ASTM C1197-22
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for In Situ Measurement of Masonry Deformability Properties Using the Flatjack Method
Standard Test Method for In Situ Measurement of Masonry Deformability Properties Using the Flatjack Method
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Deformation and strength properties are measured only on the masonry between flatjacks. Boundary effects of the collar joint behind the wythe tested and adjacent masonry are neglected. In the case of multi-wythe masonry, deformability is estimated only in the wythe in which the flatjack is inserted. Deformability of other wythes may be different.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes an in situ method for determining the deformation properties of existing unreinforced solid-unit masonry. (See Note 1.) This test method concerns the measurement of in-situ masonry deformability properties in existing masonry by use of thin, bladder-like flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides a relatively non-destructive means of determining masonry properties.
Note 1: Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
1.2 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1197 −22
Standard Test Method for
In Situ Measurement of Masonry Deformability Properties
1
Using the Flatjack Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1197; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method describes an in situ method for
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
determining the deformation properties of existing unrein-
C1232 Terminology for Masonry
forced solid-unit masonry. (See Note 1.) This test method
E74 Practices for Calibration and Verification for Force-
concerns the measurement of in-situ masonry deformability
Measuring Instruments
properties in existing masonry by use of thin, bladder-like
flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar joints in the
3. Terminology
masonry wall. This test method provides a relatively non-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
destructive means of determining masonry properties.
3.1.1 shim, n—item inserted into a flatjack slot prior to
NOTE 1—Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay
testing to minimize the inflation of the test flatjack.
units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—The use of shims may be necessary
1.2 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes
duringtestingtoachieveatightfitoftheflatjackintheslotand
that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes
to ensure uniform transfer of pressure (stress) to the masonry
(excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered overthecompleteareaoftheflatjack.SeeAnnexA1forfurther
as requirements of the standard. discussion on allowable types of shims.
3.1.2 spacer, n—metal plate used in the calibration process
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
to control flatjack thickness.
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only 3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method
and are not considered standard. refer to Terminology C1180 for mortar and grout and Termi-
nology C1232 for masonry.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Summary of Test Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 Two flatjacks inserted into parallel slots, one above the
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
other, in a solid-unit masonry wall are pressurized thus
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
inducing compressive stress on the masonry between them.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
The installation is shown in Fig. 1. By gradually increasing the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
flatjack pressure and measuring the deformation of the ma-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
sonry between the flatjacks, load-deformation (stress-strain)
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
properties may be obtained. Maximum compressive strengths
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
may be measured in certain cases.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Deformation and strength properties are measured only
on the masonry between flatjacks. Boundary effects of the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
2
C15.04 on Research. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2022. Published December 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
ɛ1
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2020 as C1197 – 20 . DOI:
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C1197-22.
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1197 − 22
rating hydraulic inlet or outlet ports.
NOTE 3—A maximum operating pressure of 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) is
adequate for most older existing masonry, but flatjacks with hi
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: C1197 − 20 C1197 − 22
Standard Test Method for
In Situ Measurement of Masonry Deformability Properties
1
Using the Flatjack Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1197; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Summary of Changes section was editorially updated in January 2021.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method describes an in situ method for determining the deformation properties of existing unreinforced solid-unit
masonry. (See Note 1.) This test method concerns the measurement of in-situ masonry deformability properties in existing masonry
by use of thin, bladder-like flatjack devices that are installed in cut mortar joints in the masonry wall. This test method provides
a relatively non-destructive means of determining masonry properties.
NOTE 1—Solid-unit masonry is that built with stone, concrete, or clay units whose net area is equal to or greater than 75 % of the gross area.
1.2 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding
those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
C1232 Terminology for Masonry
E74 Practices for Calibration and Verification for Force-Measuring Instruments
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.04 on Research.
Current edition approved Dec. 15, 2020Dec. 1, 2022. Published December 2020December 2022. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20142020
ɛ1
as C1197 – 14a.C1197 – 20 . DOI: 10.1520/C1197-20E01.10.1520/C1197-22.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1197 − 22
3.1.1 shim, n—item inserted into a flatjack slot prior to testing to minimize the inflation of the test flatjack.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
The use of shims may be necessary during testing to achieve a tight fit of the flatjack in the slot and to ensure uniform transfer
of pressure (stress) to the masonry over the complete area of the flatjack. See Annex A1 for further discussion on allowable types
of shims.
3.1.2 spacer, n—metal plate used in the calibration process to control flatjack thickness.
3.2 For definitions of other terms used in this test method refer to Terminology C1180 for mortar and grout and Terminology
C1232 for masonry.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Two flatjacks inserted into parallel slots, one above the other, in a solid-unit masonry wall are pressurized thus inducing
compressive stress on the masonry between them. The installation is shown in Fig. 1. By gradually increasing the flatjack pressure
and measuring the deformation of the masonry between the flatjacks, load-deformation (stress-strain) properties may be obtained.
Maximum compressive strengths may be measured in certain cases.
5. Significance and
...
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