ASTM D7300-11
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Strength Properties of Frozen Soil at a Constant Rate of Strain
Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Strength Properties of Frozen Soil at a Constant Rate of Strain
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Understanding the mechanical properties of frozen soils is of primary importance to frozen ground engineering. Data from strain rate controlled compression tests are necessary for the design of most foundation elements embedded in, or bearing on frozen ground. They make it possible to predict the time-dependent settlements of piles and shallow foundations under service loads, and to estimate their short and long-term bearing capacity. Such tests also provide quantitative parameters for the stability analysis of underground structures that are created for permanent or semi-permanent use.
It must be recognized that the structure of frozen soil in situ and its behavior under load may differ significantly from that of an artificially prepared specimen in the laboratory. This is mainly due to the fact that natural permafrost ground may contain ice in many different forms and sizes, in addition to the pore ice contained in a small laboratory specimen. These large ground-ice inclusions (such as ice lenses) will considerably affect the time-dependent behavior of full-scale engineering structures.
In order to obtain reliable results, high-quality intact representative permafrost samples are required for compression strength tests. The quality of the sample depends on the type of frozen soil sampled, the in situ thermal condition at the time of sampling, the sampling method, and the transportation and storage procedures prior to testing. The best testing program can be ruined by poor-quality samples. In addition, one must always keep in mind that the application of laboratory results to practical problems requires much caution and engineering judgment.
Note 1—The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc....
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the strength behavior of cylindrical specimens of frozen soil, subjected to uniaxial compression under controlled rates of strain. It specifies the apparatus, instrumentation, and procedures for determining the stress-strain-time, or strength versus strain rate relationships for frozen soils under deviatoric creep conditions.
1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.3.1 For the purposes of comparing measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.
1.3.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D7300 − 11
Standard Test Method for
Laboratory Determination of Strength Properties of Frozen
1
Soil at a Constant Rate of Strain
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7300; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Knowledge of the stress-strain-strength behavior of frozen soil is of great importance for civil
engineeringconstructioninpermafrostregions.Thebehavioroffrozensoilsunderloadisusuallyvery
different from that of unfrozen soils because of the presence of ice and unfrozen water films. In
particular, frozen soils are much more subject to creep and relaxation effects, and their behavior is
strongly affected by temperature change. In addition to creep, volumetric consolidation may also
develop in frozen soils having large unfrozen water or gas contents.
As with unfrozen soil, the deformation and strength behavior of frozen soils depends on
interparticle friction, particle interlocking, and cohesion. In frozen soil, however, bonding of particles
by ice may be the dominant strength factor. The strength of ice in frozen soil is dependent on many
factors, such as temperature, pressure, strain rate, grain size, crystal orientation, and density. At very
high ice contents (ice-rich soils), frozen soil behavior under load is similar to that of ice. In fact, for
fine-grained soils, experimental data suggest that the ice matrix dominates when mineral volume
fraction is less than about 50 %. At low ice contents, however, (ice-poor soils), when interparticle
forces begin to contribute to strength, the unfrozen water films play an important role, especially in
fine-grained soils. Finally, for frozen sand, maximum strength is attained at full ice saturation and
2
maximum dry density (1).
1. Scope* 1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the
Practice D6026.
strength behavior of cylindrical specimens of frozen soil,
1.3.1 For the purposes of comparing measured or calculated
subjected to uniaxial compression under controlled rates of
value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated
strain. It specifies the apparatus, instrumentation, and proce-
value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant
dures for determining the stress-strain-time, or strength versus
digits in the specified limits.
strain rate relationships for frozen soils under deviatoric creep
conditions. 1.3.2 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the
1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
standard.
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soils and
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
Rock.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Originally
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D7300–06. DOI:
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
10.1520/D7300-11.
2 of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this standard. methods for engineering design.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7300 − 11
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2.8 ice content—the ratio of the mass of ice contained in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the the pore spaces of frozen soil or rock material, to the mass of
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- solid particles in that material, expressed as percentage.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.9 ice lens—a dominant horizontal, lens-shaped body of
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ice of any dimension.
3.2.10 ice-rich permafrost—permafrost containing excess
2. Referenced Documents
ice.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.11 permafrost—soil or rock that remains frozen (tem-
D65
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D7300–06 Designation: D7300 – 11
Standard Test Method for
Laboratory Determination of Strength Properties of Frozen
1
Soil at a Constant Rate of Strain
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7300; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Knowledge of the stress-strain-strength behavior of frozen soil is of great importance for civil
engineeringconstructioninpermafrostregions.Thebehavioroffrozensoilsunderloadisusuallyvery
different from that of unfrozen soils because of the presence of ice and unfrozen water films. In
particular, frozen soils are much more subject to creep and relaxation effects, and their behavior is
strongly affected by temperature change. In addition to creep, volumetric consolidation may also
develop in frozen soils having large unfrozen water or gas contents.
Aswithunfrozensoil,thedeformationandstrengthbehavioroffrozensoilsdependsoninterparticle
friction, particle interlocking, and cohesion. In frozen soil, however, bonding of particles by ice may
be the dominant strength factor. The strength of ice in frozen soil is dependent on many factors, such
as temperature, pressure, strain rate, grain size, crystal orientation, and density. At very high ice
contents (ice-rich soils), frozen soil behavior under load is similar to that of ice. In fact, for
fine-grained soils, experimental data suggest that the ice matrix dominates when mineral volume
fraction is less than about 50 %. At low ice contents, however, (ice-poor soils), when interparticle
forces begin to contribute to strength, the unfrozen water films play an important role, especially in
fine-grained soils. Finally, for frozen sand, maximum strength is attained at full ice saturation and
2
maximum dry density (1).
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the strength behavior of cylindrical specimens of frozen soil, subjected to
uniaxial compression under controlled rates of strain. It specifies the apparatus, instrumentation, and procedures for determining
the stress-strain-time, or strength versus strain rate relationships for frozen soils under deviatoric creep conditions.
1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.3.1 For the purposes of comparing measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s)
shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.
1.3.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained.The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soils and Rock.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. DOI: 10.1520/D7300-06.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D7300–06. DOI:
10.1520/D7300-11.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7300 – 11
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Sta
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