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ASTM A772/A772M-00

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for ac Magnetic Permeability of Materials Using Sinusoidal Current

Standard Test Method for ac Magnetic Permeability of Materials Using Sinusoidal Current

SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a means for determination of the impedance permeability (µz) of ferromagnetic materials under the condition of sinusoidal current (sinusoidal H) excitation. Test specimens in the form of laminated toroidal cores, tape-wound toroidal cores, and link-type laminated cores having uniform cross sections and closed flux paths (no air gaps) are used. The method is intended as a means for determining the magnetic performance of ferromagnetic strip having a thickness less than or equal to 0.025 in. [0.635 mm].
1.2 This test method shall be used in conjunction with those applicable paragraphs in Practice A34/A34M.
1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Oct-2000
ICS
29.030 - Magnetic materials
Technical Committee
A06 - Magnetic Properties
Drafting Committee
A06.01 - Test Methods
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM A772/A772M-00(2005) - Standard Test Method for ac Magnetic Permeability of Materials Using Sinusoidal Current
Effective Date
01-Nov-2005
Referred By
ASTM A753-21 - Standard Specification for Wrought Nickel-Iron Soft Magnetic Alloys (UNS K94490, K94840, N14076, N14080)
Effective Date
10-Oct-2000
Referred By
ASTM A340-23 - Standard Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to Magnetic Testing
Effective Date
10-Oct-2000

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ASTM A772/A772M-00 - Standard Test Method for ac Magnetic Permeability of Materials Using Sinusoidal CurrentASTM A772/A772M-00 - Standard Test Method for ac Magnetic Permeability of Materials Using Sinusoidal Current
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ASTM A772/A772M-00 - Standard Test Method for ac Magnetic Permeability of Materials Using Sinusoidal Current
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn. Contact ASTM
International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: A 772/A 772M – 00
Standard Test Method for
ac Magnetic Permeability of Materials Using Sinusoidal
1
Current
This standard is issued under the fixed designationA 772/A 772M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method provides a means for determination of 4.1 The permeability determined by this method is the
the impedance permeability (µ ) of ferromagnetic materials impedance permeability. Impedance permeability is the ratio of
z
under the condition of sinusoidal current (sinusoidal H) exci- the peak value of flux density (B ) to the assumed peak
max
tation. Test specimens in the form of laminated toroidal cores, magnetic field strength (H ) without regard to phase. As
z
tape-wound toroidal cores, and link-type laminated cores compared to testing under sinusoidal flux (sinusoidal B)
having uniform cross sections and closed flux paths (no air conditions, the permeabilities determined by this method are
gaps) are used. The method is intended as a means for numerically lower since, for a given test signal frequency, the
determining the magnetic performance of ferromagnetic strip rate of flux change (dB/dt) is higher.
having a thickness less than or equal to 0.025 in. [0.635 mm]. 4.2 This test method is suitable for impedance permeability
1.2 This test method shall be used in conjunction with those measurements at very low magnetic inductions at power
applicable paragraphs in Practice A 34/A 34M. frequencies (50 to 60 Hz) to moderate inductions below the
1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu point of maximum permeability of the material (the knee of the
and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as magnetization curve) or until there is visible distortion of the
standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets current waveform.The lower limit is a function of sample area,
except for the sections concerning calculations where there are secondary turns, and the sensitivity of the flux-reading voltme-
separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values ter used.At higher inductions, measurements of flux-generated
stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, voltages that are appreciably distorted mean that the flux has
each system shall be used independently of the other. Combin- appreciable harmonic frequency components. The upper limit
ing values from the two systems may result in nonconformance is given by the availability of pure sinusoidal current, which is
with this standard. a function of the power source. In addition, a large ratio ($10)
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the of the total series resistance of the primary circuit to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the primary coil impedance is required.With proper test apparatus,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- this test method is suitable for use at frequencies up to 1 MHz.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- 4.3 This test method is suitable for design, specification
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. acceptance, service evaluation, quality control, and research
use.
2. Referenced Documents
5. Apparatus
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 34/A 34M Practice for Sampling and Procurement Test- 5.1 Thetestcircuit,whichisschematicallyillustratedinFig.
2
ing of Magnetic Materials 1, shall consist of the following components.
A 340 Terminology of Symbols and Definitions Relating to 5.2 Power Supply—For power frequency (50- or 60-Hz)
2
Magnetic Testing testing, a suitable power supply consists of two or three series
connected autotransformers of sufficient power rating. This
3. Terminology
will provide a continuously variable current source to excite
3.1 Definitions—The terms and symbols used in this test the test specimen. For testing at other than power frequency, an
method are defined in Terminology A 340.
ac power source consisting of a low distortion sinosoidal signal
generatorandlinearamplifierarerequired.Theuseoffeedback
control of the power amplifier is permitted.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06 on
5.3 Isolation/Stepdown Transformer—The use of a low
Magnetic Properties and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeA06.01 onTest
Methods. distortion isolation/stepdown transformer is highly recom-
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2000. Published January 2001. Originally
mended for operator safety and to eliminate any dc bias current
published as A 772 – 80. Last previous edition A
...

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Standard Test Method for AC Magnetic Permeability of Materials Using Sinusoidal Current

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The permeability determined by this method is the impedance permeability. Impedance permeability is the ratio of the peak value of flux density (Bmax) to the assumed peak magnetic field strength (Hz) without regard to phase. As compared to testing under sinusoidal flux (sinusoidal B) conditions, the permeabilities determined by this method are numerically lower since, for a given test signal frequency, the rate of flux change (dB/dt) is higher.  
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1.1 This test method provides a means for determination of the impedance permeability (μz) of ferromagnetic materials under the condition of sinusoidal current (sinusoidal H) excitation. Test specimens in the form of laminated toroidal cores, tape-wound toroidal cores, and link-type laminated cores having uniform cross sections and closed flux paths (no air gaps) are used. The method is intended as a means for determining the magnetic performance of ferromagnetic strip having a thickness less than or equal to 0.025 in. [0.635 mm].  
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3.1 Permeameters require the use of yokes to complete the magnetic circuit and are therefore inherently less accurate than ring test methods. Refer to Test Method A596/A596M for further details on ring test methods. However, when testing certain shapes as bars or when magnetic field strength in excess of 200 Oe [16 kA/m] is required, permeameters are the only practical means of measuring magnetic properties.  
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FIG. 1 Basic Circuit Using Permeameter  
Note 1:  
A1—Multirange ammeter (main current)
A2—Multirange ammeter (hysteresis current)
B—Magnetic flux density test position for Switch S3
F—Electronic Fluxmeter
H—Magnetic field strength test position for Switch S3
N1—Magnetizing coil
N2—Magnetic flux sensing (B) coil
N3—Magnetic field strength (H) sensing coil
R1—Main current control rheostat
R2—Hysteresis current control rheostat
S1—Reversing switch for magnetizing current
S2—Shunting switch for hysteresis current control rheostat
S3—Fluxmeter selector switch
SP—Specimen  
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1.2 The equipment and procedures described in this test method are most suited for soft and semi-hard materials with intrinsic coercivity less than about 100 Oersteds [8 kA/M]. Materials with higher intrinsic coercivities should be tested according to Test Method A977/A977M.  
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Test methods using suitable ring-type specimens4 are the preferred methods of determining the basic magnetic properties of a material caused by the absence of demagnetizing effects and are well suited for specification acceptance, service evaluation, and research and development.  
3.2 Provided the test specimen is representative of the bulk material as is usually the case for thin strip and wire, this test is also suitable for design purposes.  
3.3 When the test specimen is not necessarily representative of the bulk material such as a ring machined from a large forging or casting, the results of this test method may not be an accurate indicator of the magnetic properties of the bulk material. In such instances, the test results when viewed in context of past performance history will be useful for judging the suitability of the current material for the intended application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers dc testing for the determination of basic magnetic properties of materials in the form of ring, toroidal, link, double-lapped Epstein cores, or other standard shapes which may be cut, stamped, machined, or ground from cast, compacted, sintered, forged, or rolled materials. It includes tests for determination of the normal magnetization curve and hysteresis loop taken under conditions of steep wavefront reversals of the direct-current magnetic field strength.  
1.2 This test method shall be used in conjunction with Practice A34/A34M.  
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1.6 The symbols and abbreviated definitions used in this test method appear in Fig. 1 and Sections 5, 6, 9, and 10. For the official definitions see Terminology A340.  
FIG. 1 Basic Circuit Using Ring-Type Cores  
Note 1:  
A1—Multirange ammeter, main-magnetizing current circuit
A2—Multirange ammeter, hysteresis-current circuit
N1—Magnetizing (primary) winding
N2—Flux-sensing (secondary) winding
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is suitable for specification acceptance, design purposes, service evaluation, regulatory statutes, manufacturing control, and research and development.  
3.2 Because of the restrictions on the specimen shape and size, this test method is most often used to evaluate semifinished product before fabrication of parts.
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1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for determination of the permeability [relative permeability]2 of materials having a relative permeability not exceeding 6.0.  
1.2 The test methods covered are as follows:  
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1.2.2 Test Method 2—Permeability of Paramagnetic Materials has been eliminated as an acceptable method of test.  
1.2.3 Test Method 3—Low Mu Permeability Indicator is suitable for measuring the permeability of a material as “less than” or “greater than” that of calibrated standard inserts with relative permeabilities between 1.01 and 6.0, as designated for use in a Low-Mu Permeability Indicator.3 In this method, a small volume of specimen is subjected to a local magnetic field that varies in magnitude and direction, so it is not possible to specify the magnetic field strength at which the measurement is made.  
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1.2.5 Test Method 5—Vibrating Sample Magnetometry is suitable for materials with relative permeabilities between 1.0 and 4.0. This test method permits the user to select the magnetic field strength at which the permeability is to be measured.  
1.3 Materials typically tested by these methods such as austenitic stainless steels may be weakly ferromagnetic. That is, the magnetic permeability is dependent on the magnetic field strength. As a consequence, the results obtained using the different methods may not closely agree with each other. When using Methods 1 and 5, it is imperative to specify the magnetic field strength or range of magnetic field strengths at which the permeabilities have been determined.  
1.4 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A34/A34M-06(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling and Procurement Testing of Magnetic Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice defines test lots and describes the selection and preparation of test specimens used in the determination of magnetic properties of various materials.  
4.2 A method of calculating the density of iron-base electrical steels is given and a table of assumed densities for magnetic testing of commercial soft magnetic alloys is provided.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers sampling procedures and test practices for determination of various magnetic properties of both soft and hard magnetic materials.  
1.2 This practice may be used either in conjunction with, or independent of, the standard test methods and materials specifications under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee A06. In the former situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall not supersede those found in the individual test methods and materials specifications. In the latter situation, the sampling and testing procedures listed herein shall strictly apply.  
1.3 The values and equations stated in customary (cgs-emu and inch-pound) or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within this standard, SI units are shown in brackets except for the sections concerning calculations where there are separate sections for the respective unit systems. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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