ASTM D4647-06

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Designation: D 4647 – 06
Standard Test Method for
Identification and Classification of Dispersive Clay Soils by
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the Pinhole Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 4647; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* D 698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
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istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
1.1 This test method presents a direct, qualitative measure-
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kN-m/m ))
ment of the dispersibility and consequent colloidal erodibility
D 1193 Specification for Reagent Water
of clay soils by causing water to flow through a small hole
D 2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-
punched in a specimen. This test method is complemented by
ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
Test Method D 4221.
D 2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
1.2 This test method and the criteria for evaluating test data
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
are based upon results of several hundred tests on samples
D 2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
collected from embankments, channels, and other areas where
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(Visual-Manual Procedure)
clay soils have eroded or resisted erosion in nature (1).
D 3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
1.3 Three alternative procedures for classifying the dispers-
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
ibility of clay soils are provided as follows:
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
1.3.1 Method A and Method C, adapted from Ref (1),
D 4221 Test Method for Dispersive Characteristics of Clay
classify soils into six categories of dispersiveness as: dispers-
Soil by Double Hydrometer
ibility (D1, D2), slight to moderately dispersive (ND4, ND3),
D 4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and
and nondispersive (ND2, ND1).
Plasticity Index of Soils
1.3.2 Method B classifies soils into three categories of
D 4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying
dispersiveness as: dispersibility (D), slightly dispersive (SD),
Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
and nondispersive (ND).
Construction Materials Testing
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D 6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechni-
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
cal Data
information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.1 For definitions of terms in this test method, refer to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Terminology D 653.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2. Referenced Documents 3.2.1 dispersive clays—clays that diaggregate easily and
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rapidly in water of low-salt concentration, and without signifi-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
cant mechanical assistance. Such clays usually have a high
D 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
proportion of their adsorptive capacity saturated with sodium
D 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
cations.
Fluids
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Such clays generally have a high
shrink-swellpotential,havelowresistancetoerosion,andhave
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ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
low permeability in an intact state.
RockandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.06onPhysical-Chemical
Interactions of Soil and Rock.
4. Summary of Test Method
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2006. Published December 2006. Originally
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D 4647 – 93(2006).
4.1 The test method is started with distilled water flowing
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The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
horizontally under a hydraulic head of 50 mm (2 in.) through
this test method.
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For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or a 1.0-mm (0.04-in.) diameter hole punched in the soil speci-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
men. The nature of the solution emerging from the specimen
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
under the intial 50-mm (2-in.) head provides the principle
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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