SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
(Main)Ergonomics of the physical environment - Assessment of environments by means of an environmental survey involving physical measurements of the environment and subjective responses of people (ISO 28802:2012)
Ergonomics of the physical environment - Assessment of environments by means of an environmental survey involving physical measurements of the environment and subjective responses of people (ISO 28802:2012)
The aim of the standard is to provide a standard environmental survey method for the assessment of the comfort and well being of occupants of indoor and outdoor environments. It is not restricted to any particular environment but provides the general principles that allow assessment and evaluation.
The standard applies to built environments as well as to other indoor environments, vehicle environments and outdoor environments. There may be specific features of certain types of environment that have to be taken into account, however the general principles outlined in this standard will apply.
The standard applies to all occupants of environments who can be considered to provide valid responses to an environmental survey.
The standard presents the principles of conducting an environmental survey to assess the comfort and well being of people in environments. It involves guidance on the design of the survey as well as guidance on environmental measurements to quantify the environment and subjective assessment methods to quantify the occupants’ responses to that environment.
This standard is not restricted to specific environmental components. It includes assessment of thermal environments, the acoustic environment, lighting, air quality and other environmental factors that could be considered to influence the comfort and well being of the occupants of an environment.
This standard is a basic ergonomics standard which can contribute to the development of standards concerned with specific environments such as those found in buildings for example.
The standard applies where ethical considerations and acceptable practices involving people have been carried out. This standard is intended to be used by people involved in the general assessment and evaluation of physical environments. It includes general ergonomics practitioners as well as those who develop standards and guidelines for specific applications.
Ergonomie der physikalischen Umgebung - Beurteilung von Umgebungsbedingungen auf der Grundlage von Erhebungen unter Einbeziehung physikalischer Umgebungsmessungen und Angaben der Betroffenen (ISO 28802:2012)
Diese Internationale Norm legt ein Normverfahren der Umgebungserhebung zur Beurteilung der Behaglichkeit und des Wohlbefindens von Personen, die sich in Innenräumen und im Freien aufhalten, fest. Sie ist nicht auf eine bestimmte Umgebung beschränkt, sondern beschreibt allgemeine Grundsätze, die die Beurteilung und Bewertung ermöglichen.
Sie stellt die Grundsätze zur Durchführung einer Umgebungserhebung dar, um die Behaglichkeit und das Wohlbefinden der sich darin befindenden Personen zu beurteilen. Sie umfasst eine Anleitung zur Gestaltung der Erhebung und zu Messungen von Umgebungsparametern für die quantitative Beurteilung der Umgebung sowie subjektive Beurteilungsverfahren, um die Reaktionen von Personen auf diese Umgebung zu bewerten. Sie bietet keine Anleitung zur Erstellung subjektiver Skalen.
Sie ist anwendbar für Innenräume in Gebäuden und ebenso für andere Umgebungen, wie Fahrzeuginnenräume und Umgebungen im Freien und für alle Personen, die sich in Umgebungen aufhalten und von denen angenommen werden kann, dass sie zuverlässige Reaktionen für eine Umgebungserhebung zeigen. Möglicherweise müssen bei bestimmten Umgebungsarten besondere Eigenschaften berücksichtigt werden, dennoch gelten die in dieser Norm angegebenen allgemeinen Grundsätze.
Diese Internationale Norm ist nicht auf bestimmte Umgebungsbereiche beschränkt. Sie umfasst die Beurteilung von thermischer Umgebung, akustischer Umgebung, visueller und beleuchteter Umgebung, Luftqualität und anderen Umgebungsfaktoren, die die Behaglichkeit und das Wohlbefinden der Menschen in einer Umgebung beeinflussen können.
Sie ist eine Ergonomie-Grundnorm, die zur Entwicklung von Normen beitragen kann, die sich mit besonderen Umgebungen befassen, wie sie innerhalb von Gebäuden anzutreffen sind. Sie ist zur Anwendung von Personen vorgesehen, die sich mit der allgemeinen Beurteilung und Bewertung physikalischer Umgebungen befassen. Dazu gehören die Ausübenden allgemeiner Ergonomie und auch jene Personen, die Normen und Anleitungen für besondere Anwendungen entwerfen.
ANMERKUNG Die durch die Anwendung dieser Internationalen Norm erzielten Ergebnisse der Umgebungserhebung können besondere Probleme aufzeigen, die den Rat von Experten erfordern.
Ergonomie de l'environnement physique - Évaluation au moyen d'une enquête environnementale comprenant des mesurages physiques et des réponses humaines subjectives (ISO 28802:2012))
La présente Norme internationale fournit une méthode normalisée d'enquête environnementale pour l'évaluation
du confort et du bien-être des occupants d'environnements intérieurs et extérieurs. Elle ne se limite pas à un
environnement particulier, mais fournit des principes généraux d'évaluation.
Elle décrit les principes de conduite d'une enquête environnementale destinée à évaluer le confort et le bien-être
des personnes dans un environnement. Elle fournit des recommandations pour la conception de l'enquête ainsi
que sur les mesures destinées à quantifier l'environnement et les méthodes d'évaluation subjective destinées
à qualifier les réponses des occupants de cet environnement. Elle ne fournit pas de recommandations pour la
conception des échelles subjectives.
La présente Norme internationale est applicable aux milieux bâtis et autres environnements, notamment les
moyens de transport et les environnements extérieurs, et à tous les occupants d'environnements dont les
réponses dans le cadre d'une enquête environnementale peuvent être considérées comme valables. Même
s'il faut parfois tenir compte des caractéristiques spécifiques de certains types d'environnement, les principes
généraux établis dans la présente Norme internationale s'appliquent.
La présente Norme internationale ne se limite pas à certains aspects environnementaux. Elle comprend
l'évaluation des ambiances thermiques, de l'environnement acoustique, de l'environnement visuel, de
l'éclairage, de la qualité de l'air et autres facteurs environnementaux susceptibles d'avoir des effets sur le
confort et le bien-être des occupants d'un environnement donné.
La présente Norme internationale est une norme ergonomique de base qui peut contribuer à l'élaboration de
normes relatives à des environnements spécifiques tels que ceux observés dans les bâtiments.
Elle est destinée à être utilisée par les personnes impliquées dans l'évaluation générale des environnements
physiques, y compris les ergonomes ainsi que tous ceux qui élaborent des normes et des lignes directrices
pour des applications particulières.
NOTE Les résultats de l'enquête environnementale obtenus par l'application de la présente Norme internationale
peuvent identifier des problèmes spécifiques nécessitant l'avis d'un expert.
Ergonomija fizikalnega okolja - Ocena okolja s pomočjo okoljske raziskave, ki vključuje fizikalne meritve okolja in subjektivne odzive ljudi (ISO 28802:2012)
Ta mednarodni standard določa metodo okoljske raziskave za oceno udobja in dobrega počutja uporabnikov notranjega in zunanjega okolja. Ni omejen na določeno okolje, ampak določa splošna načela, ki omogočajo oceno in vrednotenje. Predstavlja načela za izvajanje okoljske raziskave za oceno udobja in dobrega počutja ljudi v različnih okoljih. Standard vključuje navodila za strukturo raziskave ter okoljske meritve, ki se uporabljajo za količinsko definicijo okolja, in metode subjektivnega ocenjevanja, ki se uporabljajo za količinsko definicijo odzivov uporabnikov na to okolje. Ne vključuje navodil za oblikovanje subjektivnih meril. Uporablja se za grajeno okolje in druga okolja, vključno z okolji v vozilu in zunanjimi okolji, ter za vse uporabnike teh okolij, za katere se šteje, da lahko zagotovijo veljavne odzive na okoljsko raziskavo. Pri nekaterih vrstah okolja je morda treba upoštevati njihove posebne značilnosti, vendar se bodo uporabljala določena splošna načela. Ta mednarodni standard ni omejen na posebne okoljske elemente. Vključuje oceno temperaturnega okolja, akustičnega okolja, vizualnega in svetlobnega okolja, kakovosti zraka ter drugih okoljskih dejavnikov, za katere se lahko šteje, da vplivajo na udobje in dobro počutje uporabnikov okolja. Gre za osnovni ergonomski standard, ki lahko prispeva k razvoju standardov za posebna okolja, kot je okolje v stavbah. Namenjen je osebam, ki se ukvarjajo s splošnim ocenjevanjem in vrednotenjem fizikalnega okolja, vključno s strokovnjaki za splošno ergonomijo ter tistimi, ki razvijajo standarde in smernice za posebne uporabe.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
01-julij-2012
(UJRQRPLMDIL]LNDOQHJDRNROMD2FHQDRNROMDVSRPRþMRRNROMVNHUD]LVNDYHNL
YNOMXþXMHIL]LNDOQHPHULWYHRNROMDLQVXEMHNWLYQHRG]LYHOMXGL ,62
Ergonomics of the physical environment - Assessment of environments by means of an
environmental survey involving physical measurements of the environment and
subjective responses of people (ISO 28802:2012)
Ergonomie der physikalischen Umgebung - Beurteilung von Umgebungsbedingungen
auf der Grundlage von Erhebungen unter Einbeziehung physikalischer
Umgebungsmessungen und Angaben der Betroffenen (ISO 28802:2012)
Ergonomie de l'environnement physique - Évaluation au moyen d'une enquête
environnementale comprenant des mesurages physiques et des réponses humaines
subjectives (ISO 28802:2012))
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 28802:2012
ICS:
13.180 Ergonomija Ergonomics
SIST EN ISO 28802:2012 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
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SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
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SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 28802
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2012
ICS 13.180
English Version
Ergonomics of the physical environment - Assessment of
environments by means of an environmental survey involving
physical measurements of the environment and subjective
responses of people (ISO 28802:2012)
Ergonomie de l'environnement physique - Évaluation au Ergonomie der physikalischen Umgebung - Beurteilung von
moyen d'une enquête environnementale comprenant des Umgebungsbedingungen auf der Grundlage von
mesurages physiques et des réponses humaines Erhebungen unter Einbeziehung physikalischer
subjectives (ISO 28802:2012) Umgebungsmessungen und Angaben der Betroffenen (ISO
28802:2012)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 29 February 2012.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre has the same
status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2012 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 28802:2012: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
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SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
EN ISO 28802:2012 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3
2
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SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
EN ISO 28802:2012 (E)
Foreword
This document (EN ISO 28802:2012) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159 "Ergonomics"
in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 122 “Ergonomics” the secretariat of which is held by DIN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2012, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by September 2012.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 28802:2012 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 28802:2012 without any modification.
3
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SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
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SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 28802
First edition
2012-03-01
Ergonomics of the physical
environment — Assessment of
environments by means of an
environmental survey involving physical
measurements of the environment and
subjective responses of people
Ergonomie de l’environnement physique — Évaluation au moyen d’une
enquête environnementale comprenant des mesurages physiques et
des réponses humaines subjectives
Reference number
ISO 28802:2012(E)
©
ISO 2012
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SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
ISO 28802:2012(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
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Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
ISO 28802:2012(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols . 2
4 Designing an environmental survey . 2
4.1 Aim of survey . 2
4.2 Measurement of the physical environment . 2
4.3 Measurement of subjective responses . 3
4.4 Where to measure? . 3
4.5 What to measure? . 4
4.6 When to measure? . 4
4.7 How many people and who? . 4
4.8 Adaptive opportunities . 4
5 Measurement of the thermal environment . 5
5.1 Physical measures . 5
5.2 Subjective measures . 5
5.3 Observation/assessment . 7
6 Measurement of the acoustical environment . 8
6.1 Physical measures . 8
6.2 Subjective measures . 8
6.3 Observation/assessment . 9
7 Measurement of the visual and lighting environment . 9
7.1 Physical measures . 9
7.2 Subjective measures . 9
7.3 Observation assessment .10
8 Measurement of the air quality environment . 11
8.1 Physical measures . 11
8.2 Subjective measures . 11
8.3 Observation assessment . 11
9 Measurement of the vibration environment .12
9.1 Physical measures .12
9.2 Subjective measures .12
9.3 Observation/assessment .13
10 Other environmental factors .13
Annex A (informative) Example of an environmental survey in a building .14
Bibliography .19
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SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
ISO 28802:2012(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 28802 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 159, Ergonomics, Subcommittee SC 5, Ergonomics
of the physical environment.
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved
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SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
ISO 28802:2012(E)
Introduction
This is one of a series of International Standards concerned with the ergonomics of the physical environment. It
provides a method for conducting an environmental survey. It complements other International Standards in the
series concerned with specific components of the environment such as thermal, acoustic, lighting and air quality
environments. It builds upon those standards to allow the assessment of human response to the total environment.
This International Standard presents methods for the evaluation of comfort using physical measures of the
environment and subjective measures from people. It provides methods for the assessment of thermal, acoustic,
visual and lighting, and air quality environments, as well as other relevant environmental components. For
each environmental component, methods are provided for measuring the physical environment and subjective
responses to the environment. An assessment form for use as an environmental assessment tool by the
person conducting the survey is also included.
Measurement of the physical environment is conducted using relevant instrumentation such as a thermometer,
sound level meter or illuminance meter. Where appropriate, reference to the relevant International Standard is
provided for the specification of the instruments. Subjective methods quantify the responses of people to an
environment using subjective scales. For each environmental component, examples of subjective scales are
provided. The third part of the assessment is concerned with observation. For each environmental component,
advice on what may be included in an observation assessment form is provided. An example of an assessment
form is provided in Annex A.
Each of these methods has been developed according to basic principles. The most appropriate form of
the method or combination of methods used in concert, for the determination of environmental comfort, will
depend upon the context and environment of interest. This International Standard provides both principles and
application of methods for the assessment of environments using an environmental survey, and complements
standards concerned with the ergonomics of the physical environment. In particular, it can be used together
with environmental indices that are valid for use in those environments.
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SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
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SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 28802:2012(E)
Ergonomics of the physical environment — Assessment of
environments by means of an environmental survey involving
physical measurements of the environment and subjective
responses of people
1 Scope
This International Standard provides an environmental survey method for the assessment of the comfort and
well-being of occupants of indoor and outdoor environments. It is not restricted to any particular environment,
but provides the general principles that allow assessment and evaluation.
It presents the principles for conducting an environmental survey to assess the comfort and well-being of people
in environments. It gives guidance on the design of the survey, as well as on the environmental measurements
used to quantify the environment and the subjective assessment methods used to quantify the occupants’
responses to that environment. It does not provide guidance on the design of subjective scales.
It is applicable to built as well as other environments, including vehicle and outdoor environments, and to all
the occupants of those environments who can be considered as providing valid responses to an environmental
survey. There may be specific features of certain types of environment that have to be taken into account;
however, the general principles it outlines will apply.
This International Standard is not restricted to specific environmental components. It includes assessment of
thermal environments, the acoustic environment, the visual and lit environment, air quality and other environmental
factors that could be considered to influence the comfort and well-being of the occupants of an environment.
It is a basic ergonomics standard which can contribute to the development of standards concerned with specific
environments such as those found in buildings. It is intended to be used by people involved in the general
assessment and evaluation of physical environments, including general ergonomics practitioners as well as
those who develop standards and guidelines for specific applications.
NOTE The results of the environmental survey produced by the application of this International Standard may identify
specific problems that require expert advice.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 7726, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Instruments for measuring physical quantities
ISO 7730, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Analytical determination and interpretation of thermal
comfort using calculation of the PMV and PPD indices and local thermal comfort criteria
ISO 8041, Human response to vibration — Measuring instrumentation
ISO 8996, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Determination of metabolic rate
ISO 9612, Acoustics — Determination of occupational noise exposure — Engineering method
ISO 9920, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Estimation of thermal insulation and water vapour
resistance of a clothing ensemble
ISO 13731, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Vocabulary and symbols
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SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
ISO 28802:2012(E)
ISO 15265, Ergonomics of the thermal environment — Risk assessment strategy for the prevention of stress or
discomfort in thermal working conditions
IEC 61672-1, Electroacoustics — Sound level meters — Part 1: Specifications
CIE 69, Methods of Characterizing Illuminance Meters and Luminance Meters: Performance, characteristics
and specifications
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
For the purposes of this document, the terms, definitions and symbols given in ISO 13731 and the following
terms and definitions apply.
3.1
adaptive opportunity
opportunity for a person to alter the environment to which he or she is exposed by behavioural (move away,
adjust posture, adjust clothing, etc.) or other means (e.g. open window, close door, adjust environmental controls)
3.2
behavioural method
method that quantifies or represents human behaviour in response to an environment
3.3
objective method
method that quantifies the physical, physiological or psychological condition of a person by the use of
instrumentation or measures of output such as performance measures
3.4
subjective method
method that quantifies the responses of people to an environment using subjective scales
4 Designing an environmental survey
4.1 Aim of survey
The design of any environmental survey will depend upon the specific aims of that survey. It is necessary,
therefore, to be specific about the aims of the survey.
Two general principles are
— a typical environmental survey involves measuring the physical environmental conditions and also the
subjective responses of people exposed to the environment, and
— an optimum survey will achieve its aim with efficient use of resources.
4.2 Measurement of the physical environment
Instruments shall be selected according to the appropriate specifications and standards as presented in the
following subclauses under each environmental component. Particular considerations will include range,
accuracy, sensitivity and physical robustness. Calibration procedures will be necessary to ensure that the
instruments measure according to the specification. Depending on the instrument, it is recommended to
calibrate both before and after an environmental survey to check for “drift”. Practical use of instruments is
important and there are many pitfalls. It is important to remember that the objective of the measurement is to
quantify the physical environment to which people are exposed. “Experimenter” interference by leaning over a
light meter, talking when taking noise measurements, or an equipment case shading a globe thermometer, are
all examples of practical errors that shall be avoided.
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SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
ISO 28802:2012(E)
4.3 Measurement of subjective responses
IMPORTANT — The subjective scales presented are those typically used in the investigation of the
environment under consideration. The scales used may differ depending upon context.
Subjective methods quantify the responses of people to an environment using subjective scales. Such scales
are based upon psychological continua (or constructs) that are relevant to the psychological phenomenon of
interest. It is important to know the properties of the scales in order to correctly interpret the results. Scales of
sensation (e.g. hot or cold), preference, comfort, annoyance, smell and stickiness are often used in comfort
assessment. Advantages of subjective methods are that they are simple to administer and are directly related
to the psychological phenomenon. Disadvantages are that the subjective methods may interfere with what they
are measuring, some groups may not be able to perform the subjective task (e.g. babies, children, people with
disabilities) and there is no reason given as to why such a response is provided.
ISO 10551 provides guidance on the construction of subjective scales. Five types of scales are identified:
— perceptual (How do you feel now? e.g. hot);
— affective (How do you find it? e.g. comfortable);
— preference (How would you prefer to be? e.g. cooler);
— acceptance (acceptable/unacceptable);
— tolerance (Is the environment tolerable?).
From these basic subjective dimensions, questionnaires of subjective scales can be developed.
The responses of people that will be measured are to be selected according to the aims of the survey. Typically
subjective responses are taken to quantify comfort. Objective measures are sometimes used, for example
in the thermal environment, mean skin temperature (and sometimes sweat loss) to complement subjective
measures. In a novel situation, subjective scales shall be established from “first principles” by establishing
subjective continua using psychological techniques. Subjective scales for assessing environmental comfort
have, however, become established. Examples are provided in Clauses 5, 6, 7 and 8. It is important to note that
the way in which a scale is presented and administered can influence results. A single-sheet questionnaire,
for example, may be preferable to a number of pages. The exact question asked shall be established. The
frequency of completion of the questionnaire should be balanced with the overall aim of design. Translation of
scales (from English, for example) as well as cultural aspects of the subject sample will be issues. Providing
knowledge to people of their previous ratings or of those from other subjects’ responses shall be avoided.
Subject training and instruction will be necessary to ensure that the subjects have a correct understanding of
what is required. Some scales are used for ratings of overall “comfort” as well as for comfort ratings for specific
areas of the body.
It is important to avoid leading questions when developing scales (e.g. ‘You are uncomfortable aren’t you?’).
For newly-constructed scales, expert advice might be necessary. Pilot testing of newly-constructed surveys
will be necessary.
4.4 Where to measure?
Where to measure the environment will be determined by the aim of the survey; typically, the intention will
be to quantify the environment to which people are exposed, and this will then be their physical location.
If people are static then this is clear. For environments where people move around or for large groups of
people, a representative sample of spaces will be required for measurement. Environments vary continuously
in space, and it may be useful to identify measurement points in three dimensions. This will depend upon how
homogeneous the environment is and how homogeneously spaced people are. Where people are evenly
spread about a room, a simple grid system can be identified. Of note is that where one component of an
environment may be homogeneous (e.g. temperature) another may not (e.g. light level).
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SIST EN ISO 28802:2012
ISO 28802:2012(E)
For subjective measures it will be important, where possible, to ask how subjects feel now and in the exact
space to be assessed. Measurements based upon memory or general impression are not as reliable as those
obtained when the person is directly exposed to that environment.
4.5 What to measure?
What needs to be measured will depend upon the context. It is usual to measure thermal, visual and acoustic
environments. Air quality in indoor environments would also be typically measured, but vibration would usually be
measured only where present at perceptible levels (e.g. in vehicles and some buildings). Important parameters
for the assessment of each environmental component are provided later in this International Standard. Typical
physical measurements include air temperature, humidity, air velocity, radiant temperature, noise levels and
illuminance. Additional physical measures may be included as appropriate.
Subjective measures can often be used to complement physical measures and analysis. They may be used
to provide an indication of possible problems (e.g. annoyance) before physical measures are taken. The range
of the subjective scales and type used will depend upon the context and may have to be extended for more
extreme environments.
4.6 When to measure?
Environments vary in space and time and the objective of the survey is to quantify the environment and
the subjective response to it. It is important, therefore, to measure at times of the day when conditions are
representative of the environments to which people are exposed. Conditions to which people are exposed can
be influenced by outside weather and it could be necessary to measure throughout the day or to carry out a
long-term survey across the year. Temperatures can “build up” in a room throughout the day due to the heat
produced by machines and people. Carbon dioxide can also accumulate during the day and air quality can be
reduced. It may be useful to continuously record physical measures or take readings at a number of different
times. Subjective measures may also be taken — for example, in the morning and in the afternoon towards the
end of a shift. If only one set of measurements is possible, then it is recommended to conduct the survey at a
time when most dissatisfaction is expected, based upon preliminary information. When people move from one
environment to another, short-term effects caused by such movements shall be taken into account.
4.7 How many people and who?
A valid method of evaluating environments is to use a panel of experts. This technique is used in wine tasting, for
example, where acknowledged experts give opinions concerning the quality of wines. This technique depends
upon identifying unbiased acknowledged experts. This is not usually possible in the area of environmental
comfort and the environmental survey design shall specifically avoid bias. It is usual to survey all the occupants
of a space or, if that is impractical, to identify a “random” sample of human subjects as r
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