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ASTM F2248-03

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass

Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass

SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth a method to specify an equivalent 3-second design loading suitable to use with Practice E 1300 to select the thickness and type of blast resistant glazing fabricated with laminated glass to glaze a fenestration.
1.2 This practice applies to blast resistant glazing fabricated using laminated glass only, including single laminated glass and insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass.
1.3 This practice assumes that blast resistant glazing shall be adhered to its supporting frame using structural silicone sealant or adhesive glazing tape. The width of the structural silicone sealant bead shall be at least equal to but not larger than two times the thickness designation of the glass to which it adheres. The width of glazing tape shall be at least equal to two times but not more than four times the thickness designation of the glass to which it adheres.
1.4 This practice assumes the framing members shall restrict deflections of edges of blast resistant glazing they support to L/160 under the equivalent 3-second duration design loading as determined herein, where L denotes the length of the supported edge.
1.5 This practice assumes the framing system supporting the blast resistant glazing shall attach mechanically to the structural framing system with fasteners that will resist forces generated by a uniform load acting on the blast resistant glazing that has a magnitude at least 2.0 times the magnitude of the 3-second equivalent design load as determined herein.
1.6 The equivalent 3-second design load as determined herein shall not apply to the design of monolithic glazing, plastic glazing, or security film applied to existing glazing configurations in an attempt to achieve blast resistance.
1.7 the values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values given in parentheses are for information only. For conversion of quantities in various systems of measurements to SI units refer to ANSI/IEEE/SI 10.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Aug-2003
ICS
81.040.30 - Glass products
Technical Committee
F12 - Security Systems and Equipment
Drafting Committee
F12.10 - Systems Products and Services
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM F2248-09 - Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Referred By
ASTM F2912-17 - Standard Specification for Glazing and Glazing Systems Subject to Airblast Loadings
Effective Date
10-Aug-2003

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ASTM F2248-03 - Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated GlassASTM F2248-03 - Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass
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ASTM F2248-03 - Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation:F2248–03
Standard Practice for
Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading
for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated
1
Glass
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2248; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Historical records show that fragments from glazing that has failed as the result of intentional or
accidental explosions present a serious threat of personal injury. Glazing failure also allows blast
pressure to enter the interior of buildings thus resulting in additional threat of personal injury and
facility damage. This standard practice provides a means for designers to determine equivalent
3-second duration design loadings with which they can size blast resistant glazing comprised of
laminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass, or both. Blast resistant glazing
systems of this genre can reduce the number and size of glass fragments in an explosion as well as
reducing greatly or eliminating blast pressure that enters buildings when an explosion occurs.
1. Scope glazingthathasamagnitudeatleast2.0timesthemagnitudeof
the 3-second equivalent design load as determined herein.
1.1 This practice sets forth a method to specify an equiva-
1.6 The equivalent 3-second design load as determined
lent 3-second design loading suitable to use with Practice
herein shall not apply to the design of monolithic glazing,
E1300 to select the thickness and type of blast resistant glazing
plastic glazing, or security film applied to existing glazing
fabricated with laminated glass to glaze a fenestration.
configurations in an attempt to achieve blast resistance.
1.2 This practice applies to blast resistant glazing fabricated
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
using laminated glass only, including single laminated glass
standard. Values given in parentheses are for information only.
and insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass.
For conversion of quantities in various systems of measure-
1.3 This practice assumes that blast resistant glazing shall
ments to SI units refer to ANSI IEEE/SI 10.
be adhered to its supporting frame using structural silicone
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
sealant or adhesive glazing tape. The width of the structural
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
silicone sealant bead shall be at least equal to but not larger
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
than two times the thickness designation of the glass to which
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
it adheres. The width of glazing tape shall be at least equal to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
two times but not more than four times the thickness designa-
tion of the glass to which it adheres.
2. Referenced Documents
1.4 This practice assumes the framing members shall re-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
strictdeflectionsofedgesofblastresistantglazingtheysupport
C1036 Specification for Flat Glass
to L/160undertheequivalent3-seconddurationdesignloading
C1048 SpecificationforHeat-TreatedFlatGlass—KindHS,
as determined herein, where L denotes the length of the
Kind FT Coated and Uncoated Glass
supported edge.
C1172 Specification for LaminatedArchitectural Flat Glass
1.5 Thispracticeassumestheframingsystemsupportingthe
C1422 Specification for Chemically Strengthened Flat
blast resistant glazing shall attach mechanically to the struc-
Glass
tural framing system with fasteners that will resist forces
generated by a uniform load acting on the blast resistant
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F12 on Security
2
Systems and Equipment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F12.10 on For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Systems Products and Services. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Aug. 10, 2003. Published Aug. 2003. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
F2248-03. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2248–03
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions 3.1.6 glazing, n—transparent, translucent, or opaque mate-
E1300 Practice for Determining Load Resistance of Glass rials used for windows, doors, or other panels.
in Buildings 3.1.7 glazing system, n—the assembly comprised of the
F164
...

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ASTM F2248-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Specifying an Equivalent 3-Second Duration Design Loading for Blast Resistant Glazing Fabricated with Laminated Glass

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a design load suitable for sizing blast resistant glazing comprised of laminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass.  
5.2 Blast resistant glazing comprised of laminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass shall be sized to resist the 3-second duration equivalent design loading from this standard practice using the procedures described in Practice E1300.  
5.3 In the event a blast loading does not occur to blast resistant glazing comprised of laminated glass or insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass sized using the 3-second duration loading determined herein, the blast resistant glazing will have a probability of breakage less than or equal to 8 lites per 1000 at the first occurrence of a loading equal to the 3-second duration design loading determined herein.  
5.4 Blast resistant glazing designed to resist the 3-second equivalent load as determined herein, when properly supported as part of a blast resistant glazing system, is designed to perform to minimal hazard as defined in Test Method F2912.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice sets forth a method to specify an equivalent 3-second design loading suitable to use with Practice E1300 to select the thickness and type of blast resistant glazing fabricated with laminated glass to glaze a fenestration. Glass plies used to construct laminated glass are recommended to be either annealed or heat strengthened glass. This analytical method for glazing should be used with caution for glazing panels larger than 1.8 m by 2.4 m (6 ft by 8 ft) as this size panel exceeds database of testing upon which this standard is based.  
1.2 This practice applies to blast resistant glazing fabricated using laminated glass only, including single laminated glass and insulating glass fabricated with laminated glass. As a minimum, insulating glass shall use laminated glass for the inboard (protected side) lite.  
1.3 This practice assumes that blast resistant glazing shall be attached to its supporting frame using a captured bite so that it does not detach in the event of fracture due to a blast event.  
1.4 Blast resistant glazing designed using this practice recommends the use of annealed or heat strengthened glass plies for the laminated glass. Blast testing has shown that use of fully tempered glass plies, when fractured during a blast event, have poorer post blast performance than annealed or heat strengthened glass plies. Laminated glass fabricated with fully tempered glass plies has a tendency to leave the supporting glazing system frame after fracture whereas laminated glass fabricated with annealed or heat strengthened glass plies will remain in the frame and absorb remaining load through tensile membrane behavior. Use of the annealed or heat strengthened glass plies will also reduce the amount of load transferred into the structure.  
1.5 The equivalent 3-second design load as determined herein shall not apply to the design of monolithic glazing, plastic glazing, or security film applied to existing glazing configurations in an attempt to achieve blast resistance.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values given in parentheses are for information only. For conversion of quantities in various systems of measurements to SI units refer to ANSI IEEE/SI 10.  
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ASTM C1648-12(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Choosing a Method for Determining the Index of Refraction and Dispersion of Glass

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4.1 Measurement—The refractive index at any wavelength of a piece of homogeneous glass is a function, primarily, of its composition, and secondarily, of its state of annealing. The index of a glass can be altered over a range of up to 1×10-4 (that is, 1 in the fourth decimal place) by the changing of an annealing schedule. This is a critical consideration for optical glasses, that is, glasses intended for use in high performance optical instruments where the required value of an index can be as exact as 1×10-6. Compensation for minor variations of composition are made by controlled rates of annealing for such optical glasses; therefore, the ability to measure index to six decimal places can be a necessity; however, for most commercial and experimental glasses, standard annealing schedules appropriate to each are used to limit internal stress and less rigorous methods of test for refractive index are usually adequate. The refractive indices of glass ophthalmic lens pressings are held to 5×10-4 because the tools used for generating the figures of ophthalmic lenses are made to produce curvatures that are related to specific indices of refraction of the lens materials.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Test Methods for Resistance of Glass Containers to Chemical Attack

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3.1 The solubility of glass in contact with food, beverages, or pharmaceutical products is an important consideration for the safe packaging and storage of such materials. Autoclave conditions are specified since sterilization is often employed for the packaging of the product. It also represents one of the most extreme conditions, particularly of temperature, that containers will ordinarily experience. Any of the three test methods described may be used to establish specifications for conformity to standard values, either as specified by a customer, an agency, or “The United States Pharmacopeia:”  
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3.1.2 Test Method B-W  is intended particularly for testing glass containers to be used for products with a pH of 5.0 or over.  
3.1.3 Test Method P-W  is a hydrolytic autoclave test primarily intended for evaluating samples from untreated glass containers. It is often useful for testing the resistance of containers of too small capacity to permit measurements of solubility on the unbroken article by the B-W test method. Yielding the water resistance of the bulk glass, it can also be used in conjunction with the B-W test method to distinguish whether the internal surface of a container has been treated to improve its durability.  
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SCOPE
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the composition, sizes, dimensions, and physical properties of cellular glass thermal insulation. The material shall consist of a glass composition that has been foamed or cellulated under molten conditions, annealed, and set to form a rigid noncombustible material with hermetically sealed cells. The materials shall also be trimmed into rectangular or tapered blocks of standard dimensions. All specimens shall also comply with with qualification requirements such as compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, water vapor permeability, thermal conductivity, hot-surface performance, thermal conductivity and surface burning characteristics. These properties shall be determined in accordance with test methods specified herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the composition, sizes, dimensions, and physical properties of cellular glass thermal insulation intended for use on commercial or industrial systems with operating temperatures between −450 and 800°F (−268 and 427°C). It is possible that special fabrication or techniques for pipe insulation, or both, will be required for application in the temperature range from 250 to 800°F (121 to 427°C). Contact the manufacturer for recommendations regarding fabrication and application procedures for use in this temperature range. For specific applications, the actual temperature limits shall be agreed upon between the manufacturer and the purchaser.  
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1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Color measurement quantifies the transmitted color for glass. The user defines an acceptable range of color appropriate for the end use. A typical quality concern for transmittance color measurement of glass products is verification of lot-to-lot color consistency for end-user acceptance.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for the instrumental transmittance measurement of the color of coated and uncoated transparent glass. (See Terminology E284.)  
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Standard Test Method for Bake and Boil Testing of Laminated Glass

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It is generally recognized that excess moisture and air within an interlayer will cause bubble formation in a laminate when exposed to heat or UV radiation, or both. These may be caused by initial moisture and air in the interlayer and be generated by thermal exposure. The purpose of this test method is to measure quantitatively the laminate stability under controlled conditions, specifically in relation to the formation of bubbles in the body of the laminate.  
5.2 Subjecting the laminated glazing to extended heat at a controlled temperature and time provides the excess moisture and air which are forced into the interlayer during processing to surface as bubbles. This occurs only if there are excess moisture and air trapped in between the glass. Therefore, making these thermal tests efficient to determine proper de-airing of laminated glass products.  
5.3 This test method provides a means to visually determine if discoloration has or is occurring and serves as a pass/fail test for some aspects of lamination quality.  
5.4 This test method can be performed after natural or accelerated exposure to determine if there are changes to the polymer such as the stability with high temperature which is useful for understanding the visual stability of installed glazing.  
5.5 This test method does not provide an indication of laminated glass capability for impact resistance, glass shard retention on breakage or edge stability of laminated glass.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this test method is to measure quantitatively the laminate stability under controlled conditions, specifically in relation to the formation of bubbles in a laminate with heat exposure.  
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1.4 This test method outlines a procedure to be used on laminated glass with two or more layers of glass bonded by an interlayer.  
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1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
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1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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