SIST-TP ETSI/TR 102 171 V1.1.1:2005

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-marec-2005
Uporaba ECMA-323 (CSTA XML) v okolju govornega brskalnika
Using ECMA-323 (CSTA XML) in a Voice Browser Environment
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: TR 102 171 Version 1.1.1
ICS:
33.030 Telekomunikacijske Telecommunication services.
uporabniške rešitve Applications
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

Technical Report
Using ECMA-323 (CSTA XML) in a
Voice Browser Environment
2 ETSI TR 102 171 V1.1.1 (2003-02)

Reference
DTR/ECMA-00285
Keywords
CSTA, voice
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3 ETSI TR 102 171 V1.1.1 (2003-02)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights.5
Foreword.5
Brief History.5
1 Scope.6
2 References.6
3 Brief Overview of ECMA-323.6
4 Fundamental Concepts.7
4.1 CSTA Connection.7
4.2 CSTA Connection State Model.7
4.3 Connection State Transitions for CSTA Calls.8
4.3.1 Incoming Call.8
4.3.2 Outgoing Call.8
5 CSTA Profiles.8
5.1 Level 1a Voice Browser Profile .9
5.1.1 Services.9
5.1.2 Events.9
5.2 Level 1b Voice Browser Profile .9
5.2.1 Services.9
5.2.2 Events.10
5.3 Level 2 Voice Browser Profile.10
5.3.1 Services.10
5.3.2 Events.10
5.4 Basic Telephony Profile .11
5.4.1 Services.11
5.4.2 Events.11
5.5 Other Features.12
6 ECMA-323 Illustrative Examples.12
6.1 Discovering the Capabilities of a Telephony Platform.12
6.2 Starting a Monitor (i.e. listening for incoming calls) .12
6.2.1 Monitor Start - Service Request example .12
6.2.2 Monitor Start - Service Response example.13
6.3 Notification of an Inbound Call.13
6.3.1 Delivered Event example.13
6.4 Answering an Inbound Call.14
6.4.1 Answer Call - Service Request example.14
6.4.2 Answer Call - Service Response example .15
6.5 Notification of a Connected Call.15
6.5.1 Established Event example .15
6.6 Clearing a Connection.15
6.6.1 Clear Connection - Service Request example.16
6.6.2 Clear Connection - Service Response example .16
6.7 Notification of a Cleared Connection.16
6.7.1 Connection Cleared Event example.16
6.8 Initiating an Outbound Call.17
6.8.1 Make Call - Service Request example (refer to Profile) .17
6.8.2 Make Call - Service Response example.17
6.9 Outbound Call Event Sequence.17
6.9.1 Originated Event Example.17
6.9.2 Network Reached Event .18
6.9.3 Delivered Event.19
6.9.4 Established Event.20
6.10 Single Step Transfer .20
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4 ETSI TR 102 171 V1.1.1 (2003-02)
6.10.1 Single Step Transfer - Service Request example .20
6.10.2 Single Step Transfer - Service Response example.20
6.11 Notification of a Transferred Connection.20
6.11.1 Transferred Event example.20
6.12 Deflect.21
6.12.1 Deflect - Service Request example .21
6.12.2 Deflect - Service Response example.22
6.13 Notification of a Diverted Connection .22
6.13.1 Diverted Event example.22
6.14 Single Step Conference .22
6.14.1 Single Step Conference - Service Request example .22
6.14.2 Single Step Conference - Service Response example.23
6.15 Notification of an Party Added to a call.23
6.15.1 Conferenced Event example .23
6.16 Failure Response example.24
7 SALT/CSTA XML Programming Example.25
8 CCXML/CSTA XML Programming Example .29
9 CSTA Call Control Features .32
9.1 Services.32
9.2 Events.33
History .35

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5 ETSI TR 102 171 V1.1.1 (2003-02)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
All published ETSI deliverables shall include information which directs the reader to the above source of information.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ECMA on behalf of its members and those of the European
Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
Brief History
The present document illustrates how CSTA XML (ECMA-323) can be used in a Voice Browser environment. The
present document is part of a suite of ECMA CSTA Phase III Standards and Technical Reports.
All of the Standards and Technical Reports in this Suite are based upon the practical experience of ECMA member
companies and each one represents a pragmatic and widely based consensus.
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6 ETSI TR 102 171 V1.1.1 (2003-02)
1 Scope
Services for Computer Supported Telecommunications Applications are defined by Standard ECMA-269 and the XML
Protocol for those services is defined by Standard ECMA-323.
In many cases, applications require only a small subset of the features standardized in CSTA. In a voice browser
environment, processing speech (not call control) is usually the major focus of the application. For example, from a
CSTA feature perspective, an application may simply need to answer an incoming call and then later clear it. As these
speech-centric applications evolve they can use additional, more advanced, features standardized by CSTA that are
provided by CSTA-conformant communications platforms.
Since ECMA-269 and ECMA-323 are relatively large standards (combined over 1100 pages), it is a challenge for
application developers without prior knowledge of the CSTA standards to know where to find basic concepts that they
need to understand in order to implement basic CSTA features.
The present document illustrates how ECMA-323 can be used in a Voice Browser environment. These concepts
illustrated in the present document can be applied to any Voice Browser environment that provides an XML-based
read/write messaging interface (i.e. CSTA Service Boundary) that supports asynchronous events from a CSTA
conformant communication platform. SALT enabled browsers that implement a ECMA-323 interface for call control
using the SALT smex mechanism is an example of a browser with this capability.
Throughout the present document the term "ECMA-323 enabled voice browser" is used, in a generic sense, to refer to
browser implementation that support a CSTA conformant ECMA-323 interface.
Examples are provided that show how ECMA-323 can be used in several different environments such as SALT-enabled
browsers and CCXML.
2 References
The present document provides informative examples of how to use ECMA-323 in a Voice Browser environment. The
following ECMA Standards should be used as the definitive references for CSTA.
ECMA-269: "Services for Computer Supported Telecommunications Applications (CSTA) Phase III".
ECMA-323: "XMLProtocol for Computer Supported Telecommunications Applications (CSTA) Phase III".
ECMA CSTA Standards can be used for call control in many different environments. The following references provide
additional information on using the ECMA CSTA standards in different environments:
SALT: "Speech Application Language Tags Specification Version 1.0", SALT Forum, 15 July 2002.
(http://www.saltforum.org).
CCXML: "Voice Browser Call Control: CCXML Version 1.0", W3C Working Draft, 11 October 2002.
(http://www.w3c.org/TR/ccxml/).
3 Brief Overview of ECMA-323
ECMA-323 consists of a set of XML Schemas based upon the W3C XML Schema Language Recommendation. The
Standard includes schemas for many categories of services defined in ECMA-269.
Call control is just one category of services in ECMA-323. Examples of other categories of services are: capability
exchange (feature discovery) services, call routing services, services to control a device (e.g. message waiting, writing
to display, forwarding settings), and many others.
CSTA provides a protocol independent abstraction layer for applications. It provides a consistent, standards-based
st rd
messaging interface that can be used with basic 1 party call control based platforms as well as more complex 3 party
st rd
call control (CTI) platforms, or a combination of both (1 party call control with some additional 3 party call control
features).
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7 ETSI TR 102 171 V1.1.1 (2003-02)
CSTA modelling and concepts are also compatible with many procedural and object models such as the SALT
CallControl object (chapter 3 of the SALT specification).
4 Fundamental Concepts
This clause introduces some informative modelling concepts that are useful to illustrate how ECMA-323 enabled voice
browsers can use ECMA-323 messages. The actual ECMA CSTA standards should be used for the definitive
descriptions.
4.1 CSTA Connection
CSTA call control services are applied to CSTA connections. A CSTA connection refers to a relationship between a call
and a telephony endpoint. A CSTA connection is referenced via a CSTA connection identifier. A CSTA connection
identifier consists of a call identifier and a device (endpoint) identifier.
st
In a typical 1 party call control implementation, a voice browser application manipulates only the CSTA connection
directly associated with the voice browser platform. However, other call control implementations may also provide
rd
application control of other endpoints in the call using CSTA services (via 3 party call control, for example). A device
identifier is included in a CSTA connection identifier to allow any endpoint to be addressed by a voice browser
application.
4.2 CSTA Connection State Model
A ECMA-323 enabled voice browser application is informed of connection state transitions (via ECMA-323 call
control events) by placing a monitor on a telephony endpoint via an associated address (e.g. this is how an application
"listens" for incoming calls).
Each CSTA connection in a call is associated with a connection state. CSTA specifies a connection state model (see
ECMA-269, figure 6-19) that consists of the following connection states:
• Alerting: Indicates an incoming call at an endpoint. Typically the connection may be ringing or it may be in a
pre-alerting (e.g. offered) condition.
• Connected: Indicates that a connection is actively participating in a call. This connection state can be the result
of an incoming or outgoing call.
• Failed: Indicates that call progression has stalled. Typically this could represent that an outgoing call attempt
that encountered a busy endpoint.
• Held: Indicates that an endpoint is no longer actively participating in a call. For implementations that support
multiple calls per endpoint (i.e. line), a connection could be Held while the line is used to place another call
(consultation transfer on an analogue line, for example).
• Initiated: A transient state, usually indicating that the endpoint is initiating a service (e.g. dialtone).
• Null: There is no relationship between the call and the endpoint.
• Queued: Indicates that the call is temporarily suspended at a device (e.g. call has been parked, camped on).
The CSTA Connection State is provided in ECMA-323 events.
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8 ETSI TR 102 171 V1.1.1 (2003-02)
4.3 Connection State Transitions for CSTA Calls
4.3.1 Incoming Call
The following figure illustrates the CSTA events for an incoming call. The connection state of endpoint on the voice
browser platform (called connection) is indicated in parenthesis.
• Delivered Event (Alerting): Indicates call is alerting. Calls that are "auto-answered" do not sent this event. A
CSTA Answer Call service can be used to answer the call. This results in an Established event.
• Established Event (Connected): Indicates call has been answered. Media path has been established. The CSTA
Clear Connection service can be used to clear the call. A Connection Cleared event is generated as the result of
the Clear Connection service.
• Connection Cleared Event (Null): Indicates connection has cleared. This can be the result of the Clear
Connection service or as the result of any party clearing from the call.
4.3.2 Outgoing Call
The following figure illustrates the CSTA events for an outgoing call. The connection state of the endpoint on the Voice
Browser platform (originating connection) is indicated in parenthesis. This sequence could be the result of a CSTA
Make Call service.
• Originated Event (Connected): Indicates that the originating connection (an endpoint on the voice browser
platform) is connected.
• Delivered Event (Connected): Indicates the call is alerting the called party.
• Established Event (Connected): Indicates the called party has answered the call. Media path has been
established.
• Connection Cleared Event (Null): Indicates connection has cleared.
5 CSTA Profiles
Since many CSTA features are optional, and to enhance application portability across different CSTA implementations,
CSTA standards require a minimal subset of functionality as conformance criteria.
ECMA-269 specifies a set of Profiles. At least one profile is required to be supported. The following profiles most
closely match the call control services and events needed by a Voice Browser application.
th
• Level 1a Voice Browser Profile (added in ECMA-269 5 edition): Provides support for answering an
incoming call, clearing, and moving the call to another endpoint using the Single Step Transfer Call service.
The Get Switching Function Capabilities Service is not required to be supported in this profile.
th
• Level 1b Voice Browser Profile (added in ECMA-269 5 edition): Provides support for answering an
incoming call, clearing, and moving the call to another endpoint using the Deflect Call service. The Get
Switching Function Capabilities Service is not required to be supported in this profile.
th
• Level 2 Voice Browser Profile (added in ECMA-269 5 edition): Provides support for making a call in
addition to the services and events required in either the Level1a Voice Browser Profile of the Level 1b Voice
Browser Profile. The Get Switching Function Capabilities Service is required to be supported in this profile.
• Basic Telephony Profile: Provides support for answering an incoming call, creating an outgoing call, and
clearing the call. The Get Switching Function Capabilities Service is required to be supported in this profile.
NOTE: Telephony platforms that interface with networks and/or endpoints that do not expose the underlying
network/device signalling are not expected to provide all of these CSTA events. For example, if the
telephony network does not provide a busy indication, the Failed event is not required.
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9 ETSI TR 102 171 V1.1.1 (2003-02)
5.1 Level 1a Voice Browser Profile
5.1.1 Services
The following CSTA services are included in the Level 1a Voice Browser Profile:
• Answer call: Answers an alerting call. In a voice browser, the answering device is an endpoint on the platform.
• Clear Connection: Clears a connection. In a voice browser environment, the clearing device is an endpoint on
the voice browser platform.
• Single Step Transfer (of a connected call): Transfers a call to another endpoint. In a voice browser
environment, the transferring device is an endpoint on the voice browser platform and is no longer involved
with the call after the single step transfer service is completed.
• Monitor Start: Establishes a device-type monitor on an endpoint. In a voice browser environment, the
monitored device is an endpoint on the voice browser platform.
• Monitor Stop: Terminates an existing monitor.
5.1.2 Events
The following CSTA events are included in the Level 1a Voice Browser Profile:
• Connection Cleared: Indicates that an endpoint has disconnected from a call.
• Delivered: Indicates that a call is alerting an endpoint.
• Established: Indicates that an endpoint has answered or been connected to a call.
• Failed: Indicates that a call cannot be completed (e.g. call has encountered a busy endpoint).
• Transferred: Indicates that an existing call has been transferred from an endpoint (on the voice browser
platform) to another endpoint and has been disconnected from the call. This implies that the transferring
device connection state is Null: no Connection Cleared event is generated for the transferring device after the
Transferred event.
5.2 Level 1b Voice Browser Profile
5.2.1 Services
The following CSTA services are included in the Level 1b Voice Browser Profile:
• Answer call: Answers an alerting call. In a voice browser, the answering device is an endpoint on the platform.
• Clear Connection: Clears a connection. In a voice browser environment, the clearing device is an endpoint on
the voice browser platform.
• Deflect (of a connected call): Moves a connection away from the deflecting device. In a voice browser
environment, the deflecting device is an endpoint on the voice browser platform and is no longer involved with
the call after the Deflect Call service is completed.
• Monitor Start: Establishes a device-type monitor on an endpoint. In a voice browser environment, the
monitored device is an endpoint on the voice browser platform.
• Monitor Stop: Terminates an existing monitor.
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5.2.2 Events
The following CSTA events are included in the Level 1b Voice Browser Profile:
• Connection Cleared: Indicates that an endpoint has disconnected from a call.
• Delivered: Indicates that a call is alerting an endpoint.
• Diverted: Indicates that the endpoint (on the voice browser platform) has redirected a call to another endpoint
and is no longer involved with the call.
• Established: Indicates that an endpoint has answered or been connected to a call.
• Failed: Indicates that a call cannot be completed (e.g. call has encountered a busy endpoint).
5.3 Level 2 Voice Browser Profile
5.3.1 Services
In this profile, a CSTA implementation is required to provide its capabilities to applications via the ECMA-323 Get
Switching Function Capabilities service. The capabilities include the list of ECMA-323 services and events supported
by a telephony platform and the various types of behaviour options supported by an implementation (the profile(s)
supported, the types of digits that are allowed in the dialling string for an outbound call, etc.). Many of the parameters
are optional and do not need to be provided in the ECMA-323 message.
The following CSTA services are included in the Level 2 Voice Browser Profile:
• Answer call: Answers an alerting call. In a voice browser, the answering device is an endpoint on the voice
browser platform.
• Clear Connection: Clears a connection. In a voice browser environment, the clearing device is an endpoint on
the voice browser platform.
• Make Call: Establishes a call between two devices. In a voice browser environment, the originating device is
an endpoint on the voice browser platform.
• Monitor Start: Establishes a device-type monitor on an endpoint. In a voice browser environment, the
monitored device is an endpoint on the voice browser platform.
• Monitor Stop: Terminates an existing monitor.
In addition, at least one of the following services must be supported in order to move a connected call away from an
endpoint:
• Single Step Transfer (of a connected call): Transfers a call to another endpoint. In a voice browser
environment, the transferring device is an endpoint on the voice browser platform and is no longer involved
with the call after the single step transfer service is completed.
• Deflect (of a connected call): Moves a connection away from the deflecting device. In a voice browser
environment, the deflecting device is an endpoint on the voice browser platform and is no longer involved with
the call after the Deflect Call service is completed.
5.3.2 Events
The following CSTA events are included in the Level 2 Voice Browser Profile:
• Connection Cleared: Indicates that an endpoint has disconnected from a call.
• Delivered: Indicates that a call is alerting an endpoint.
• Established: Indicates that an endpoint has answered or been connected to a call.
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• Failed: Indicates that a call cannot be completed (e.g. call has encountered a busy endpoint).
• Network Reached: For an outbound call, indicates that the call has been connected to an external network via a
Network Interface Device.
• Originated: For an outbound call, indicates that the originating endpoint (on the voice browser platform) is
connected to the call.
In addition:
• Diverted (if the Deflect Service was used to move a connected call).
• Transferred (if the Single Step Transfer Service was used to move a connected call)
5.4 Basic Telephony Profile
5.4.1 Services
In this profile, the CSTA implementation is required to provide its capabilities to applications via the ECMA-323 Get
Switching Function Capabilities service. The capabilities include the list of ECMA-323 services and events supported
by a telephony platform and the various types of behaviour options supported by an implementation (the profile(s)
supported, the types of digits that are allowed in the dialling string for an outbound call, etc.). Many of the parameters
are optional and do not need to be provided in the ECMA-323 message.
The following CSTA services are included in the Basic Telephony Profile:
• Answer call: Answers an alerting call. In a voice browser, the answering device is an endpoint on the platform.
• Clear Connection: Clears a connection. In a voice browser environment, the clearing device is an endpoint on
the voice browser platform.
• Make Call: Establishes a call between two devices. In a voice browser environment, the originating device is
an endpoint on the voice browser platform.
• Monitor Start: Establishes a monitor on an endpoint. In a voice browser environment, the monitored device is
an endpoint on the voice browser platform.
• Monitor Stop: Terminates an existing monitor.
5.4.2 Events
The following CSTA events are included in the Basic Telephony Profile:
• Connection Cleared: Indicates that an endpoint has disconnected from a call.
• Delivered: Indicates that a call is alerting an endpoint.
• Established: Indicates that an endpoint has answered or been connected to a call.
• Failed: Indicates that a call cannot be completed (e.g. call has encountered a busy endpoint).
• Network Reached: For an outbound call, indicates that the call has been connected to an external network via a
Network Interface Device.
• Originated: For an outbound call, indicates that the originating endpoint (on the voice browser platform) is
connected to the call.
• Service Initiated: Indicates that the endpoint (on the voice browser platform) is requesting service (i.e.
dialtone). Some endpoints bypass this state and are not expected to provide this event (e.g. endpoints that do
not provide dialtone).
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5.5 Other Features
The services defined in these profiles are a very small subset of the call control features standardized in CSTA. A
telephony platform may provide any number of additional ECMA-323 services and may even provide features that have
not been standardized in ECMA-323 by using the ECMA-323 extension mechanism.
The following ECMA-323 services and events may also be very useful for voice browser applications:
• Single Step Conference service: This service adds another device into an existing call. Unlike the Single Step
Transfer service, no devices are dropped from the call as a result of this service.
• Conferenced event: Indicates that a device has been added to an existing call and that no devices have been
removed from the existing call.
• Get Switching Function Devices service: This service provides the list of endpoint identifiers that are provided
by the telephony platform. If this service is not supported, a voice browser application will have to determine
the endpoint identifiers outside of the ECMA-323 interface.
6 ECMA-323 Illustrative Examples
This clause provides some examples of ECMA-323 XML messages (W3C Instance Documents) in the context of voice
browser usage scenarios. Examples include:
• discovering the features supported by a telephony platform;
• establishing a monitor on a device (i.e. listen for incoming calls);
• notification of an inbound alerting connection;
• answering an inbound connection, notification of a connected connection;
• clearing a connection, notification of a cleared connection;
• initiating an outbound call;
• a single step transfer scenario;
• a single step conference scenario.
6.1 Discovering the Capabilities of a Telephony Platform
The ECMA-323 Get Switching Function Capabilities service can be used by a voice browser application to determine
the features (services and events) that a telephony platform supports.
See ECMA-323, clause 11.1.3, for the format of the information provided.
6.2 Starting a Monitor (i.e. listening for incoming calls)
In order to receive ECMA-323 call control events, a CSTA monitor must be placed on a telephony endpoint via the
ECMA-323 Monitor Start service.
6.2.1 Monitor Start - Service Request example
This example shows how a voice browser application places a monitor on an endpoint that is associated with the
identifier 22343. Note that by omitting the ECMA-323 optional parameters, the most relevant type of monitoring (a
device-type monitor on a device) is requested.
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The mandatory Service Request parameters are:
• monitorObject: the device identifier of the endpoint. This can either be obtained by ECMA-323 (see 6.1) or by
mechanisms outside of ECMA-323.



22343


6.2.2 Monitor Start - Service Response example
This example shows the response to the Monitor Start request. The monitorCrossRefID of 99 will be provided in all
ECMA-323 events associated with this monitor request.
The mandatory Service Response parameters are:
• monitorCrossRefIdentifier: this parameter provides a handle to correlate subsequent ECMA-323 events with
this monitor request. Since each ECMA-323 event contains this handle, it can be used to associate the event to
the voice browser application that issued the Monitor Start request.


99

6.3 Notification of an Inbound Call
When an inbound call arrives at a monitored endpoint, an ECMA-323 Delivered event is provided by the telephony
platform.
The Delivered event contains information about the call such as ANI and DNIS information provided by the network
for example. This information enables a voice browser application to determine if it should answer the call or reject it,
how the call should be handled, etc.
6.3.1 Delivered Event example
The event contains the following parameters:
• monitorCrossRefID: This parameter represents the handle provided in the Monitor Start response.
• connection: This parameter contains connection identifier that is used in CSTA services that are to be applied
to this connection (e.g. Answer Call).
• alertingDevice: This parameter provides the endpoint identifier of the alerting connection. For inbound calls, it
is the endpoint on the voice browser platform. For outbound calls, the alerting device represents the called
device that is alerting.
• callingDevice: This is the local representation of the calling device. Due to features in the telephony platform
(transfers, forwarding, conferences, etc.) the calling device may have changed before it has reached the voice
browser platform.
• calledDevice: This is the local representation of the called device. Due to features in the telephony platform
(transfers, forwarding, conferences, etc.) the called device may have changed before it has reached the voice
browser platform.
• lastRedirectionDevice: Indicates if the call has been previously redirected.
• localConnectionState: Indicates the connection state of "alerting" at the near end connection. This will
typically be the connection associated with the monitored device on the voice browser platform.
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• cause: Indicates the cause of the event. In this case, it represents a "new" call.
• networkCallingDevice: For inbound calls, this represents the calling device information provided by the
network (ANI, for example). This information will always remain with the call and will never change (unlike
the callingDevice).
• networkCalledDevice: For inbound calls, this represents the called device information provided by the network
(DNIS, for example). This information will always remain with the call and will never change (unlike the
calledDevice).
• associatedCallingDevice: This parameter is provided when the call in an inbound call. The network interface
device identifier is 023 in this example. This could also be provided with the value of "notKnown".


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alerting
newCall

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6.4 Answering an Inbound Call
After the voice browser application is notified of the incoming call it uses the ECMA-323 Answer Call service to
answer the call.
6.4.1 Answer Call - Service Request example
The mandatory Service Request parameters are:
• callToBeAnswered: The connection identifier of the alerting connection. The application uses the contents of
the connection parameter provided in the Delivered event.



1
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6.4.2 Answer Call - Service Response example
The telephony platform provides a positive response to the Answer Call service request. There are no mandatory
Service Request parameters.



6.5 Notification of a Connected Call
As the result of the Answer Call service, an ECMA-323 Established event is provided by the telephony platform to
indicate that the connection is now in the connected state.
If the telephony platform was configured to "auto-answer" the call, the Established event would be the first event sent to
the voice browser application.
6.5.1 Established Event example
Since the Established event contains similar information as in Delivered event example, the parameter description
sections is omitted.


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connected
normal

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6.6 Clearing a Connection
Once the voice browser
...