ASTM D560/D560M-16
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Freezing and Thawing Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures
Standard Test Methods for Freezing and Thawing Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are used to determine the resistance of compacted soil-cement specimens to repeated freezing and thawing. These test methods were developed to be used in conjunction with Test Methods D559/D559M and criteria given in the Soil-Cement Laboratory Handbook4 to determine the minimum amount of cement required in soil-cement to achieve a degree of hardness adequate to resist field weathering.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the soil-cement losses, water content changes, and volume changes (swell and shrinkage) produced by repeated freezing and thawing of hardened soil-cement specimens. The specimens are compacted in a mold, before cement hydration, to maximum density at optimum water content using the compaction procedure described in Test Methods D558.
1.2 Two test methods, depending on soil gradation, are covered for preparation of material for molding specimens and for molding specimens as follows:
Sections
Test Method A, using soil material passing a 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve.
This method shall be used when 100 % of the soil sample passes
the 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve.
7
Test Method B, using soil material passing a [0.75-in.] 19.0-mm sieve.
This method shall be used when part of the soil sample is retained
on the 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve. This test method may be used only
on those materials that have 30 % or less retained on the 19.0 mm
[0.75-in.] sieve
8
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected /recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
1.4.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F = ma) calculations are involved.
1.4.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of unit; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of ...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D560/D560M − 16
Standard Test Methods for
1
Freezing and Thawing Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D560/D560M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* used independently of the other. Combining values from the
two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining
Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specifi-
the soil-cement losses, water content changes, and volume
cation E11. The alternative designation given in parentheses is
changes (swell and shrinkage) produced by repeated freezing
forinformationonlyanddoesnotrepresentadifferentstandard
and thawing of hardened soil-cement specimens. The speci-
sieve size.
mens are compacted in a mold, before cement hydration, to
1.4.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
maximum density at optimum water content using the com-
when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
paction procedure described in Test Methods D558.
(lbf)representsaunitofforce(weight),whiletheunitformass
1.2 Two test methods, depending on soil gradation, are
isslugs.Therationalizedslugunitisnotgiven,unlessdynamic
covered for preparation of material for molding specimens and
(F = ma) calculations are involved.
for molding specimens as follows:
1.4.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction
Sections
professiontousepoundstorepresentbothaunitofmass(lbm)
Test Method A, using soil material passing a 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve.
and of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate
This method shall be used when 100 % of the soil sample passes 7
systems of unit; that is, the absolute system and the gravita-
the 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve.
Test Method B, using soil material passing a [0.75-in.] 19.0-mm sieve.
tionalsystem.Itisscientificallyundesirabletocombinetheuse
This method shall be used when part of the soil sample is retained
of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single
on the 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve. This test method may be used only 8
standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational
on those materials that have 30 % or less retained on the 19.0 mm
[0.75-in.] sieve
system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the unitformass.However,theuseofbalancesorscalesrecording
3
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft shall not
Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method. be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to 2. Referenced Documents
2
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
2.1 ASTM Standards:
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
C150/C150MSpecification for Portland Cement
of these test methods to consider significant digits used in
C595/C595MSpecification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
analysis methods for engineering data.
D558Test Methods for Moisture-Density (Unit Weight)
Relations of Soil-Cement Mixtures
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded sepa- D559/D559MTest Methods for Wetting and Drying Com-
pacted Soil-Cement Mixtures
rately as standard. The values stated in each system shall be
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids
1
ThesetestmethodsareunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoil
andRockandarethedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.15onStabilization
2
With Admixtures. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org,
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D560/D560M − 15 D560/D560M − 16
Standard Test Methods for
1
Freezing and Thawing Compacted Soil-Cement Mixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D560/D560M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the soil-cement losses, water content changes, and volume changes
(swell and shrinkage) produced by repeated freezing and thawing of hardened soil-cement specimens. The specimens are
compacted in a mold, before cement hydration, to maximum density at optimum water content using the compaction procedure
described in Test Methods D558.
1.2 Two test methods, depending on soil gradation, are covered for preparation of material for molding specimens and for
molding specimens as follows:
Sections
Test Method A, using soil material passing a 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve.
This method shall be used when 100 % of the soil sample passes 7
the 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve.
Test Method B, using soil material passing a [0.75-in.] 19.0-mm sieve.
This method shall be used when part of the soil sample is retained
on the 4.75-mm [No. 4] sieve. This test method may be used only 8
on those materials that have 30 % or less retained on the 19.0 mm
[0.75-in.] sieve
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026, unless superseded by this test method.
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected /recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of these test methods to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering data.
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [presented in brackets] are to be regarded separately as
standard. The values stated in each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may
result in non-conformance with the standard. Sieve size is identified by its standard designation in Specification E11. The
alternative designation given in parentheses is for information only and does not represent a different standard sieve size.
1.4.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf)
represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given, unless dynamic (F =
ma) calculations are involved.
1.4.2 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and
of force (lbf). This implicitly combines two separate systems of unit; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It
is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this
standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit for mass. However, the use
3
of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or recording density in lbm/ft shall not be regarded as nonconformance with
this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on Stabilization With
Admixtures.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2015Nov. 1, 2016. Published December 2015November 2016. Originally approved in 1939. Last previous edition approved in 19962015
as D560D560/D560M–96, which was withdrawn July 2012 and reinstat
...
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