ASTM D2494-96

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 2494 – 96
Standard Test Method for
Commercial Mass of a Shipment of Yarn or Man-Made
Staple Fiber or Tow
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Ramie or Mixtures Thereof
D 1909 Table of Commercial Moisture Regains for Textile
1.1 This test method provides a measurement of the com-
Fibers
mercial mass of a shipment of yarn or man-made staple fiber or
D 1918 Test Method for Asbestos Content of Asbestos
tow. This test method applies to (1) yarn of all fiber types
Textiles
except silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; (2) tops and slivers of all
D 2257 Test Method for Extractable Matter in Textiles
fiber types except wool, silk, glass, asbestos, and bast; and (3)
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
man-made fibers or tow, except glass and other fibers used for
D 2720 Practice for Calculation of Commercial Weight and
special purposes such as flock (Note 1).
Yield of Scoured Wool, Top, and Noil for Various Com-
NOTE 1—For other test methods for measuring mass of fibrous mate- 4
mercial Compositions
rials, refer to Test Method D 1918, Methods D 739, and Practice D 2720.
D 3333 Practice for Sampling Man-Made Staple Fibers,
1.1.1 Sampling in this test method is primarily for use in
Sliver, or Tow for Testing
acceptance testing rather than production control. Man-made
2.2 AATCC Standard:
fiber producers usually sample for the commercial “mass” of
150 Dimensional Changes in Automatic Home Laundering
product on an on-going basis rather than each shipment to a
of Woven Garments
customer.
3. Terminology
1.2 Commercial mass has been traditionally based on one of
three options depending on the state of the material: (1) dried,
3.1 Definitions:
unscoured yarn, staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commer-
3.1.1 commercial allowance (CA), n—an arbitrary value,
cial moisture regain in the calculations; (2) dried, scoured yarn,
equal to the commercial moisture regain, plus a specified
staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using commercial moisture
allowance for finish, used with the mass of scoured, oven-dried
regain values in the calculations; and (3) dried, scoured yarn,
yarn, to compute (1) yarn linear density, (2) the commercial or
staple fiber, tow, and so forth, using a commercial allowance
legal mass of a shipment or delivery of any specific textile
agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller in the
material (see also commercial moisture regain), or (3) the mass
calculations.
of a specific component in the analysis of fiber blends.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.2 commercial mass, n—billed mass (weight) as deter-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
mined by a generally accepted method or as agreed upon
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
between the purchaser and the seller.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.1.2.1 Discussion—The basis for determining the commer-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
cial mass of a shipment of yarn or man-made fibers is generally
one of the following:
2. Referenced Documents
(1) CAS Basis (commercial allowance with scoured
2.1 ASTM Standards:
material)—the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after scouring by
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
definite prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its
D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
commercial allowance.
D 739 Methods of Testing and Tolerances for Spun,
(2) CMRS Basis (commercial moisture regain with scoured
Twisted, or Braided Products Made from Flax, Hemp,
material)—the mass of oven-dry fiber or yarn after scouring by
definite prescribed methods plus the mass corresponding to its
1 3
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textiles Discontinued—See 1971 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Part 25.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn Test Methods, Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01.
General. Discontinued; see 1989 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1996. Published February 1997. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
published as D 2494 – 66 T. Last previous edition D 2494 – 94. Available from the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists,
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. P.O. Box 12215, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2494
commercial moisture regain. treatment. Commercial mass equals the net mass of the
(3) CMRU Basis (commercial moisture regain with un- shipment without adjustment for scourables or moisture.
scoured material)—the mass of unscoured oven-dry fiber or
5. Significance and Use
yarn plus the mass corresponding to its commercial moisture
regain. 5.1 This test method is considered satisfactory as a referee
(4) UN Basis (unadjusted net)—the mass of unscoured fiber method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarn
or yarn with no adjustment for the amount of moisture or or man-made staple fibers.
5.1.1 In cases of disagreement arising from differences in
finish, or both.
3.1.3 commercial moisture regain, (CMR), n—a formally values reported by the purchaser and the supplier when using
this test method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if
adopted, arbitrary value, to be used with the oven-dried mass of
textile fibers, when calculating the commercial mass of a any, between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory
of the supplier should be determined with each comparison
shipment or delivery.
3.1.4 laboratory sampling unit, n—a portion of material being on the testing of specimens taken from a lot sample of
material of the type being evaluated so as to be as nearly
taken to represent one of the lot sampling units or the original
material and used in the laboratory as a source of test homogeneous as possible and then randomly assigned in equal
numbers to each of the laboratories.
specimens.
3.1.5 moisture content, n—the amount of moisture in a 5.2 Option I is generally used to calculate the commercial
mass of spun yarns, textured yarns, tops, and slivers. When
material determined under prescribed conditions and expressed
as a percentage of the mass of the moist material, that is, the materials are sold on a CMRU basis, the purchaser pays for the
original mass comprising the dry substance plus any moisture fiber lubricant or other removable processing aids.
present (see also commercial moisture regain). 5.3 Option II is generally used to calculate the commercial
3.1.5.1 Discussion—Moisture content is also referred to as mass of as-produced man-made filament yarns (except some
moisture on the as is, as received,or wet basis. Use the producer-textured yarns), man-made staple fibers, and tows.
following equation to convert from moisture content to mois- This option is intended to reflect the mass of fiber remaining
ture regain, or vice-versa: after fiber lubricants and processing aids are removed.
5.4 Option III is in common use in other countries, particu-
R 5 @M/~100 2 M!# 3 100 (1)
larly in Europe.
M 5 @R/~100 1 R!# 3 100 (2)
5.5 Option IV is in common use with yarns made of wool or
wool blends and some aramids.
where:
5.6 When it can be shown that solvent extraction or another
R 5 moisture regain, %, and
method of testing gives the same results, or results that have a
M 5 moisture content, %.
constant ratio to those obtained by the scour procedure, that
3.1.6 oven-dry, adj—the condition of a material that has
method may be used for routine testing of known production
been heated under prescribed conditions of temperature and
but should not be substituted for a scour on new or unknown
humidity until there is no further significant change in its mass.
material. For the determination of extractable matter, refer to
3.1.7 shipment, n—goods or commodities which are trans-
Test Method D 2257.
ported together as a unit; a quantity of product for which a bill
5.6.1 When the finish is not removable by a water scour, a
of lading has been signed by the carrier.
solvent extraction may be substituted on agreement between
3.1.8 tare, n—the mass of all external and internal packing
the purchaser and the supplier.
materials (including bobbins, tubes, and so forth), of a case,
5.7 Under certain circumstances, samples taken from yarns
bale, or other type of container.
and man-made staple fibers and tows can change moisture
3.1.9 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
content rapidly. For this reason, very careful planning and
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
handling of samples are required to prevent major biases in
4. Summary of Test Method
commercial mass results.
4.1 Representative specimens from a shipment are dried,
6. Apparatus and Reagents
weighed, and, in some cases, scoured and weighed again. From
the net mass of the shipment and the masses of the specimens
6.1 Washing Machine, automatic home-type, of the make
before and after treatment, commercial mass of the shipment is
and model specified by the AATCC each year, or equivalent
calculated using one of the following options:
washing machine.
4.1.1 Option I—CMRU basis treatment consists of drying
6.2 Soft Water (10 ppm or less calcium carbonate hardness)
only. Commercial mass includes finishes and a correction for
for hot setting of washer controlled for 60 to 65°C.
commercial moisture regain.
6.3 Bags, made from polyester yarn, of a stable construc-
4.1.2 Option II—CMRS basis treatment consists of scour-
tion, such as a leno weave, which have been previously scoured
ing and drying. Commercial mass excludes scourables but
includes a correction for commercial moisture regain.
The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time
4.1.3 Option III—CAS basis treatment consists of scouring
is Mar Mac Manufacturing Co., P.O. Box 278. McBee, SC 29101. If you are aware
and drying. Commercial mass includes a correction for com-
of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters.
mercial allowance.
Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible
4.1.4 Option IV—UN basis requires no samples and no technical committee, which you may attend.
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
D 2494
NOTE 3—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
and which have a known oven-dry mass. Each bag shall be
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account variability between
large enough to permit the test specimen to be sufficiently
shipping units, between packages or ends within a shipping unit, and
porous to permit free access of the scouring solution to the
between specimens from a single package so as to provide a sampling plan
specimen. The bag should have an adequate closure to prevent
with a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable quality
fiber loss.
level, and limiting quality level.
6.4 Automatic Dryer, automatic home-type, of the make
7.3 Laboratory Samples—Take laboratory samples repre-
and model specified by the AATCC each year, or equivalent,
sentative of the shipment as directed as follows. Save all loose
(optional).
packaging materials (wrappings, strappings, and separators)
6.5 Drying Oven, ventilated and capable of controlling the
from each lot sample unit for tare weighing. Sample the lot as
temperature in the range of 105 6 3°C. The oven shall be
quickly as possible to reflect accurately the moisture level in
supplied with a current of air sufficient to change the air once
the lot. Place samples in airtight containers for subsequent
every 4 min. The specimens shall be protected from direct
weighing.
radiation of the heating units. Air supplied to the oven shall be
7.3.1 Yarn—Take at least 20 unit packages from random
at standard atmospheric conditions for testing textiles. The
places within the different shipping units forming the lot
oven may be provided with facilities for cutting off the air
sample as directed in Practice D 2258. Use a prearranged plan
current and weighing the specimens without removing them
for random sampling to save time in taking the packages from
from the oven.
the shipping units. Enclose each unit package in a separate
6.6 Scale, with a capacity and sensitivity sufficient to weigh
airtight container until the specimens are removed.
beams, bales, cases, or other shipping units within 0.1 % of
their gross mass and maintained according to National Institute 7.3.1.1 Sampling beams of yarn for verification of commer-
cial mass presents unique problems which are left to the
of Standards and Technology (NIST) criteria.
6.7 Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.1 % of the mass of the agreement of the purchaser and the seller.
specimens being tested and maintained according to NIST 7.3.2 Staple, Sliver or Top, and Tow—Take laboratory
criteria. These requirements apply both to balances built into
samples from each laboratory sampling unit as directed in
ovens and to free-standing devices. Practice D 3333.
6.8 Weighing Cans, with tight-fitting lids of sufficient size to
7.4 External Tare—Collect, without delay, all packaging
hold the bag and specimen (required only if weighings are
materials which were part of the lot sample and which were
made outside the oven).
associated with the shipping units. Supports for individual
6.9 Desiccator(s), of sufficient size to hold the weighing
packages will be dealt with in 7.6. Weigh the external tare
cans (required only if weighings are made outside the oven).
material for each lot sample unit to 0.1 % of its mass. (See
6.10 Desiccant, silica gel or equivalent, if desiccators are
Note 3).
used.
7.5 Specimens—Without delay, prepare specimens as di-
6.11 High Cloud Point Nonionic Detergent, as agreed
rected in 7.5.1 or 7.5.2. Save all yarn supports which were part
upon between the purchaser and the seller.
of the laboratory sample.
7.5.1 Yarn—Take two 5-g bits of yarn from each of at least
7. Procedure
20 packages that form the laboratory sample. Immediately put
7.1 Shipment Mass—Weigh, intact,
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