SIST EN 16682:2017

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN 16682:2017
01-maj-2017
2KUDQMDQMHNXOWXUQHGHGLãþLQH1DYRGLOR]DPHUMHQMHYVHEQRVWLYODJHYPDWHULDOLK
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Conservation of Cultural Heritage - Guide to the measurements of moisture content in
materials constituting movable and immovable cultural heritage
Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Leitfaden zu Messungen des Feuchtegehalts in
Materialien des beweglichen und unbeweglichen kulturellen Erbes
Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Guide relatif aux mesures de la teneur en eau de
matériaux constituant un patrimoine culturel matériel et immatériel
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN 16682:2017
ICS:
97.195 8PHWQLãNLLQREUWQLãNLL]GHONL Items of art and handicrafts.
.XOWXUQHGREULQHLQNXOWXUQD Cultural property and
GHGLãþLQD heritage
SIST EN 16682:2017 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN 16682:2017

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SIST EN 16682:2017


EN 16682
EUROPEAN STANDARD

NORME EUROPÉENNE

March 2017
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 97.195
English Version

Conservation of cultural heritage - Methods of
measurement of moisture content, or water content, in
materials constituting immovable cultural heritage
Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Méthodes de Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Verfahren zur
mesurage de la teneur en humidité, ou teneur en eau, Bestimmung des Feuchte- bzw. Wassergehalts in
de matériaux constituant un patrimoine culturel Materialien des unbeweglichen kulturellen Erbes
immatériel
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 December 2016.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.

This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.





EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN 16682:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN 16682:2017
EN 16682:2017 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 13
5 Moisture and water content in materials . 14
5.1 Moisture content . 14
5.1.1 General . 14
5.1.2 Dry versus wet mode . 14
5.1.3 Gravimetric versus volumetric mode . 15
5.2 Water content . 15
5.3 Comparison between moisture content and water content . 15
6 Absolute and relative methods . 16
6.1 Absolute methods . 16
6.2 Relative methods . 16
6.3 Comparison between absolute and relative methods . 17
7 Taking and handling samples . 18
8 Calibration . 18
8.1 General . 18
8.2 Instrument calibration . 19
8.2.1 General . 19
8.2.2 Calibration for moisture content . 19
8.2.3 Calibration for water content . 19
8.3 Reproducibility . 19
8.3.1 Instruments for absolute measurements . 19
8.3.2 Instruments for relative measurements . 19
8.3.3 Comparison between absolute and relative methods . 19
9 Use of existing European Standards concerning modern building materials . 20
10 Test report . 20
Annex A (normative) Absolute methods . 22
A.1 Generalities . 22
A.2 Gravimetric method . 22
A.2.1 General . 22
A.2.2 Apparatus . 23
A.2.3 Procedure. 23
A.3 Drying procedures in the gravimetric method. 23
A.3.1 General . 23
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EN 16682:2017 (E)
A.3.2 Oven drying . 24
A.3.2.1 General . 24
A.3.2.2 Apparatus . 24
A.3.2.3 Drying procedure . 24
A.3.3 Vacuum drying . 25
A.3.3.1 General . 25
A.3.3.2 Apparatus . 25
A.3.3.3 Drying procedure . 25
A.3.4 Compressed-air drying . 25
A.3.4.1 General . 25
A.3.4.2 Apparatus . 25
A.3.4.3 Drying procedure . 26
A.3.5 Adsorption drying . 26
A.3.5.1 General . 26
A.3.5.2 Apparatus . 26
A.3.5.3 Drying procedure . 26
A.3.6 Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) . 27
A.3.6.1 General . 27
A.3.6.2 Apparatus . 27
A.3.6.3 Procedure . 27
A.4 Karl Fischer titration . 28
A.4.1 General . 28
A.4.2 Apparatus . 28
A.4.3 Procedure . 29
A.4.4 Volumetric KF titration (V-KFT) . 30
A.4.4.1 General . 30
A.4.4.2 Apparatus . 30
A.4.4.3 Procedure . 30
A.4.5 Coulometric KF titration (C-KFT). 31
A.4.5.1 General . 31
A.4.5.2 Apparatus . 31
A.4.5.3 Procedure . 31
A.4.6 Oven-vaporization KF titration (OV-KFT) . 32
A.4.6.1 General . 32
A.4.6.2 Apparatus . 32
A.4.6.3 Temperature . 32
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EN 16682:2017 (E)
A.4.7 KF titration of selected materials . 33
A.5 Azeotropic distillation . 34
A.5.1 General . 34
A.5.2 Apparatus . 34
A.5.3 Procedure. 35
A.6 Calcium carbide test . 35
A.6.1 General . 35
A.6.2 Apparatus . 36
A.6.3 Procedure. 36
Annex B (normative) Relative methods . 41
B.1 Generalities . 41
B.2 Electrical resistance (conductance) . 41
B.3 Capacitance (dielectric) . 42
B.4 Relative humidity in equilibrium with the material . 43
B.4.1 General . 43
B.4.2 Drilled cavity . 43
B.4.3 External sealed box (ESB) . 44
B.4.4 Apparatus . 44
B.4.5 Procedure. 44
Annex C (informative) Other relative methods . 49
C.1 Generalities . 49
C.2 Microwave . 49
C.3 Evanescent-field dielectrometry . 50
C.4 Time-domain reflectometry . 50
C.5 Nuclear magnetic resonance . 51
C.6 Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) . 51
C.7 Ultrasound pulses . 52
C.8 Thermography . 52
Annex D (informative) Methods with special safety requirements . 57
D.1 Generalities . 57
D.2 X-ray . 57
D.3 Gamma rays . 58
D.4 Neutron scattering . 58
Bibliography . 61
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SIST EN 16682:2017
EN 16682:2017 (E)
European foreword
This document (EN 16682:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 346
“Conservation of Cultural Heritage”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2017, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by September 2017.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
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SIST EN 16682:2017
EN 16682:2017 (E)
Introduction
The specific field of cultural heritage is characterized by particular needs and in most cases the existing
standards devised for normal materials cannot be applied. The moisture content, or the water content,
in materials is of primary relevance for the preservation of cultural heritage. High content can be very
damaging (e.g. salt dissolution and mobilization, fungal infestation, corrosion, swelling) as well as low
content (e.g. salt crystallization, shrinkage, wood cracking) or alternating high/low content. It is
therefore important to determine and control this variable to assess the risk of damage and take
preventive conservation measures.
Different methods exist to measure moisture content, or water content, in modern building materials,
based on different physical or chemical principles but most of them are not applicable to cultural
heritage and need to be adapted to this aim.
Generally, non-destructive methods are recommended but their accuracy may be limited. In turn, the
most accurate methods require sampling and can only exceptionally be used. Readings taken with non-
destructive methods may not be comparable especially because they are expressed in different units.
The interpretation of measurements may be obscured by a number of factors (e.g. material, salts,
temperature) to which the methods are subject.
This European Standard considers and specifies characteristics, operative methodologies, pros and cons
of all methods of measurements and establishes a uniform presentation of data and units. It is
addressed to anyone who needs to measure or interpret readings of moisture content, or water content,
in building materials (particularly masonry and wood), and in general to whoever is responsible for the
preservation and maintenance of heritage buildings.
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SIST EN 16682:2017
EN 16682:2017 (E)
1 Scope
This European Standard is aimed to inform and assist users in the choice and use of the most
appropriate method to obtain reliable measurements of the moisture content, or water content, in
wood and masonry (including brickwork, stonework, concrete, gypsum, mortars, etc.) in the specific
case of the built cultural heritage.
It provides a basic framework to take and interpret this kind of measurements on the above cultural
heritage materials that have undergone weathering, pest attack, salt migration or other transformations
over time.
It specifies four absolute methods (i.e. gravimetric, Karl Fischer titration, azeotropic distillation and
calcium carbide); explains their characteristics, pros and cons, and gives specifications for the
transformation of readings into the same unit to make measurements taken with different methods
comparable.
It specifies the three principal relative methods (i.e. electrical resistance, capacitance, and relative
humidity in equilibrium with the material), pointing out their characteristics and uncertainties when
used in the field of cultural heritage.
In addition, it provides an informative overview of ten other relative methods, their characteristics,
pros and cons.
It gives specifications for the calibration of the various methods. It also compares the above methods in
relation to their accuracy, sampling requirement, sample size, laboratory or field use, and other
problems encountered in the field of cultural heritage to prevent instrument misuse, reduce
uncertainties and avoid reading misinterpretation.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
EN ISO 374-1, Protective gloves against chemicals and micro-organisms - Part 1: Terminology and
performance requirements
EN 420:2003+A1:2009, Protective gloves - General requirements and test methods
EN 455-1:2000, Medical gloves for single use - Part 1: Requirements and testing for freedom from holes
EN 772-10:1999, Methods of test for masonry units - Part 10: Determination of moisture content of
calcium silicate and autoclaved aerated concrete units
EN 837-1:1996, Pressure gauges - Part 1: Bourdon tube pressure gauges - Dimensions, metrology,
requirements and testing
EN 1428:2012, Bitumen and bituminous binders - Determination of water content in bituminous
emulsions - Azeotropic distillation method
EN 13183-1:2002, Moisture content of a piece of sawn timber - Part 1: Determination by oven dry method
EN 13183-2:2002, Moisture content of a piece of sawn timber - Part 2: Estimation by electrical resistance
method
EN 13183-3:2005, Moisture content of a piece of sawn timber - Part 3: Estimation by capacitance method
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SIST EN 16682:2017
EN 16682:2017 (E)
EN 15758:2010, Conservation of Cultural Property - Procedures and instruments for measuring
temperatures of the air and the surfaces of objects
EN 15898:2011, Conservation of cultural property - Main general terms and definitions
EN 16085:2012, Conservation of Cultural property - Methodology for sampling from materials of cultural
property - General rules
EN 16096:2012, Conservation of cultural property - Condition survey and report of built cultural heritage
EN 16242:2012, Conservation of cultural heritage - Procedures and instruments for measuring humidity
in the air and moisture exchanges between air and cultural property
EN ISO 10304-1:2009, Water quality - Determination of dissolved anions by liquid chromatography of
ions - Part 1: Determination of bromide, chloride, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate and sulfate (ISO
10304-1:2007)
EN ISO 11461:2014, Soil quality - Determination of soil water content as a volume fraction using coring
sleeves - Gravimetric method (ISO 11461:2001)
EN ISO 13130:2011, Laboratory glassware - Desiccators (ISO 13130:2011)
EN ISO 14911:1999, Water quality - Determination of dissolved Li+, Na+, NH4+, K+, Mn2+, Ca2+, Mg2+,
Sr2+ and Ba2+ using ion chromatography - Method for water and waste water (ISO 14911:1998)
EN ISO 15512, Plastics - Determination of water content (ISO 15512)
ISO 760:1978, Determination of water — Karl Fischer method (General method)
ISO 3567:2011, Vacuum gauges — Calibration by direct comparison with a reference gauge
ISO 5272:1979, Toluene for industrial use — Specifications
ISO 5280:1979, Xylene for industrial use — Specification
ISO 7183:2007, Compressed-air dryers — Specifications and testing
ISO 11465:1993, Soil quality — Determination of dry matter and water content on a mass basis —
Gravimetric method
ISO 16979:2003, Wood-based panels — Determination of moisture content
ISO Guide 34:2009, General requirements for the competence of reference material producers
ISO/IEC Guide 98-3:2008, Uncertainty of measurement — Part 3: Guide to the expression of uncertainty
in measurement (GUM:1995)
EN ISO/IEC 17025:2005, General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories
(ISO/IEC 17025:2005)
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in EN 15898:2011 and the following
apply.
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SIST EN 16682:2017
EN 16682:2017 (E)
3.1
absolute method/measurement
measuring method whose
...