pressure of oxygen
supplying respirator shall be used unless:
and the concentration of other contaminant(s) that may be
(1) The air-purifying respirator has an end-of-service-life
present; go to 8.3.2.2.
indicator (ESLI) that will indicate to the wearer before con-
8.3.2.2 If the atmosphere is oxygen-deficient IDLH, go to
taminant breakthrough, or
8.3.4 and 8.3.5; if not, go to 8.3.2.3.
(2) Chemical cartridge/canister change schedule is imple-
8.3.2.3 If an OSHA substance-specific standard or regula-
mented. Some substance-specific regulations include
...