ISO/IEC TR 24748-2:2011

TECHNICAL ISO/IEC
REPORT TR
24748-2
First edition
2011-09-01


Systems and software engineering — Life
cycle management —
Part 2:
Guide to the application of ISO/IEC 15288
(System life cycle processes)
Ingénierie des systèmes et du logiciel — Gestion du cycle de vie —
Partie 2: Guide pour l'application de l'ISO/CEI 15288 (Processus du
cycle de vie du système)




Reference number
ISO/IEC TR 24748-2:2011(E)
©
ISO/IEC 2011

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 24748-2:2011(E)

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT


©  ISO/IEC 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56  CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland

ii © ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 24748-2:2011(E)
Contents Page
Foreword . v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions . 1
3 Overview of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 . 1
3.1 General . 1
3.2 Structure of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 . 1
3.3 Context of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 . 2
3.4 Comparison to prior version of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 . 4
4 Application concepts . 5
4.1 Overview . 5
4.2 System concepts . 6
4.3 Life cycle concepts . 6
4.4 Process concepts . 6
4.4.1 General . 6
4.4.2 Process principles . 8
4.4.3 Process categories of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 . 9
4.4.4 Recursive/iterative application of processes . 10
4.5 Organizational concepts . 12
4.5.1 General . 12
4.5.2 Responsibility . 12
4.5.3 Organizational relationships . 12
4.5.4 Project organizational structure . 13
4.6 Project concepts . 13
4.6.1 General . 13
4.6.2 Project relationships . 14
4.6.3 Enabling system relationships . 15
4.6.4 Hierarchy of projects . 16
4.7 Adaptation concepts . 17
4.7.1 General . 17
4.7.2 Adaptation . 18
4.7.3 Life cycle adaptation . 18
4.7.4 Adaptation for domains, disciplines and specialties . 18
4.7.5 Tailoring . 19
5 Applying ISO/IEC 15288:2008 . 19
5.1 Overview . 19
5.2 Application strategy . 19
5.2.1 Overview . 19
5.2.2 Planning the application . 20
5.2.3 Conduct pilot project(s) . 21
5.2.4 Formalize the approach . 22
5.2.5 Institutionalize the approach . 22
5.3 Application in organizations . 22
5.3.1 Overview . 22
5.3.2 Considerations and techniques . 23
5.3.3 Application opportunities . 23
5.3.4 Management commitment . 24
5.3.5 Uses of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 within an organization . 24
5.4 Application on projects . 25
© ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 24748-2:2011(E)
5.4.1 Overview .25
5.4.2 Application of agreement processes on a project .25
5.4.3 Application of technical processes to a project .28
5.4.4 Application of processes in a life cycle model .39
Annex A (informative) Notes for application of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 processes .49
A.1 General .49
A.2 Agreement processes notes (Clause 6.1) .49
A.3 Organizational project-enabling processes notes (Clause 6.2) .51
A.4 Project processes notes (Clause 6.3) .54
A.5 Technical processes notes (Clause 6.4) .64
Bibliography .76

iv © ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 24748-2:2011(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
In exceptional circumstances, when the joint technical committee has collected data of a different kind from
that which is normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example), it may decide to
publish a Technical Report. A Technical Report is entirely informative in nature and shall be subject to review
every five years in the same manner as an International Standard.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC TR 24748-2 was prepared by Joint Technical Committee ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology,
Subcommittee SC 7, Software and systems engineering.
This first edition of ISO/IEC TR 24748-2 cancels and replaces ISO/IEC TR 19760:2003, which has been
technically revised.
ISO/IEC TR 24748 consists of the following parts, under the general title Systems and software
engineering — Life cycle management:
 Part 1: Guide for life cycle management
 Part 2: Guide to the application of ISO/IEC 15288 (System life cycle processes)
 Part 3: Guide to the application of ISO/IEC 12207 (Software life cycle processes)
© ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 24748-2:2011(E)
Introduction
ISO/IEC 12207:1995 (Information technology — Software life cycle processes) and ISO/IEC 15288:2002
(Systems engineering — System life cycle processes) have application guides (ISO/IEC TR 15271:1998 and
ISO/IEC 19760:2003, respectively) for the use of each International Standard individually. However, both
International Standards were re-published in 2008 after significant revisions to align their terminology and
structure. As a consequence, the two published application guides no longer relate to their respective
standards and can not provide the guidance intended.
ISO/IEC TR 24748-1 (Systems and software engineering — Life cycle management — Part 1: Guide for life
cycle management) was published in 2010 to facilitate the joint usage of the process content of
ISO/IEC 15288:2008 and ISO/IEC 12207:2008 by providing unified and consolidated guidance on life cycle
management of systems and software. This helps ensure consistency in system concepts and life cycle
concepts, models, stages, processes, process application, key points of view, adaptation and use in various
domains as the two standards are used in combination. That in turn helps a project design a life cycle model
for managing the progress of its project. ISO/IEC TR 24748-1 also aids in identifying and planning use of life
cycle processes described in ISO/IEC 15288 and ISO/IEC 12207 that enable the product or service project to
be completed successfully, meeting its objectives/requirements for each stage and for the overall project.
This part of ISO/IEC TR 24748 supports use of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 and replaces ISO/IEC TR 19760. This
part of ISO/IEC TR 24748 and its companion, ISO/IEC TR 24748-3 (Guide to the application of
ISO/IEC 12207) — which replaces ISO/IEC TR 15271 — continue and make use of the alignment effort
evident in the two revised International Standards. Both terminology and structure in the guides are identical
wherever possible and content is aligned consistent with that in the two International Standards. Consequently,
the users of ISO/IEC 12207:2008 and ISO/IEC 15288:2008 will benefit from having documents
complementarily addressing all aspects of products or services over their life cycle.
Besides the above, there is also increasing recognition of the importance of ensuring that all life cycle stages,
and all aspects within each stage, are supported with thorough guidance enabling alignment with any process
documents subsequently created that focus on areas besides systems and software. This could include
hardware, humans, processes (e.g. review process), procedures (e.g. operator instructions), facilities and
naturally occurring entities (e.g. water, organisms, minerals). The concept and structure of the
ISO/IEC TR 24748 series of Technical Reports is intended to allow its extension to such additional domains
where that will provide value to users.
vi © ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/IEC TR 24748-2:2011(E)

Systems and software engineering — Life cycle management —
Part 2:
Guide to the application of ISO/IEC 15288 (System life cycle
processes)
1 Scope
This part of ISO/IEC TR 24748 is a guide for the application of ISO/IEC 15288:2008. It addresses system, life
cycle, process, organizational, project, and adaptation concepts, principally through reference to
ISO/IEC TR 24748-1 and ISO/IEC 15288:2008. It then gives guidance on applying ISO/IEC 15288:2008 from
the aspects of strategy, planning, application in organizations, and application on projects.
This part of ISO/IEC TR 24748 is intentionally aligned with both ISO/IEC TR 24748-1 and
ISO/IEC TR 24748-3 (Guide to the application of ISO/IEC 12207) in its terminology, structure and content.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO/IEC 12207:2008, ISO/IEC
15288:2008 and ISO/IEC TR 24748-1:2010, apply.
3 Overview of ISO/IEC 15288:2008
3.1 General
ISO/IEC 15288:2008, Systems and software engineering – System life cycle processes, establishes a common
framework for system life cycle processes, with well-defined terminology, that can be referenced by the
systems engineering industry. It applies to the acquisition of systems, which can be comprised of products,
services, or both, as well as to the supply, development, operation, maintenance, and disposal of systems,
whether performed internally or externally to an organization.
ISO/IEC 15288:2008 may be used stand alone or jointly with other International Standards, such as
ISO/IEC 12207, and supplies a process reference model that supports process capability assessment in
accordance with ISO/IEC 15504-2 (Process assessment).
The purpose of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 is to provide a defined set of processes to facilitate communication
among acquirers, suppliers and other stakeholders in the life cycle of a system. ISO/IEC 15288:2008 is written
for acquirers of systems and for suppliers, developers, operators, maintainers, managers, quality assurance
managers, and users of systems.
3.2 Structure of ISO/IEC 15288:2008
ISO/IEC 15288:2008 contains requirements in two Clauses:
 Clause 6, which defines the requirements for the system life cycle processes,
 Annex A that provides requirements for tailoring of ISO/IEC 15288:2008.
© ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
Have
span of
interest
ISO/IEC TR 24748-2:2011(E)
Five informative annexes support the use of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 or its harmonization with
ISO/IEC 12207:2008:
 Annex B provides information about use of the system life cycle processes as a process reference model
to support process assessment.
 Annex C provides a description of the process constructs used in ISO/IEC 15288:2008.
 Annex D provides an example of a process view for Specialty Engineering, intended to illustrate how a
project might assemble processes, activities and tasks of ISO/IEC 15288 to provide focused attention to
the achievement of product characteristics that have been selected as being of special interest.
 Annex E describes the alignment of the processes of ISO/IEC 15288 and ISO/IEC 12207.
 Annex F provides support for IEEE users and describes relationships of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 to IEEE
standards.
Readers of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 are advised to consult clause 5 of that International Standard to gain
understanding of the key concepts used.
3.3 Context of ISO/IEC 15288:2008
ISO/IEC 15288:2008 has a focus on the processes that are used by or for a project that exists in a defined
relationship with the organization, other projects and enabling systems. A project is assigned responsibility
that encompasses one or more life cycle stages of the system-of-interest. ISO/IEC 15288:2008 is applicable
to organizations and projects whether they act as the acquirer or the supplier of a system and whether the
system is comprised of products, services, or a combination of both.
The context of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 is illustrated in Figure 1.
Project span of
control
System-of-
Organizations
interest Organizations
Organizations
Enabling
system
Create and monitor
projects
Projects
Projects
Projects
System-of-
interest
Apply processes to perform
Life cycle stages required work on or with
software within life cycle
(s , s , …, s )
1 2 n
stages

Figure 1 — Context of ISO/IEC 15288:2008
2 © ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved

em
Have syst
focus

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 24748-2:2011(E)
A single project may involve multiple organizations working together as partners. Such a project should use
ISO/IEC 15288:2008 to establish common terminology, as well as information flows and interfaces among the
several organizations to enhance communications.
When an organization applies ISO/IEC 15288:2008 to a particular system, that system becomes the system-
of-interest. The system-of-interest has a life cycle that consists of multiple stages through which the system
passes during its lifetime, denoted s , s , … s . An example of typical stages is:
1 2 n
 s : concept,
1
 s : development,
2
 s : production,
3
 s : utilization,
4
 s : support,
5
 s retirement.
6
NOTE 1 Stages are described in clause 5.2.2 of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 and in clauses 3.2 and 4 of ISO/IEC TR 24748-1.
NOTE 2 The management of the progression from one stage to another and the engineering activities associated with
providing appropriate work products and decision-making information are described in clause 5 of ISO/IEC TR 24748-1.
A number of enabling systems are deployed throughout the system life cycle to provide the system-of-interest
with support as needed. Each life cycle stage can require one or more enabling systems. Enabling systems
that cooperate with the system-of-interest during its utilization, support and retirement stages can be needed,
as well. It is important to note that an enabling system has its own life cycle and that when
ISO/IEC 15288:2008 is applied to it, it then becomes a system-of-interest.
NOTE 3 The role and use of enabling systems are described in clauses 4.6.3 and 5.4.3.5 of this Technical Report.
NOTE 4 For related material on enabling systems, see also clause 5.1.4 of ISO/IEC 15288 and clause 3.1.5 of
ISO/IEC TR 24748-1.
ISO/IEC 15288:2008 is applicable at any level of the structure associated with a system-of-interest. As a
system is decomposed recursively into its system elements, the processes of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 may be
used for each system and system element in the system structure. Each system and system element has a
life cycle of its own and its own set of enabling systems.
NOTE 5 For related material on system structure, see clause 5.1.3 of ISO/IEC 15288 and clause 3.1.4 of
ISO/IEC TR 24748-1.
NOTE 6 A view from a project hierarchy perspective is given in Clause 4.6.4 of this Technical Report.
In order to perform needed operations and transformations upon systems during their life cycles, the
organization creates and monitors projects. Projects have defined scope, resources (including time) and focus.
The scope can involve managing all of the stages of the life cycle, a subset of the stages, one or more defined
processes or one or more process activities. The time scale can be of varying duration, for example one hour
or tens of years. The focus of the project is related to the system-of-interest and its systems and system
elements in some form of system structure or stage partitioning.
NOTE 7 Related project concepts are described in Clause 4.6 of this Technical Report.
NOTE 8 System life cycle concepts are described in clause 3.2 of ISO/IEC TR 24748-1.
Organizations focus on systems that are created by projects within the organization or in conjunction with
other organizations. Projects have a span of interest that includes the system-of-interest and its related
© ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved 3

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 24748-2:2011(E)
enabling systems. Some enabling systems are under direct control of the project. The system-of-interest and
those enabling systems make up the project span of control.
NOTE 9 The span of interest is described in Clause 4.6.3 of this Technical Report.
The work performed by projects is on or with the system-of-interest within one or more life cycle stages. The
scope of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 includes the definition of an appropriate life cycle for a system, the selection of
processes to be applied throughout the life cycle and the application of these processes to fulfil agreements
and achieve customer satisfaction.
ISO/IEC 15288:2008 can be applied to all types of product- or service-focused systems and system elements
consisting of one or more of the following: hardware, software, humans, processes, procedures, facilities, and
naturally occurring entities. The use of ISO/IEC 15288:2008 for systems within this broad scope is one of its
main advantages.
The use of the standard may be adapted to accommodate the varying project requirements in treating system
life cycles.
NOTE 10 This may be performed by adapting the life cycle as described in clauses 6 and 7 of ISO/IEC TR 24748-1 and
tailoring described in Annex A of ISO/IEC 15288:2008.
3.4 Comparison to prior version of ISO/IEC 15288:2008
Clause 9.1 of Technical Report ISO/IEC TR 24748-1 gives extensive detailed comparison between the 2002
and 2008 versions of International Standard ISO/IEC 15288, as well as comparisons between the old and new
versions of International Standard ISO/IEC 12207 and between International Standards ISO/IEC 15288 and
ISO/IEC 12207. Basically:
 The structure of the processes in ISO/IEC 15288:2008 has been changed to align with the structure in
ISO/IEC 12207:2008 by decomposing process activities into more detailed tasks.
 Individual processes have been adjusted in both International Standards. This mostly consists of process
renaming in ISO/IEC 15288:2008, with a few processes added or combined with others, as shown in
Figure 2.
ISO/IEC 15288:2002 ISO/IEC 15288:2008
Clause Process Clause Process Changes
5 System life cycle processes 6 System life cycle processes
5.1 Introduction Deleted
5.2 Agreement processes 6.1 Agreement processes Numbering
5.2.1 Introduction 6.1 Agreement processes Combined into
6.1; deleted
separate clause
5.2.2 Acquisition process 6.1.1 Acquisition process Numbering
5.2.3 Supply process 6.1.2 Supply process Numbering
5.3 Enterprise processes 6.2 Organizational project- Topic and title
enabling processes revised;
numbering
5.3.1 Introduction 6.2 Organizational project- Combined into
enabling processes 6.2; deleted
separate clause
5.3.2 Enterprise environment 6.2.2 Infrastructure management Topic and title
management process process revised;
numbering
5.3.3 Investment management 6.2.3 Project portfolio management Topic and title
process process revised;
numbering
4 © ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 24748-2:2011(E)
ISO/IEC 15288:2002 ISO/IEC 15288:2008
5.3.4 System life cycle processes 6.2.1 Life cycle model management Title revised;
management process process numbering
5.3.5 Resource management 6.2.2 Infrastructure management Separated human
process process resources from
other resources;
6.2.4 Human resource management
numbering
process
5.3.6 Quality management process 6.2.5 Quality management process Numbering
5.4 Project processes 6.3 Project processes Numbering
5.4.1 Introduction 6.3 Project processes Combined into
6.3; deleted
separate clause
5.4.2 Project planning process 6.3.1 Project planning process Numbering
5.4.3 Project assessment process 6.3.2 Project assessment and Processes
control process merged;
5.4.4 Project control process
numbering
5.4.5 Decision-making process 6.3.3 Decision management Title revised;
process numbering
5.4.6 Risk management process 6.3.4 Risk management process Numbering
5.4.7 Configuration management 6.3.5 Configuration management Numbering
process process
5.4.8 Information management 6.3.6 Information management Numbering
process process
6.3.7Measurement processAdded
5.5 Technical processes 6.4 Technical processes Numbering
5.5.1 Introduction 6.4 Technical processes Combined into
6.4; deleted
separate clause
5.5.2 Stakeholder requirements 6.4.1 Stakeholder requirements Numbering
definition process definition process
5.5.3 Requirements analysis 6.4.2 Requirements analysis Numbering
process process
5.5.4 Architectural design process 6.4.3 Architectural design process Numbering
5.5.5 Implementation process 6.4.4 Implementation process Numbering
5.5.6 Integration process 6.4.5 Integration process Numbering
5.5.7 Verification process 6.4.6 Verification process Numbering
5.5.8 Transition process 6.4.7 Transition process Numbering
5.5.9 Validation process 6.4.8 Validation process Numbering
5.5.10 Operation process 6.4.9 Operation process Numbering
5.5.11 Maintenance process 6.4.10 Maintenance process Numbering
5.5.12 Disposal process 6.4.11 Disposal process Numbering
Annex A Tailoring process Annex A Tailoring Title revised
Figure 2 — Mapping of process clause sets between ISO/IEC 15288:2002 and ISO/IEC 15288:2008
4 Application concepts
4.1 Overview
This Technical Report provides guidelines for life cycle management in the field of systems. This clause
highlights and explains essential concepts on which this Technical Report is based, and introduces key
concepts useful in reading and applying ISO/IEC 15288:2008.
NOTE ISO/IEC TR 24748-1 provides more information on concepts related to life cycle management in general.
© ISO/IEC 2011 – All rights reserved 5

---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO/IEC TR 24748-2:2011(E)
4.2 System concepts
Application of ISO/
...