SIST EN ISO 21683:2020

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 21683:2020
01-maj-2020
Pigmenti in polnila - Določevanje sproščanja simuliranih nano predmetov,
prisotnih v barvah, lakih in pigmentiranih plastičnih materialih (ISO 21683:2019)
Pigments and extenders - Determination of experimentally simulated nano-object release
from paints, varnishes and pigmented plastics (ISO 21683:2019)
Pigmente und Füllstoffe - Bestimmung der experimentell simulierten Freisetzung von
Nanoobjekten aus Beschichtungen und pigmentierten Kunststoffen (ISO 21683:2019)
Pigments et matières de charge - Détermination de la libération simulée de nanoobjets
présents dans des peintures, des vernis et des plastiques pigmentés (ISO 21683:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 21683
ICS:
87.060.10 Pigmenti in polnila Pigments and extenders
oSIST prEN ISO 21683:2020 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN ISO 21683:2020
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 21683
First edition
2019-02
Pigments and extenders —
Determination of experimentally
simulated nano-object release from
paints, varnishes and pigmented
plastics
Pigments et matières de charge — Détermination de la libération
simulée de nanoobjets présents dans des peintures, des vernis et des
plastiques pigmentés
Reference number
ISO 21683:2019(E)
©
ISO 2019

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oSIST prEN ISO 21683:2020
ISO 21683:2019(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
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Email: copyright@iso.org
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Published in Switzerland
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ISO 21683:2019(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1 General terms and definitions . 1
3.2 Specific terms and definitions . 3
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 4
5 Methods of stress . 5
5.1 Test specimens requirements . 5
5.2 Test apparatus requirements . 5
5.2.1 General. 5
5.2.2 Stress processes — Process parameters and characteristics . 6
6 Measuring methods . 6
6.1 Measurands . 6
6.2 Aerosol measuring methods . 7
6.3 Test preparation . 8
6.3.1 General. 8
6.3.2 Aerosol background . 8
6.3.3 Aerosol sampling line . 8
6.3.4 Aerosol conditioning . 9
7 Procedure. 9
8 Calculation .10
9 Test report .11
Annex A (informative) Examples of parameter specification of stress application methods .13
Annex B (informative) Selected aerosol measuring equipment .16
Bibliography .19
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Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 256, Pigments, dyestuffs and extenders.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
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Introduction
The possible release of nano-objects (nanoscale pigments and extenders) from paints, varnishes and
pigmented plastics into surrounding air or liquid is an important consideration in health and safety,
for the end user and the environment. Therefore, it is important to obtain data about the propensity of
[10]
pigmented paints and plastics to release nano-objects, thereby allowing exposure to be evaluated ,
controlled and minimized. This property will likely depend on both the physico-chemical properties of
the nano-objects and the matrix containing the nano-objects.
The currently available methods to assess the propensity of pigmented paints, varnishes and plastics
to release nano-objects into the air require energy to be applied to a sample to induce abrasion, erosion
or comminution, which cause dissemination of the particles into the gaseous phase, i.e. generation of
aerosols.
Due to their higher sensitivity, the particle number concentration and the number-weighted particle
size distribution are necessary for the quantification of the release of nano-objects since the particle
mass depends on the cubed particle diameter and the mass concentrations of nano-objects are too low
in order to detect them with currently commercially available instruments. Further measurements,
such as the total particle surface concentration, e.g. References [11] and [12], can be helpful for the
interpretation e.g. in regard to health aspects. If the shape, morphology, porosity, and density of
the particle material are known, an exact conversion into the different quantity types is possible by
measuring the total particle size distribution.
Beside the selection of appropriate measurement instrumentation, a quantitative assessment of
process-induced particle release requires furthermore detailed information on the samples, the
introduced stress and the kind of interconnection with the instruments. Figure 1 shows for example the
single stages, which have to be considered for the quantitative characterization of airborne particulate
release.
[5]
Figure 1 — Stages for the characterization of process-induced airborne particulate release
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oSIST prEN ISO 21683:2020
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 21683:2019(E)
Pigments and extenders — Determination of
experimentally simulated nano-object release from paints,
varnishes and pigmented plastics
1 Scope
This document specifies a method for experimental determination of the release of nanoscale pigments
and extenders into the environment following a mechanical stress of paints, varnishes and pigmented
plastics.
The method is used to evaluate if and how many particles of defined size and distribution under stress
(type and height of applied energy) are released from surfaces and emitted into the environment.
The samples are aged, weathered or otherwise conditioned to simulate the whole lifecycle.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 9276-1, Representation of results of particle size analysis — Part 1: Graphical representation
ISO/TS 80004-1, Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 1: Core terms
ISO/TS 80004-2, Nanotechnologies — Vocabulary — Part 2: Nano-objects
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/TS 80004-1, ISO/TS 80004-2
and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1 General terms and definitions
3.1.1
aerosol
system of solid or liquid particles suspended in gas
[SOURCE: ISO 15900:2009, 2.1]
3.1.2
nanoscale
length range approximately from 1 nm to 100 nm
Note 1 to entry: Properties that are not extrapolations from a larger size are predominantly exhibited in this
length range.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.1]
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3.1.3
nanoparticle
nano-object (3.1.4) with all external dimensions in the nanoscale (3.1.2) where the lengths of the longest
and the shortest axes of the nano-object do not differ significantly
Note 1 to entry: If the dimensions differ significantly (typically by more than 3 times), terms such as nanofibre or
nanoplate may be preferred to the term nanoparticle.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-2:2015, 4.4]
3.1.4
nano-object
discrete piece of material with one, two or three external dimensions in the nanoscale (3.1.2)
Note 1 to entry: The second and third external dimensions are orthogonal to the first dimension and to each other.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 80004-1:2015, 2.5]
3.1.5
paint
pigmented coating material which, when applied to a substrate, forms an opaque dried film having
protective, decorative or specific technical properties
[SOURCE: ISO 4618:2014, 2.184]
3.1.6
equivalent spherical diameter
x
diameter of a sphere having the same physical properties as the particle in the measurement
Note 1 to entry: Physical properties are for instance the same settling velocity or electrolyte solution displacing
volume or projection area under a microscope.
Note 2 to entry: The physical property to which the equivalent diameter refers shall be indicated using a suitable
subscript, for example x for equivalent surface area diameter or x for equivalent volume diameter.
S V
[SOURCE: ISO 26824:2013, 1.6]
3.1.7
particle size distribution
PSD
cumulative distribution of the fraction of material smaller (undersize) than given particle sizes,
represented by equivalent spherical diameters or other linear dimensions or distribution density of the
fraction of material in a size class, divided by the width of that class
Note 1 to entry: Particle size distributions are described in ISO 9276-1.
3.1.8
condensation particle counter
CPC
instrument that measures the particle number concentration of an aerosol (3.1.1)
Note 1 to entry: The sizes of particles detected is usually smaller than several hundred nanometres and larger
than a few nanometres.
Note 2 to entry: A CPC is one possible detector for use with a DEMC.
Note 3 to entry: In some cases, a condensation particle counter may be called a condensation nucleus counter (CNC).
[SOURCE: ISO 15900:2009, 2.5]
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3.1.9
differential electrical mobility classifier
DEMC
classifier that is able to select aerosol (3.1.1) particles according to their electrical mobility and pass
them to its exit
Note 1 to entry: A DEMC classifies aerosol particle sizes by balancing the electrical force on each particle with
its aerodynamic drag force in an electrical field. Classified particles are in a narrow range of electrical mobility
determined by the operating conditions and physical dimensions of the DEMC, while they can have different sizes
due to difference in the number of charges that they have.
[SOURCE: ISO 15900:2009, 2.7]
3.1.10
differential mobility analysing system
DMAS
system to measure the size distribution of submicrometre aerosol (3.1.1) particles consisting of a DEMC,
flow metres, a particle detector, interconnecting plumbing, a computer and suitable software
[SOURCE: ISO 15900:2009, 2.8]
3.2 Specific terms and definitions
3.2.1
particle release from paints, varnishes and plastics
transfer of material from paints, varnishes and plastics to a liquid or gas as a consequence of
mechanical stress
3.2.2
particle number release
n
total number of particles in a specified size range, released from a test specimen as a consequence of
mechanical stress
3.2.3
area-specific particle number release
n
A
particle number release (3.2.2), divided by the stressed surface area of the test specimen
3.2.4
mass-specific particle number release
n
m
particle number release (3.2.2), divided by the mass of removed material
3.2.5
total volume flow rate
V
t
volume flow rate, which takes up all air-transported emissions at the particle source and transfers them
3.2.6
particle number concentration
n
V
number of particles per volume of air
3.2.7
process concentration
particle number concentration (3.2.6), which results from the total volume flow rate (3.2.5) and the
particle number release (3.2.2) as a consequence of mechanical stress on the test specimens
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3.2.8
measuring concentration
particle number concentration (3.2.6), which is calibrated by defined dilution of the process concentration
(3.2.7), in order to establish optimal conditions for the aerosol analysis
3.2.9
model room concentration
particle number concentration (3.2.6), which results from the area-specific particle number release
(3.2.3) under optimal mixing conditions for a defined room height
Note 1 to entry: The model room concentration is independent of the selected test conditions and represents a
reference concentration for real particle number concentrations (e.g. particle pollution in the laboratory) when
the height of the model room has been selected carefully.
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following symbols (see Table 1) and abbreviated terms (see
Table 2) apply.
Table 1 — Symbols
Symbol Dimension SI unit
n particle number release Without dimension
−3
n particle number concentration m
V
−2
n area-specific particle number release m
A
−1
n mass-specific particle number release kg
m
3 −1
V total volume flow m s
t
Table 2 — Abbreviated terms
Abbreviation Meaning
APS aerodynamic particle sizer
CPC condensation particle counter
DEMAS differential electrical mobility analysing system
DEMC differential electrical mobility classifier
EAD electrical aerosol detector
EDX energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
EEPS engine exhaust particle sizer
ELPI electrical low pressure impactor
ESP electrostatic precipitator
FAPES fast aerosol particle emission spectrometer
FMPS fast mobility particle sizer
HEPA high efficiency particulate air filter
ICP-MS inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
ICP-OES inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry
LAS laser aerosol spectrometer
NSAM nanoparticle surface area monitor
OPC optical particle counter
OPS optical particle sizer
PM particulate matter
PSD particle size distribution
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Table 2 (continued)
Abbreviation Meaning
SEM scanning electron microscopy
SMPS scanning mobility particle sizer
TEM transmission electron microscopy
TP thermal precipitator
WRAS wide range aerosol sampler
5 Methods of stress
5.1 Test specimens requirements
Coatings applied on respective substrates or solid materials are suitable test specimens. For good
reproducibility the test specimens should be plane and a homogenous distribution of the pigments or
extenders in the matrix material should be given.
For interpretation of the measuring results reference test specimens shall be prepared in addition
to the actual test specimens. Unpigmented or unfilled test specimens can give information on the
influence of these in regard to particle release. For analysing aged or weathered test specimens, unaged
or unweathered equivalent test specimens shall be consulted for data interpretation.
An important aspect is the given condition of the test specimen. Detailed information on preparation
of test specimens, used pigments and extenders, on pre-conditioning and treatment (ageing, exposure)
shall be documented.
Contaminations of the test specimens during preparation, pre-conditioning, pre-treatment, transport,
and storage shall be reduced to a minimum. Finished test specimens shall be analysed promptly in order
to avoid changes of the physico-chemical properties (e.g. hardness, elasticity) of the test specimens due
to impacts of external influences (e.g. temperature variation, UV radiation).
When transporting the test specimens, it shall be observed that the test specimens are not contaminated
due to contact with the container used for transport or other test specimens. The duration of contact
with ambient aerosol shall be minimized as far as possible.
5.2 Test apparatus requirements
5.2.1 General
The test apparatus shall cover the aspects of introduction of the test specimens, the stress application
on the test specimens, and the sampling.
For the verification of systematic analysis, i.e. for obtaining reproducible results, the test specimens
shall be introduced so that the stress is applied only once in order to avoid interferences of repeating
applications of energy and constant changes of the stress intensity of the test specimen under test.
Particle number release quantification requires a test apparatus for the simulation of mechanical
stress. The intensity of mechanical should be adjustable to the physico-chemical properties of the test
specimen. The test apparatus should be described carefully, and appropriate test parameter should be
identified before testing. For testing, the test parameter shall be adjusted, checked, and documented.
In order to enable quantification of particle number release, all of the particles released as consequence
of mechanical stress shall be measured as close as possible to the location of their formation.
NOTE Mechanical stress application on test specimens can lead to thermal particle generation, which could
lead to an overestimation of the particle number release.
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5.2.2 Stress processes — Process parameters and characteristics
The process parameters to be applied for testing and the derivable process characteristics shall be
selected in correspondence to the materials to be stressed, see Table 3.
NOTE See also Annex A.
Table 3 — Process parameters and characteristics of selected stress application processes
Process (example) Process parameter Process characteristics
— Total volume flow rate — Speed, flow
Overflow
Wind erosion on buildings,
— Nozzle diameter — Suction performance
Stress of flow on moving
vehicles
— Speed, feed of test specimen
— Total volume flow rate — Support pressure
— Normal force — Friction force
— Contact surface — Friction performance
Friction
Skin contact on coatings
— Friction path
— Material combination
— Speed, feed of test specimen
— Total volume flow rate — Support pressure
— Normal force — Tangential force
Abrasion stress
— Contact surface — Cutting force ratio - Cutting
performance - Speed ratio (see
Processing of materials
— Abrasion surface
Reference [1])
during manufacturing of
products, reworking of
— Rotational speed/revolution
damaged surfaces
— Speed, feed of test specimen
— Abrasive paper
6 Measuring methods
6.1 Measurands
The quantification of the particle release requires the analysis of three higher-ranking measurements:
— particle concentration;
— particle size;
— particle material.
The particle size as well as the concentration can be determined for aerosols in different quantity types
(e.g.: particle number concentration, aerosol length concentration, mass concentration). The number
represents the most sensitive quantity type in regard to air-transported nanoparticles and shall be
consulted preferably for aerosol characterization (particle number concentration, number-weighted
particle size distribution) because of the availability of commercially available measuring devices.
NOTE See Annex B.
At present, only a quantification of all particle emissions is possible by means of aerosol measuring
methods. A material-selective quantification of the release of pigment or extender nanoparticles
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embedded in the paint or pigmented plastics is only possible limitedly by separate direct (e.g. EDX, ICP-
MS, ICP-OES) and indirect measuring methods (e.g. morphological analysis via SEM, TEM).
For the reproducibility and transferability of the analysis results or for the process characterization
further suitable measurements shall be obtained depending on the objective:
— mass abrasion during material-removing stress application;
— ambient conditions (temperature, humidity);
— aerosol charge state.
6.2 Aerosol measuring methods
For the characterization of aerosols numerous measuring methods are commercially available. In
accordance with References [2], [7] and [9], aerosol measuring and collecting methods can be assigned
to the following four categories:
— size resolved and time resolved measuring methods (e.g. FMPS, EEPS, FAPES, ELPI, OPS);
— size resolved and time integrated measuring methods (e.g. cascade impactor, WRAS);
— size integrated and time resolved measuring methods (e.g. CPC);
— size integrated and time integrated measuring methods (e.g. ESP, TP, filter).
The selection of the methods to be used for measuring aerosols depends on the type of exposure and the
resulting aerosol, i.e. on the particle size distribution and the run of the particle number concentration.
For processes with short-term aerosol generation (<60 s) or with heavy changes of the particle number
concentration high-resolution measuring methods (≤1 s) in regard to time shall be used (e.g. CPC, FMPS,
EEPS, FAPES). Due to the functional principle of the presently available aerosol measuring methods of
−3
category a) for the nanometre range respective minimum measuring concentrations (>100 cm ) shall
be given in order to detect usable signals.
Scanning mobility particle sizers (SMPS, DEMAS: DEMC+CPC) have the highest sensitivity and precision
for the characterization of aerosols in the range of sizes of about 5 nm to 1 000 nm, however, when
discontinuities in the particle number concentration occur they lead to errors in the particle size
distribution (e.g. concentration increase during the measuring cycle in the SMPS at continuous or
gradual increase of the scanning voltage leads to a rougher PSD than actually exists).
For high particle number concentrations, technical measures for the defined reduction can be taken
while concentrating is more difficult in order to reach an optimal measuring concentration. According
to their physical functional principles, aerosol measuring methods can only cover a limited particle size
range, which requires a combination of several measuring methods for a quantitative characterization
of the process aerosol. In this case, however, the operation conditions specified by the manufacturer
shall be observed.
Numerous methods for measuring aerosols are intended for aerosol analyses under atmospheric
pressure, only slight changes of the pressure level (high or low pressure) can strongly bias the
measuring results.
The majority of commercially available methods for measuring aerosols has a separator for large
particles (e.g. aero-cyclone, impactor) on the aerosol feed, which primarily changes the aerosol
composition at the margins of the measuring range
...