SIST EN ISO 19136:2009

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
SIST EN ISO 19136:2009
01-maj-2009
*HRJUDIVNHLQIRUPDFLMH-H]LN]DR]QDþHYDQMHJHRJUDIVNLKSRGDWNRY*0/,62

Geographic information - Geography Markup Language (GML) (ISO 19136:2007)
Geoinformation - Geography Markup Language (GML) (ISO 19136:2007)
Information géographique - Langage de balisage en géographie (GML) (ISO
19136:2007)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 19136:2009
ICS:
35.240.70 Uporabniške rešitve IT v IT applications in science
znanosti
SIST EN ISO 19136:2009 en,fr
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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SIST EN ISO 19136:2009

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SIST EN ISO 19136:2009
EUROPEAN STANDARD
EN ISO 19136
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
March 2009
ICS 35.240.70
English Version
Geographic information - Geography Markup Language (GML)
(ISO 19136:2007)
Information géographique - Langage de balisage en
géographie (GML) (ISO 19136:2007)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 25 January 2009.
CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this European
Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national
standards may be obtained on application to the CEN Management Centre or to any CEN member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation
under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN Management Centre has the same status as the
official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal,
Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2009 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 19136:2009: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

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SIST EN ISO 19136:2009
EN ISO 19136:2009 (E)
Contents Page
Foreword .3

2

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SIST EN ISO 19136:2009
EN ISO 19136:2009 (E)
Foreword
The text of ISO 19136:2007 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211 “Geographic
information/Geomatics” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over
as EN ISO 19136:2009 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 287 “Geographic Information” the secretariat of
which is held by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical
text or by endorsement, at the latest by September 2009, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by September 2009.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain,
Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 19136:2007 has been approved by CEN as a EN ISO 19136:2009 without any modification.

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SIST EN ISO 19136:2009

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SIST EN ISO 19136:2009

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19136
First edition
2007-09-01

Geographic information — Geography
Markup Language (GML)
Information géographique — Langage de balisage en géographie
(GML)




Reference number
ISO 19136:2007(E)
©
ISO 2007

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SIST EN ISO 19136:2009
ISO 19136:2007(E)
PDF disclaimer
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©  ISO 2007
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
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ii © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 19136:2009
ISO 19136:2007(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. vi
Introduction . vii
1 Scope . 1
2 Conformance. 1
2.1 Conformance requirements. 1
2.2 Conformance classes related to GML application schemas. 2
2.3 Conformance classes related to GML profiles . 2
2.4 Conformance classes related to GML documents. 4
2.5 Conformance classes related to software implementations. 4
3 Normative references . 4
4 Terms and symbols . 5
4.1 Terms and definitions. 5
4.2 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 12
5 Conventions . 13
5.1 XML namespaces. 13
5.2 Versioning . 14
5.3 Deprecated parts of previous versions of GML. 14
5.4 UML notation. 14
5.5 XML Schema. 16
6 Overview of the GML schema. 16
6.1 GML schema. 16
6.2 GML application schemas . 16
6.3 Relationship between the ISO 19100 series of International Standards, the GML schema
and GML application schemas . 17
6.4 Organization of this International Standard.18
6.5 Deprecated and experimental schema components. 19
7 GML schema — General rules and base schema components . 20
7.1 GML model and syntax. 20
7.2 gmlBase schema components . 22
8 GML schema — Xlinks and basic types . 33
8.1 Xlinks — Object associations and remote properties . 33
8.2 Basic types . 34
9 GML schema — Features. 43
9.1 General concepts. 43
9.2 Relationship with ISO 19109. 43
9.3 Features . 43
9.4 Standard feature properties. 44
9.5 Geometry properties. 46
9.6 Topology properties . 48
9.7 Temporal properties . 48
9.8 Defining application-specific feature types .49
9.9 Feature collections . 50
9.10 Spatial reference system used in a feature or feature collection . 52
10 GML schema — Geometric primitives. 52
10.1 General concepts. 52
10.2 Abstract geometric primitives . 58
10.3 Geometric primitives (0-dimensional) . 59
© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved iii

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SIST EN ISO 19136:2009
ISO 19136:2007(E)
10.4 Geometric primitives (1-dimensional). 60
10.5 Geometric primitives (2-dimensional). 72
10.6 Geometric primitives (3-dimensional). 81
11 GML schema — Geometric complex, geometric composites and geometric aggregates . 83
11.1 Overview . 83
11.2 Geometric complex and geometric composites. 84
11.3 Geometric aggregates . 86
12 GML schema — Coordinate reference systems schemas. 91
12.1 Overview . 91
12.2 Reference systems . 93
12.3 Coordinate reference systems. 95
12.4 Coordinate systems. 103
12.5 Datums . 110
12.6 Coordinate operations. 117
13 GML schema — Topology. 129
13.1 General concepts . 129
13.2 Abstract topology . 130
13.3 Topological primitives . 130
13.4 Topological collections . 135
13.5 Topology complex . 137
14 GML schema — Temporal information and dynamic features. 139
14.1 General concepts . 139
14.2 Temporal schema. 140
14.3 Temporal topology schema . 148
14.4 Temporal reference systems . 151
14.5 Representing dynamic features. 158
15 GML schema — Definitions and dictionaries. 162
15.1 Overview . 162
15.2 Dictionary schema . 162
16 GML schema — Units, measures and values. 165
16.1 Introduction . 165
16.2 Units schema. 165
16.3 Measures schema . 171
16.4 Value objects schema. 172
17 GML schema — Directions. 179
17.1 Direction schema . 179
17.2 direction, DirectionPropertyType . 179
17.3 DirectionVectorType . 180
17.4 DirectionDescriptionType . 180
18 GML schema — Observations . 181
18.1 Observations . 181
18.2 Observation schema. 182
19 GML schema — Coverages. 185
19.1 The coverage model and representations. 185
19.2 Grids schema. 188
19.3 Coverage schema . 191
20 Profiles . 205
20.1 Profiles of GML and application schemas. 205
20.2 Definition of profile . 205
20.3 Relation to application schema . 205
20.4 Rules for elements and types in a profile. 206
20.5 Rules for referencing GML profiles from application schemas . 207
20.6 Recommendations for application schemas using GML profiles. 207
20.7 Summary of rules for GML profiles. 208
iv © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 19136:2009
ISO 19136:2007(E)
21 Rules for GML application schemas. 208
21.1 Instances of GML objects . 208
21.2 GML application schemas . 209
21.3 Schemas defining Features and Feature Collections. 212
21.4 Schemas defining spatial geometries . 213
21.5 Schemas defining spatial topologies . 214
21.6 Schemas defining time. 215
21.7 Schemas defining coordinate reference systems. 215
21.8 Schemas defining coverages . 216
21.9 Schemas defining observations. 218
21.10 Schemas defining dictionaries and definitions . 219
21.11 Schemas defining values. 220
21.12 GML profiles of the GML schema. 220
Annex A (normative) Abstract test suites for GML application schemas, GML profiles and GML
documents. 223
Annex B (normative) Abstract test suite for software implementations. 238
Annex C (informative) GML schema. 242
Annex D (normative)  Implemented Profile of the ISO 19100 series of International Standards and
Extensions. 244
Annex E (normative) UML-to-GML application schema encoding rules . 309
Annex F (normative) GML-to-UML application schema encoding rules . 329
Annex G (informative) Guidelines for subsetting the GML schema . 339
Annex H (informative) Default styling . 352
Annex I (informative) Backwards compatibility with earlier versions of GML. 363
Annex J (informative) Modularization and dependencies. 380
Bibliography . 382
Index. 384

© ISO 2007 – All rights reserved v

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SIST EN ISO 19136:2009
ISO 19136:2007(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19136 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 211, Geographic information/Geomatics.
The Geography Markup Language (GML) was originally developed within the Open Geospatial Consortium,
Inc. (OGC). ISO 19136 was prepared by ISO/TC 211 jointly with OGC.
vi © ISO 2007 – All rights reserved

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SIST EN ISO 19136:2009
ISO 19136:2007(E)
Introduction
Geography Markup Language is an XML grammar written in XML Schema for the description of application
schemas as well as the transport and storage of geographic information.
The key concepts used by Geography Markup Language (GML) to model the world are drawn from the
ISO 19100 series of International Standards and the OpenGIS Abstract Specification.
A feature is an “abstraction of real world phenomena” (ISO 19101); it is a geographic feature if it is associated
with a location relative to the Earth. So a digital representation of the real world may be thought of as a set of
features. The state of a feature is defined by a set of properties, where each property may be thought of as a
{name, type, value} triple.
The number of properties a feature may have, together with their names and types, is determined by its type
definition. Geographic features with geometry are those with properties that may be geometry-valued. A
feature collection is a collection of features that may itself be regarded as a feature; as a consequence a
feature collection has a feature type and thus may have distinct properties of its own, in addition to the
features it contains.
Following ISO 19109, the feature types of an application or application domain is usually captured in an
application schema. A GML application schema is specified in XML Schema and can be constructed in two
different and alternative ways:
⎯ by adhering to the rules specified in ISO 19109 for application schemas in UML, and conforming to both
the constraints on such schemas and the rules for mapping them to GML application schemas specified
in this International Standard;
⎯ by adhering to the rules for GML application schemas specified in this International Standard for creating
a GML application schema directly in XML Schema.
Both ways are supported by this International Standard. To ensure proper use of the conceptual modelling
framework of the ISO 19100 series of International Standards, all application schemas are expected to be
modelled in accordance with the General Feature Model as specified in ISO 19109. Within the ISO 19100
series, UML is the preferred language by which to model conceptual schemas.
GML specifies XML encodings, conformant with ISO 19118, of several of the conceptual classes defined in
the ISO 19100 series of International Standards and the OpenGIS Abstract Specification. These conceptual
models include those defined in:
⎯ ISO/TS 19103 — Conceptual schema language (units of measure, basic types);
⎯ ISO 19107 — Spatial schema (geometry and topology objects);
⎯ ISO 19108 — Temporal schema (temporal geometry and topology objects, temporal reference systems);
⎯ ISO 19109 — Rules for application schemas (features);
⎯ ISO 19111 — Spatial referencing by coordinates (coordinate reference systems);
⎯ ISO 19123 — Schema for coverage geometry and functions.
The aim is to provide a standardized encoding (i.e. a standardized implementation in XML) of types specified
in the conceptual models specified by the International Standards listed above. If every application schema
were encoded independently and the encoding process included the types from, for example, ISO 19108, then,
© ISO 2007 – A
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