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ASTM E721-07

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Determining Neutron Energy Spectra from Neutron Sensors for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics

Standard Guide for Determining Neutron Energy Spectra from Neutron Sensors for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
It is important to know the energy spectrum of the particular neutron source employed in radiation-hardness testing of electronic devices in order to relate radiation effects with device performance degradation.
This guide describes the factors which must be considered when the spectrum adjustment methodology is chosen and implemented. Although the selection of sensors (foils) and the determination of responses (activities) is discussed in Guide E 720, the experiment should not be divorced from the analysis. In fact, it is advantageous for the analyst conducting the spectrum determination to be closely involved with the design of the experiment to ensure that the data obtained will provide the most accurate spectrum possible. These data include the following : (1) measured responses such as the activities of foils exposed in the environment and their uncertainties, (2) response functions such as reaction cross sections along with appropriate correlations and uncertainties, (3) the geometry and materials in the test environment, and (4) a trial function or prior spectrum and its uncertainties obtained from a transport calculation or from previous experience.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures for determining the energy-differential fluence spectra of neutrons used in radiation-hardness testing of electronic semiconductor devices. The types of neutron sources specifically covered by this guide are fission or degraded energy fission sources used in either a steady-state or pulse mode.
1.2 This guide provides guidance and criteria that can be applied during the process of choosing the spectrum adjustment methodology that is best suited to the available data and relevant for the environment being investigated.
1.3 This guide is to be used in conjunction with Guide E 720 to characterize neutron spectra and is used in conjunction with Practice E 722 to characterize damage-related parameters normally associated with radiation-hardness testing of electronic-semiconductor devices. Note 1Although Guide E 720 only discusses activation foil sensors, any energy-dependent neutron-responding sensor for which a response function is known may be used ().Note 2
For terminology used in this guide, see Terminology E 170.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2007
ICS
83.140.10 - Films and sheets
Technical Committee
E10 - Nuclear Technology and Applications
Drafting Committee
E10.07 - Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E721-01 - Standard Guide for Determining Neutron Energy Spectra from Neutron Sensors for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007
Replaced By
ASTM E721-11 - Standard Guide for Determining Neutron Energy Spectra from Neutron Sensors for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM E1854-19 - Standard Practice for Ensuring Test Consistency in Neutron-Induced Displacement Damage of Electronic Parts
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM F980-16 - Standard Guide for Measurement of Rapid Annealing of Neutron-Induced Displacement Damage in Silicon Semiconductor Devices
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM E1855-20 - Standard Test Method for Use of 2N2222A Silicon Bipolar Transistors as Neutron Spectrum Sensors and Displacement Damage Monitors
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM E720-23 - Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Neutron Sensors for Determining Neutron Spectra Employed in Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM F1190-18 - Standard Guide for Neutron Irradiation of Unbiased Electronic Components
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM E722-19 - Standard Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra in Terms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM E2450-23 - Standard Practice for Application of CaF<inf>2</inf>(Mn) Thermoluminescence Dosimeters in Mixed Neutron-Photon Environments
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007
Referred By
ASTM E265-15(2020) - Standard Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates and Fast-Neutron Fluences by Radioactivation of Sulfur-32
Effective Date
01-Feb-2007

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ASTM E721-07 - Standard Guide for Determining Neutron Energy Spectra from Neutron Sensors for Radiation-Hardness Testing of ElectronicsASTM E721-07 - Standard Guide for Determining Neutron Energy Spectra from Neutron Sensors for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
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ASTM E721-07 - Standard Guide for Determining Neutron Energy Spectra from Neutron Sensors for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E721–07
Standard Guide for
Determining Neutron Energy Spectra from Neutron Sensors
1
for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E721; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope E170 TerminologyRelatingtoRadiationMeasurementsand
Dosimetry
1.1 This guide covers procedures for determining the
E261 Practice for Determining Neutron Fluence, Fluence
energy-differential fluence spectra of neutrons used in
Rate, and Spectra by Radioactivation Techniques
radiation-hardness testing of electronic semiconductor devices.
E262 Test Method for Determining Thermal Neutron Reac-
The types of neutron sources specifically covered by this guide
tion Rates and Thermal Neutron Fluence Rates by Radio-
are fission or degraded energy fission sources used in either a
activation Techniques
steady-state or pulse mode.
E263 Test Method for Measuring Fast-Neutron Reaction
1.2 This guide provides guidance and criteria that can be
Rates by Radioactivation of Iron
applied during the process of choosing the spectrum adjust-
E264 Test Method for Measuring Fast-Neutron Reaction
ment methodology that is best suited to the available data and
Rates by Radioactivation of Nickel
relevant for the environment being investigated.
E265 Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates and Fast-
1.3 This guide is to be used in conjunction with Guide E720
Neutron Fluences by Radioactivation of Sulfur-32
to characterize neutron spectra and is used in conjunction with
E266 Test Method for Measuring Fast-Neutron Reaction
Practice E722 to characterize damage-related parameters nor-
Rates by Radioactivation of Aluminum
mally associated with radiation-hardness testing of electronic-
E393 Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates byAnaly-
semiconductor devices.
sis of Barium-140 From Fission Dosimeters
NOTE 1—Although Guide E720 only discusses activation foil sensors,
E523 Test Method for Measuring Fast-Neutron Reaction
any energy-dependent neutron-responding sensor for which a response
Rates by Radioactivation of Copper
2
function is known may be used (1).
E526 Test Method for Measuring Fast-Neutron Reaction
NOTE 2—For terminology used in this guide, see Terminology E170.
Rates by Radioactivation of Titanium
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
E704 Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates by Radio-
standard.
activation of Uranium-238
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
E705 Test Method for Measuring Reaction Rates by Radio-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
activation of Neptunium-237
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E720 Guide for Selection and Use of Neutron Sensors for
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Determining Neutron Spectra Employed in Radiation-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Hardness Testing of Electronics
E722 Practice for Characterizing Neutron Fluence Spectra
2. Referenced Documents
inTerms of an Equivalent Monoenergetic Neutron Fluence
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics
E844 Guide for Sensor Set Design and Irradiation for
1
Reactor Surveillance, E 706(IIC)
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear
Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E944 Guide for Application of Neutron Spectrum Adjust-
E10.07 on Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices.
ment Methods in Reactor Surveillance, E 706 (IIA)
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2007. Published March 2007. Originally
E1018 Guide for Application of ASTM Evaluated Cross
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E721 – 01. DOI:
10.1520/E0721-07. Section Data File, Matrix E 706 (IIB)
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
E1297 Test Method for Measuring Fast-Neutron Reaction
this guide.
Rates by Radioactivation of Niobium
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E721–07
E1855 Test Method for Use of 2N2222A Silicon Bipolar response functions such as
...

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ASTM E720-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Neutron Sensors for Determining Neutron Spectra Employed in Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Because of the wide variety of materials being used in neutron-activation measurements, this guide is presented with the objective of bringing improved uniformity to the specific field of interest here: hardness testing of electronics primarily in critical assembly reactor environments.
Note 2: Some of the techniques discussed are useful for 14-MeV dosimetry. See Test Method E496 for activation detector materials suitable for 14-MeV neutron effects testing.
Note 3: The materials recommended in this guide are suitable for 252Cf or other weak source effects testing provided the fluence is sufficient to generate countable activities.  
3.2 This guide is organized into two overlapping subjects: the criteria used for sensor selection, and the procedures used to ensure the proper determination of activities for determination of neutron spectra. See Terminology E170 and Test Methods E181. Determination of neutron spectra with activation sensor data is discussed in Guides E721 and E944.
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1.1 This guide covers the selection and use of neutron-activation detector materials to be employed in neutron spectra adjustment techniques used for radiation-hardness testing of electronic semiconductor devices. Sensors are described that have been used at many radiation hardness-testing facilities, and comments are offered in table footnotes concerning the appropriateness of each reaction as judged by its cross-section accuracy, ease of use as a sensor, and by past successful application. This guide also discusses the fluence-uniformity, neutron self-shielding, and fluence-depression corrections that need to be considered in choosing the sensor thickness, the sensor covers, and the sensor locations. These considerations are relevant for the determination of neutron spectra from assemblies such as TRIGA- and Godiva-type reactors and from Californium irradiators. This guide may also be applicable to other broad energy distribution sources up to 20 MeV.  
Note 1: For definitions on terminology used in this guide, see Terminology E170.  
1.2 This guide also covers the measurement of the gamma-ray or beta-ray emission rates from the activation foils and other sensors as well as the calculation of the absolute specific activities of these foils. The principal measurement technique is high-resolution gamma-ray spectrometry. The activities are used in the determination of the energy-fluence spectrum of the neutron source. See Guide E721.  
1.3 Details of measurement and analysis are covered as follows:  
1.3.1 Corrections involved in measuring the sensor activities include those for finite sensor size and thickness in the calibration of the gamma-ray detector, for pulse-height analyzer deadtime and pulse-pileup losses, and for background radioactivity.  
1.3.2 The primary method for detector calibration that uses secondary standard gamma-ray emitting sources is considered in this guide and in Test Methods E181. In addition, an alternative method in which the sensors are activated in the known spectrum of a benchmark neutron field is discussed in Guide E1018.  
1.3.3 A data analysis method is presented which accounts for the following: detector efficiency; background subtraction; irradiation, waiting, and counting times; fission yields and gamma-ray branching ratios; and self-absorption of gamma rays and neutrons in the sensors.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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Standard Guide for Determining Neutron Energy Spectra from Neutron Sensors for Radiation-Hardness Testing of Electronics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It is important to know the energy spectrum of the particular neutron source employed in radiation-hardness testing of electronic devices in order to relate radiation effects with device performance degradation.  
4.2 This guide describes the factors which must be considered when the spectrum adjustment methodology is chosen and implemented. Although the selection of sensors (foils) and the determination of responses (activities) is discussed in Guide E720, the experiment should not be divorced from the analysis. In fact, it is advantageous for the analyst conducting the spectrum determination to be closely involved with the design of the experiment to ensure that the data obtained will provide the most accurate spectrum possible. These data include the following: (1) measured responses such as the activities of foils exposed in the environment and their uncertainties, (2) response functions such as reaction cross sections along with appropriate correlations and uncertainties, (3) the geometry and materials in the test environment, and (4) a trial function or prior spectrum and its uncertainties obtained from a transport calculation or from previous experience.
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1.1 This guide covers procedures for determining the energy-differential fluence spectra of neutrons used in radiation-hardness testing of electronic semiconductor devices. The types of neutron sources specifically covered by this guide are fission or degraded energy fission sources used in either a steady-state or pulse mode.  
1.2 This guide provides guidance and criteria that can be applied during the process of choosing the spectrum adjustment methodology that is best suited to the available data and relevant for the environment being investigated.  
1.3 This guide is to be used in conjunction with Guide E720 to characterize neutron spectra and is used in conjunction with Practice E722 to characterize damage-related parameters normally associated with radiation-hardness testing of electronic semiconductor devices.  
Note 1: Although Guide E720 only discusses activation foil sensors, any energy-dependent neutron-responding sensor for which a response function is known may be used (1).2
Note 2: For terminology used in this guide, see Terminology E170.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce compressive property data for material specifications, research and development, quality assurance, and structural design and analysis. When tabbed (Procedure B) specimens, typically unidirectional composites, are tested, the CLC test method (combined shear end loading) has similarities to Test Methods D3410/D3410M (shear loading) and D695 (end loading). When testing lower strength materials such that untabbed CLC specimens can be used (Procedure A), the benefits of combined loading become particularly prominent. It may not be possible to successfully test untabbed specimens of these same materials using either of the other two methods. When specific laminates are tested (primarily of the [90/0]ns family, although other laminates containing at least one 0° ply can be used), the CLC data are frequently used to “back out” 0° ply strength, using lamination theory to calculate a 0° unidirectional lamina strength  (1, 2). Factors that influence the compressive response include: type of material, methods of material preparation and lay-up, specimen stacking sequence, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume percent reinforcement. Composite properties in the test direction that may be obtained from this test method include:  
5.1.1 Ultimate compressive strength,  
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1.2 The compressive force is introduced into the specimen by combined end- and shear-loading. In comparison, Test Method D3410/D3410M is a pure shear-loading compression test method and Test Method D695 is a pure end-loading test method.  
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This specification establishes the dimensional (length and width, thickness, and weight) requirements for biaxially oriented polyethylene terephthalate film and sheeting, both virgin and recycled. For this specification, polyethylene terephthalate film and sheeting shall be defined as the material derived from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol and shall consist of at least 90 % polyethylene terephthalate homopolymer. The film or sheeting shall be furnished flat or in rolls in the dimensions specified. This specification does not apply to coated, coextruded, tinted, pigmented, or metallized film or sheeting.
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1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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This specification covers polyethylene sheeting with a determined thickness intended for construction, industrial and agricultural applications. The sheeting shall be made from polyethylene or modified polyethylene, such as an ethylene copolymer consisting of a major portion of ethylene in combination with a minor portion of some other monomer, or a mixture of polyethylene with a lesser amount of other polymers. General requirements for the material are also observed according to their appearance, dimensions in size and tolerance and minimum net weight. The sheeting may be natural, color-tinted, translucent or opaque. The tests given are intended primarily for use as production tests in conjunction with manufacturing processes and inspection methods to insure conformity of sheeting with the requirements of this specification. These tests shall be done in order to determine the following properties: thickness, length and width, weight, impact resistance, tensile properties, reflectance, luminous transmittance, water vapor transmission, and heat sealability.
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1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM D6214/D6214M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Integrity of Field Seams Used in Joining Geomembranes by Chemical Fusion Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Significance—The increased use of geomembranes as barrier materials to restrict fluid migration from one location to another in various applications, and the various types of seaming methods used in joining geomembrane sheets, has created a need to standardize tests by which the various seams can be compared and the quality of the seam systems can be evaluated. This test method is intended to meet such a need.  
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1.1 This test method covers an accelerated, destructive test method for geomembranes in a geotechnical application.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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5.2 The values obtained by this test method are highly dependent on the method and conditions of film fabrication as well as the type and grade of resin.  
5.3 Test methods employing different missile velocities, impinging surface diameters, or effective specimen diameters will most likely produce different results. Data obtained by this test method cannot necessarily be compared directly with those obtained by other test methods.  
5.4 The impact resistance of a film, while partly dependent on thickness, does not have a simple correlation with sample thickness. Hence, impact values expressed in joules [ft·lbf] normalized over a range of thickness will not necessarily be linear with thickness. Data from this test method are comparable only for specimens that vary by no more than ±15 % from the nominal or average thickness of the specimens tested.  
5.5 The test results obtained by this test method are greatly influenced by the quality of film under test. The influence of variability of data obtained by this procedure will, therefore, depend strongly on the sample quality, uniformity of film thickness, the presence of die marks, contaminants, etc.  
5.6 Several impact test methods are used for film. It is sometimes desirable to know the relationships among test results derived by different test methods. A study was conducted in which four films made from two resins (polypropylene and linear low-density polyethylene), with two film thicknesses for each resin, were impacted using Test Methods D1709 (Test Method A), Test Method D3420 (Procedures A and B), and Test Method D4272. The test results are shown in Appendix X2. Differences in results between Test Methods...
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1.1 This test method describes the determination of the total energy impact of plastic films by measuring the kinetic energy lost by a free-falling dart that passes through the film.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Film has been arbitrarily defined as sheeting having nominal thickness not greater than 0.25 mm [0.010 in.].
Note 2: This test method and ISO 7765–2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content (and results cannot be directly compared between the two test methods). The ISO test method calls for a direct readout of energy by using a load cell as part of the impactor head, while Test Method D4272 calls for a constant weight impactor, then measuring the time of travel through a given distance to get energy values.
FIG. 1 Elements of an Instrumented Dart Drop System
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1746-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The attribute of clarity of a sheet, measured by its ability to transmit image-forming light, correlates with its regular transmittance. Sensitivity to differences improves with decreasing incident beam- and receptor-angle. If the angular width of the incident beam and of the receptor aperture (as seen from the specimen position) are of the order of 0.1° or less, sheeting of commercial interest have a range of transparency of about 10 to 90 % as measured by this test. Results obtained by the use of this test method are greatly influenced by the design parameters of the instruments; for example, the resolution is largely determined by the angular width of the receptor aperture. Caution should therefore be exercised in comparing results obtained from different instruments, especially for samples with low regular transmittance.  
4.2 Regular transmittance data in accordance with this test method correlate with the property commonly known as “see-through,” which is rated subjectively by the effect of a hand-held specimen on an observer's ability to distinguish clearly a relatively distant target. This correlation is poor for highly diffusing materials because of interference of scattered light in the visual test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the transparency of plastic sheeting in terms of regular transmittance (Tr). Although generally applicable to any translucent or transparent material, it is principally intended for use with nominally clear and colorless thin sheeting.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.
Note 2: For additional information, see Terminology E284 and Practice E1164.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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