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ASTM E2292-04

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Incidents

Standard Practice for Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Incidents

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Carbon monoxide poisoning is responsible for approximately 300 deaths annually in the U.S., (excluding fire deaths) and carbon monoxide poisoning causes thousands of individuals to seek medical attention.
This practice is intended for use by individuals who investigate incidents involving carbon monoxide poisoning. If this procedure is followed, the cause for the carbon monoxide poisoning incident may be determined, and steps can be taken to prevent future incidents.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for collecting and preserving information and physical evidence related to incidents involving the poisoning of individuals by carbon monoxide.
1.2 This practice is not intended to be a guide for investigating carbon monoxide poisoning caused by hostile fires. Guidance on the investigation of carbon monoxide poisonings related to fire can be found in NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
29-Feb-2004
ICS
13.300 - Protection against dangerous goods
Technical Committee
E58 - Forensic Engineering
Drafting Committee
E58.05 - Industrial Processes
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2292-03 - Standard Practice for Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Incidents
Effective Date
01-Mar-2004
Replaced By
ASTM E2292-04(2012) - Standard Practice for Investigation of Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Incidents
Effective Date
01-Nov-2012
Referred By
ASTM E2713-18 - Standard Guide to Forensic Engineering
Effective Date
01-Mar-2004

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ASTM E2292-04 - Standard Practice for Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning IncidentsASTM E2292-04 - Standard Practice for Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Incidents
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ASTM E2292-04 - Standard Practice for Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Incidents
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2292 − 04
StandardPractice for
Investigation of Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
1
Incidents
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2292; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope and carbon monoxide poisoning causes thousands of individu-
als to seek medical attention.
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for collecting and pre-
serving information and physical evidence related to incidents 3.2 This practice is intended for use by individuals who
involving the poisoning of individuals by carbon monoxide.
investigate incidents involving carbon monoxide poisoning. If
this procedure is followed, the cause for the carbon monoxide
1.2 This practice is not intended to be a guide for investi-
poisoning incident may be determined, and steps can be taken
gating carbon monoxide poisoning caused by hostile fires, or
to prevent future incidents.
contamination in closed air systems. Guidance on the investi-
gation of carbon monoxide poisonings related to fire can be
4. Equipment
found in NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investiga-
tions.
4.1 Electronic Carbon Monoxide Monitor—Aproperly cali-
brated direct reading electronic monitor having a range of 0 to
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
1000 ppm is useful in that its output provides almost instanta-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
neous concentration data, and it therefore has the capability to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
warn the investigator if carbon monoxide levels are reaching
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
dangerous concentrations.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.2 Reagent Tube Indicator—Several types of reagent tube
2. Referenced Documents
indicators are available for measuring carbon monoxide, car-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: bon dioxide, and fuel gases. Reagent tubes capable of respond-
ing to concentrations of 0 to 100 ppm, 0 to 1000 ppm, and 0 to
E678 Practice for Evaluation of Scientific or Technical Data
E860 Practice for Examining And Preparing Items That Are 1 % carbon monoxide in air are recommended.
Or May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil Litigation
4.3 Ventilation Equipment—A fan or similar device should
E1020 Practice for Reporting Incidents that May Involve
be available to allow flushing the air space around equipment
Criminal or Civil Litigation
between tests.
2.2 NFPA Standards:
4.4 All equipment shall be calibrated at least annually.
3
NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code
3
NFPA 921 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations
5. Safety
3. Significance and Use
5.1 Testing equipment suspected of causing carbon monox-
ide poisoning can yield definitive results that cannot be
3.1 Carbon monoxide poisoning is responsible for approxi-
obtained any other way. Testing equipment that may have
mately 300 deaths annually in the U.S., (excluding fire deaths)
injured individuals; however, is a potentially dangerous
undertaking, in that the investigator runs the risk of becoming
1
exposed to carbon monoxide being produced by improperly
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E58 on Forensic
Engineering and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E58.05 on Industrial
functioning equipment.
Processes.
5.2 Safe testing procedures are of the utmost importance.
Current edition approved March 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originally
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E2292 – 03. DOI:
Before any testing is planned, a safety officer shall be identi-
10.1520/E2292-04.
fied. The safety officer’s responsibilities shall be to protect the
2
For referenced ASTM standards. visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
safety and health of the investigator and any individuals who
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standardsvolume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on may be affected by the testing.
the ASTM website.
3
5.3 Stable communications should be assured between the
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org. site and emergency service providers.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2292 − 04
5.4 Until its safe operation has been verified, only one 6.6.1 This plan will typically include the turning on of
person at a time should be allowed into any space where a equip
...

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3.1 This guide is intended for use by individuals who investigate incidents involving carbon monoxide poisoning. If this guide is followed, the cause for the carbon monoxide poisoning incident may be determined, and corrective action may be identified to prevent future incidents.  
3.2 When attempting to identify the source of carbon monoxide, consider that it is produced at some level in virtually every fuel-burning engine, boiler, furnace, burner, stove or fire. All carbon-based fuels (for example, gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas, propane, coal, wood, paper products, plastics) produce carbon monoxide as a result of incomplete combustion. When there is insufficient air for complete combustion, carbon monoxide can become a major product of combustion. In properly-operating fuel-fired combustion appliances (for example, residential furnaces and water heaters), the level of carbon monoxide produced may be as little as a hundred parts per million or less (that is, 0.01 %). In those same appliances, malfunctions can potentially result in significantly higher carbon monoxide concentrations (10 000 ppm to 100 000 ppm, or higher). Properly-operating internal combustion engines may also generate carbon monoxide concentrations on the order of 10 000 ppm or higher.  
3.3 Be aware of the effects of carbon monoxide on humans and pets. Carbon monoxide acts as a central nervous system depressant. With increasing dosage (combination of concentration and time of exposure) symptoms may include headache, dizziness, weakness, upset stomach, vomiting, chest pain, and confusion, and may lead to death. Carbon monoxide is especially hazardous because it is colorless and odorless, providing no warning of its presence. When inhaled, carbon monoxide binds with hemoglobin in the blood, creating carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). The affinity of carbon monoxide for hemoglobin is approximately 200 times greater than the affinity of oxygen for hemoglobin. Therefore, the blood can accumulate dangerou...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers collection and preservation of information and physical evidence related to incidents involving the poisoning of individuals by carbon monoxide.  
1.2 This guide is not intended to address the medical effects of carbon monoxide exposure.  
1.3 This guide is not intended to be a guide for investigating carbon monoxide poisoning caused by hostile fires, or contamination in closed air systems or confined spaces. Guidance on the investigation of carbon monoxide poisonings related to fire can be found in NFPA 921.  
1.4 This guide is not intended for an investigation where equipment is removed from the incident site and conducted in a more controlled setting.  
1.5 This guide is intended to be used by a wide range of investigators, including first responders, appliance technicians and engineers.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Dangerous goods (hazardous materials) regulations require performance tests to be conducted on packaging or IBC designs before being authorized for use. The regulations do not include standardized procedures for conducting performance tests and, because of this, may result in a non-uniform approach and differences in test results between testing facilities.  
4.2 The purpose of this standard is to provide guidance and to establish a set of common practices for conducting hydrostatic pressure tests on IBC designs subjected to UN certification testing.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide a standardized method and a set of basic instructions for performing hydrostatic pressure testing on Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs) designs as required by the United States Department of Transportation Title 49 Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) and the United Nations Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods (UN).  
1.2 This guide focuses on composite and rigid plastic IBCs and is suitable for testing IBCs of any design or material type.  
1.3 This guide provides information to help clarify various terms used as part of the United Nations (UN) certification process that may assist in determining the applicable test.  
1.4 This guide provides the suggested minimum information that should be documented when conducting pressure testing.  
1.5 This guide provides information for recommended equipment and fittings for conducting pressure tests.  
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1.8 Units—”The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this guide.  
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Standard Test Method for Concentration Limits of Flammability of Chemicals (Vapors and Gases)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The LFL and UFL of gases and vapors define the range of flammable concentrations in air.  
5.2 This method measures the LFL and UFL for upward (and partially outward) flame propagation. The limits for downward flame propagation are narrower.  
5.3 Limits of flammability may be used to determine guidelines for the safe handling of volatile chemicals. They are used particularly in assessing ventilation requirements for the handling of gases and vapors. NFPA 69 provides guidance for the practical use of flammability limit data, including the appropriate safety margins to use.  
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Note 2: For hydrocarbons, the break point between nonflammability and flammability occurs over a narrow concentration range at the lower flammability limit, but the break point is less distinct at the upper limit. For materials found to be non-reproducible per 13.1.1 that are likely to have large quenching distances and may be difficult to ignite, such as ammonia and certain halogenated hydrocarbon, the lower and upper limits of these materials may both be less distinct. That is, a wider range exists between flammable and nonflammable concentrations (see Annex A1).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the lower and upper concentration limits of flammability of chemicals having sufficient vapor pressure to form flammable mixtures in air at atmospheric pressure at the test temperature. This test method may be used to determine these limits in the presence of inert dilution gases. No oxidant stronger than air should be used.  
Note 1: The lower flammability limit (LFL) and upper flammability limit (UFL) are sometimes referred to as the lower explosive limit (LEL) and the upper explosive limit (UEL), respectively. However, since the terms LEL and UEL are also used to denote concentrations other than the limits defined in this test method, one must examine the definitions closely when LEL and UEL values are reported or used.  
1.2 This test method is based on electrical ignition and visual observations of flame propagation. Users may experience problems if the flames are difficult to observe (for example, irregular propagation or insufficient luminescence in the visible spectrum), if the test material requires large ignition energy, or if the material has large quenching distances.  
1.3 Annex A1 provides a modified test method for materials (such as certain amines, halogenated materials, and the like) with large quenching distances which may be difficult to ignite.  
1.4 In other situations where strong ignition sources (such as direct flame ignition) is considered credible, the use of a test method employing higher energy ignition source in a sufficiently large pressure chamber (analogous, for example, to the methods in Test Method E2079 for measuring limiting oxygen concentration) may be more appropriate. In this case, expert advice may be necessary.  
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5.1 These test methods cover procedures for determining the mean grain size, and the distribution of grain intercept lengths or grain areas, for polycrystalline metals and nonmetallic materials with equiaxed or deformed grain shapes, with uniform or duplex grain size distributions, and for single phase or multiphase grain structures.  
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SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are used to determine grain size from measurements of grain intercept lengths, intercept counts, intersection counts, grain boundary length, and grain areas.  
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Section  
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Definitions  
3.1  
Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard  
3.2  
Symbols  
3.3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Interferences  
6  
Apparatus  
7  
Sampling  
8  
Test Specimens  
9  
Specimen Preparation  
10  
Calibration  
11  
Procedure:  
Semiautomatic Digitizing Tablet  
12  
Intercept Lengths  
12.3  
Intercept and Intersection Counts  
12.4  
Grain Counts  
12.5  
Grain Areas  
12.6  
ALA Grain Size  
12.6.1  
Two-Phase Grain Structures  
12.7  
Procedure:  
Automatic Image Analysis  
13  
Grain Boundary Length  
13.5  
Intersection Counts  
13.6  
Mean Chord (Intercept) Length/Field  
13.7.2  
Individual Chord (Intercept) Lengths  
13.7.4  
Grain Counts  
13.8  
Mean Grain Area/Field  
13.9  
Individual Grain Areas  
13.9.4  
ALA Grain Size  
13.9.8  
Two-Phase Grain Structures  
13.10  
Calculation of Results  
14  
Test Report  
15  
Precision and Bias  
16  
Grain Size of Non-Equiaxed Grain Structure Specimens  
Annex A1  
Examples of Proper and Improper Grain Boundary Delineation  
Annex A2  
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5.1 This test method provides for measuring of the minimum conditions of a range of parameters (concentration of oxidant in a flowing mixture of oxidant and diluent, pressure, temperature) that will just support sustained propagation of combustion. For materials that exhibit flaming combustion, this is a flammability limit similar to the lower flammability limit, upper flammability limit, and minimum oxidant for combustion of gases (1).4 However, unlike flammability limits for gases, in two-phase systems, the concept of upper and lower flame limits is not meaningful. However, limits can typically be determined for variations in other parameters such as the minimum oxidant for combustion (the oxidant index), the pressure limit, the temperature limit, and others. Measurement and use of these data are analogous to the measurement and use of the corresponding data for gaseous systems. That is, the limits apply to systems likely to experience complete propagations (equilibrium combustion). Successful ignition and combustion below the measured limits at other conditions or of a transient nature are not precluded below the threshold. Flammability limits measured at one set of conditions are not necessarily the lowest thresholds at which combustion can occur. Therefore direct correlation of these data with the burning characteristics under actual use conditions is not implied.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the threshold-limit conditions to allow equilibrium of combustion of materials in various oxidant gases under specific test conditions of pressure, temperature, flow condition, fire-propagation directions, and various other geometrical features of common systems.  
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1.3 This test method has been found applicable to testing and ranking various forms of materials. It has also found limited usefulness for surmising the prospect that materials will prove “oxygen compatible” in actual systems. However, its results do not necessarily apply to any condition that does not faithfully reproduce the conditions during test. The fire limit is a measurement of a behavioral property and not a physical property. Uses of these data are addressed in Guides G63 and G94.  
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Standard Guide for Conducting Life-Cycle Toxicity Tests with Saltwater Mysids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Protection of a species requires prevention of unacceptable effects on the number, weight, health, and uses of the individuals of that species. A life-cycle toxicity test is conducted to determine what changes in the numbers and weights of individuals of the test species result from effects of the test material on survival, growth, and reproduction. Information might also be obtained on effects of the material on the health and uses of the species.  
5.2 Results of life-cycle tests with mysids might be used to predict long-term effects likely to occur on mysids in field situations as a result of exposure under comparable conditions.  
5.3 Results of life-cycle tests with mysids might be used to compare the chronic sensitivities of different species and the chronic toxicities of different materials, and also to study the effects of various environmental factors on results of such tests.  
5.4 Results of life-cycle tests with mysids might be an important consideration when assessing the hazards of materials to aquatic organisms (see Guide E1023) or when deriving water quality criteria for aquatic organisms (1).4  
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5.6 Results of life-cycle tests with mysids might be useful for studying the biological availability of, and structure-activity relationships between, test materials.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes procedures for obtaining laboratory data concerning the adverse effects of a test material added to dilution water, but not to food, on certain species of saltwater mysids during continuous exposure from immediately after birth until after the beginning of reproduction using the flow-through technique. These procedures will probably be useful for conducting life-cycle toxicity tests with other species of mysids, although modifications might be necessary.  
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1.4 This guide is arranged as follows:    
Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Summary of Guide  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Hazards  
7  
Apparatus  
6  
Facilities  
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Cleaning  
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Acceptability  
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Requirements  
8.1  
Source  
8.2  
Treatment  
8.3  
Characterizat...

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4.1 In order to ensure data consistency, it is important to use standardized terminology and definitions in describing oiling conditions (1)3. This guide provides a template for that purpose.  
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4.3 Mechanisms by which data are collected can vary (see Guide F1686). They can include aerial video surveys or ground-level assessment surveys. The composition and responsibility of the survey team will depend on the response organization and objectives. The magnitude and type of data sets collected can likewise vary with the nature of the spill and operational needs.  
4.4 Consistent data sets (observations and measurements) on shoreline oiling conditions are essential within any one spill in order to compare the data between different sites or observers, and to compare the data against existing benchmarks or criteria that have been developed to rate the nature or severity of the oiling. To the extent possible, consistency is also desirable between different spills, in order to benefit from previous experiences and cleanup decisions.  
4.5 It is recognized that some modifications may be appropriate based on local or regional geographic conditions or upon the specific character of the stranded oil.
SCOPE
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Systematic surveys provide data on shoreline, lakeshore, river bank or other terrain’s character and oiling conditions from which informed planning and operational decisions can be developed with respect to cleanup (1-4).3 In particular, the data are used by decision makers to determine which oiled areas require treatment and to develop end-point criteria for use as targets for the field operations.  
3.2 Surveys may include one or more of four components or phases, as listed below. The scale of an affected area plus quantity and availability of pre-spill information will influence the selection of survey components and its level of detail.  
3.2.1 The aerial reconnaissance survey phase provides a perspective on the overall extent and general nature of the oiling conditions. This information is used in conjunction with environmental, resource, and cultural sensitivity data to guide shoreline protection, recovery of mobile oil, and to facilitate the more detailed response planning and priorities of the response operations.  
3.2.2 The aerial video survey(s) phase provides systematic audio and video documentation of the extent and type of oiling conditions, physical character, and logistics information, such as access and staging data.  
3.2.3 The ground assessment survey(s) phase provides the necessary information and data to develop appropriate response recommendations. A field team(s) collects detailed information on oil conditions, the physical and ecological character of oiled areas, and resources or cultural features that may affect or be affected by the timing or implementation of response activities.  
3.2.4 The post-treatment inspection ground survey or monitoring phase provides the necessary information and data to ensure a segment, that is part of the response program, has been treated to the approved end-point criterion. (5)  
3.3 In order to ensure data consistency, it is important to use standardized terminology and definitions in describing oi...
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1.1 This guide covers field procedures by which data can be collected in a systematic manner to document and assess the oiling conditions on shorelines, river banks, and lake shores (shores and substrates) plus dry land habitats (terrain).  
1.2 This guide does not address the terminology that is used to define and describe terrain oiling conditions, the ecological character of oiled terrain, or the cultural or other resources that can be present.  
1.3 The guide is applicable to marine coasts (including estuaries) and to freshwater environments (rivers and lakes) and to dry land habitats. In alignment with Guide F2204:  
1.3.1 For the purpose of this guide, marine and estuarine shorelines, river banks, and lake shores will be collectively referred to as shorelines, shores, or shore-zones.  
1.3.2 Shore types include a range of impermeable (bedrock, ice, and manmade structures), permeable (flats, beaches, and manmade), and coastal wetland (marshes, mangroves) habitats.  
1.4 Other non-shoreline, inland habitats include wetlands (pond, fen, bog, swamp, tundra, and shrub) and drier terrains (grassland, desert, forests), and will be collectively referred to as either wetlands or terrains, respectively.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barr...

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ASTM
ASTM E2664-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Methanol Wall Wash of Marine Vessels Handling Polyester Grade Monoethylene Glycol

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The methanol wall wash practice is performed to determine the cleanliness and suitability of cargo tanks or compartments on a marine vessel prior to loading polyester grade monoethylene glycol. Polyester grade monoethylene glycol has very high quality requirements and must be handled with care, as it is adversely affected by oxygen, hydrocarbons, water, and chloride. It is especially susceptible to aromatic contamination, which degrades UV transmittance. Possible sources of contamination are the prior cargoes and cleaning agents. The methanol wall wash procedure provides a representative sampling of the impurities and contamination present on the sides of the cargo tank.
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1.1 This practice covers the methanol wall wash procedure for cargo tanks of marine vessels handling polyester grade monoethylene glycol.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F1127-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Containment of Hazardous Material Spills by Emergency Response Personnel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide contains information regarding the containment of a hazardous material that has escaped from its container. If a material can be contained, the impact on the environment and the threat it poses to responders and the general public is usually reduced. The techniques described in this guide are among those that may be used by emergency responders to lessen the impact of a discharge. Initial hazard assessment should be performed before applying mitigation techniques.  
4.2 Emergency responders might include police, fire service personnel, government spill response personnel, industrial response personnel, or spill response contractors. In order to apply any of the techniques described in this guide, appropriate training is recommended. See OSHA Hazardous Waste and Emergency Response Standard (HAZWOPER) requirements.
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1.1 This guide describes methods to contain the spread of hazardous materials that have been discharged into the environment. It is directed toward those emergency response personnel who have had adequate hazardous material response training.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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