ISO 19439:2006

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19439
First edition
2006-04-15

Enterprise integration — Framework for
enterprise modelling
Entreprise intégrée — Cadre de modélisation d'entreprise




Reference number
ISO 19439:2006(E)
©
ISO 2006

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 19439:2006(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.


©  ISO 2006
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland

ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 19439:2006(E)
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Symbols and abbreviations . 8
5 The framework . 8
5.1 Underlying concepts . 8
5.2 Dimension of enterprise model phase. 10
5.3 Dimension of enterprise model view . 14
5.4 Dimension of genericity . 17
5.5 Graphical representation of the framework . 19
6 Requirements on enterprise models and modelling methodologies . 20
Annex A (informative) Enterprise models, frameworks and modelling languages. 22
Annex B (informative) Using the enterprise modelling framework. 24
Bibliography . 33

© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 19439:2006(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19439 was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical Committee
CEN/TC 310, Advanced manufacturing technologies, in collaboration with Technical Committee ISO/TC 184,
Industrial automation systems and integration, Subcommittee SC 5, Architecture, communications and
integration frameworks, in accordance with the Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN
(Vienna Agreement).
iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 19439:2006(E)
Introduction
This framework defines and specifies the generic concepts that are required to enable the creation of
enterprise models for industrial businesses and to provide support for the use of frameworks by industrial
enterprises.
Enterprise modelling consultancies and tool vendors have developed enterprise modelling methodologies and
supporting tools that address phases of the enterprise life cycle and various aspects of enterprise modelling.
These methodologies and tools support business decision-making (such as process visualization and
simulation), enterprise process management, control and monitoring of operational processes (such as
workflow) and performance monitoring (such as visualization of work in progress). This framework provides a
unified conceptual basis for model-based enterprise engineering that enables consistency, convergence and
interoperability of the various modelling methodologies and supporting tools. The framework does not
encompass methodological processes; it is neutral in this regard.
ISO 15704:2000, 4.2.2 (see also A.3.1.2) places requirements on the description of the essential roles of
humans. In this International Standard, these are described in terms of:
⎯ organizational roles that are specified in the Organization View, which captures the various assigned
responsibilities and required capabilities (skills);
⎯ operational roles that are specified in the Resource View, which captures the operational capabilities
(skills) and which are then matched to the ones identified in the Function View.
The Annex A contains a general description of the concepts of enterprise models, modelling frameworks and
modelling language constructs (as defined in ENV 12204:1996) as background to the normative content of
Clauses 5 and 6. Annex B describes with illustrative examples how the enterprise modelling framework can be
used by both enterprise model developers and enterprise model tool developers.

© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19439:2006(E)

Enterprise integration — Framework for enterprise modelling
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies a framework conforming to requirements of ISO 15704, which serves as
a common basis to identify and coordinate standards development for modelling of enterprises, emphasising,
but not restricted to, computer integrated manufacturing. This International Standard also serves as the basis
for further standards for the development of models that will be computer-enactable and enable business
process model-based decision support leading to model-based operation, monitoring and control.
In this International Standard, four enterprise model views are defined in this framework. Additional views for
particular user concerns can be generated but these additional views are not part of this International
Standard. Possible additional views are identified in ISO 15704.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 15704:2000, Industrial automation systems — Requirements for enterprise-reference architectures and
methodologies
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
NOTE Definitions copied verbatim from other standards are followed by a reference in brackets to the source
standard. Definitions that have been adapted from other standards are followed by an explanatory note.
3.1
abstraction
shortening in duration or extent with no sacrifice of sense, used to differentiate between a real-world system
and a model of the real world
[ISO 14258:1998]
3.2
attribute
piece of information stating a property of an entity
[ISO 15704:2000]
3.3
behaviour
manner in which the whole or part of a system acts and reacts to perform a function
NOTE Adapted from ISO 15704:2000.
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 19439:2006(E)
3.4
business process
partially ordered set of enterprise activities that can be executed to achieve some desired end-result in pursuit
of a given objective of an enterprise or a part of an enterprise
NOTE Adapted from ISO 15704:2000, ENV 12204:1996.
3.5
capability
quality of being able to perform a given activity
[ISO 15531-1]
3.6
component
〈system〉 entity, with discrete structure within a system, which interacts with other components of the system,
thereby contributing at its lowest level to the system properties and characteristics
[ISO/IEC 15288:2002]
3.7
concept definition
enterprise model phase that defines the business concepts of an enterprise domain to be employed in
realizing its business objectives and its operation, including the necessary enterprise domain inputs and
outputs
3.8
constraint
restriction or limitation or condition placed upon a system that originates from inside or outside the system
under consideration
NOTE Adapted from ISO 14258:1998.
3.9
decision
result of choosing between different courses of action
3.10
decisional
relating to those processes that are concerned with making choices
3.11
decommission definition
enterprise model phase that defines the final state of a decommissioned operational system, all its
components for a particular enterprise domain and the processes employed to conduct the decommissioning,
so enabling re-use or disposition of those components
3.12
decomposition
breaking an entity into its constituent parts as appropriate to the purpose of the modeller
3.13
design specification
enterprise model phase that specifies the business processes, together with capabilities and rules, that are to
be performed to achieve the requirements
3.14
detailing
addition of content, attributes and operations, that more precisely identify the intent of modelling language
constructs and partial models
2 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 19439:2006(E)
3.15
domain identification
enterprise model phase that identifies the enterprise domain to be modelled with respect to its business
objectives, the enterprise domain inputs and outputs and their respective origins and destinations
3.16
domain operation
enterprise model phase that encompasses the operational use of the domain model
3.17
enactment
computer processing of models to facilitate the development of more responsive and coherent enterprises, in
particular the use of a model to monitor and control the execution of the business processes of the enterprise
[23]
NOTE Adapted from Vernadat .
3.18
enterprise
one or more organizations sharing a definite mission, goals and objectives to offer an output such as a
product or service
[ISO 15704:2000]
NOTE In this International Standard, a goal is the target resulting from the intention of the enterprise to achieve its
mission and objective.
3.19
enterprise activity
all, or part, of process functionality that consists of elementary tasks performed in the enterprise that consume
inputs and allocate time and resources to produce outputs
NOTE Adapted from ISO 15704:2000.
3.20
enterprise domain
domain
part of the enterprise considered relevant to a given set of business objectives and constraints for which an
enterprise model is to be created
NOTE In this International Standard, enterprise domain is abbreviated to domain whenever it is used as a qualifier in
such terms as domain identification phase and domain model. Other usages of domain have the normal dictionary
meaning.
3.21
enterprise engineering
discipline applied in carrying out any efforts to establish, modify or reorganize any enterprise
[ISO 15704:2000]
3.22
enterprise integration
process of ensuring the interaction between enterprise entities necessary to achieve enterprise domain
objectives
3.23
enterprise model
abstraction of an enterprise domain that represents enterprise entities, their interrelationships, their
decomposition and detailing to the extent necessary to convey what it intends to accomplish and how it
operates
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 3

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 19439:2006(E)
3.24
enterprise model phase
life cycle phase of an enterprise model
3.25
enterprise model view
selective perception or representation of an enterprise model that emphasizes some particular aspect and
disregards others
NOTE Adapted from ENV 40003:1990.
3.26
enterprise modelling
act of developing an enterprise model
3.27
enterprise object
piece of information in the enterprise domain that describes a generalized or a real or an abstract entity, which
can be conceptualized as being a whole
3.28
enterprise operation
execution of business processes to achieve enterprise objectives
3.29
entity
any concrete or abstract thing in the domain under consideration
3.30
environment
surroundings external to the enterprise domain which influence its development and behaviour, and which are
not controllable by the enterprise itself
3.31
framework
structure expressed in diagrams, text and formal rules which relates the components of a conceptual entity to
each other
NOTE Adapted from ISO 15704:2000.
3.32
function view
enterprise model view that enables the representation and modification of the processes of the enterprise,
their functionalities, behaviours, inputs and outputs
3.33
functionality
qualities of a process that enable it to achieve the purpose for which the process exists
3.34
generalization
specific concept modified for a more general extent, use or purpose or:
act of removing or modifying detail from a specific concept to produce a generalization thereof
NOTE Generalization is the inverse of specialization.
3.35
generic
property of being a generalization from a number of distinguishable entities based on their shared
characteristics
4 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 19439:2006(E)
3.36
generic level
collection of generic modelling language constructs for expressing descriptions that can be used to generate
models at the partial and particular levels
3.37
genericity
extent to which a concept is generic
3.38
implementation description
enterprise model phase that describes the final set of processes, resources and rules implemented to achieve
the desired operational performance for execution of the business processes and enterprise activities
specified in the design specification phase
3.39
information technology component
component that is required to collect, process, distribute, store and verify data for enterprise activities in the
enterprise
3.40
information view
enterprise model view that enables the representation and modification of the enterprise information as
identified in the function view
NOTE It is organized as a structure containing enterprise objects that represent the information-related entities of the
enterprise (material and information).
3.41
instantiation
creation of instances of modelling language constructs or partial models and the possible assignment of
values to some or all attributes
NOTE A fully instantiated modelling language construct or model is one for which values have been assigned to all
attributes.
3.42
life cycle
set of distinguishable phases and steps within phases which an entity goes through from its creation until it
ceases to exist
3.43
life cycle phase
stage of development in the life cycle of an entity
3.44
manufacturing technology component
component that is required to control, transform, transport, store and verify raw materials, parts,
(sub-)assemblies and end-products
3.45
methodology
set of instructions (e.g. provided through text, computer programs, tools) that is a step-by-step aid to the user
NOTE This formal definition is from ISO 15704:2000. More generally a methodology can be regarded as a systematic
procedure for achieving some desired end-result.
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 5

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 19439:2006(E)
3.46
mission
characterization of the business in which an enterprise describes the customer product or service function that
it intends to fulfil
3.47
model
abstract description of reality in any form (including mathematical, physical, symbolic, graphical or descriptive)
that presents a certain aspect of that reality
NOTE Adapted from ISO 15704:2000.
3.48
model development process
process of deriving and instantiating models at the different enterprise model phases
NOTE This is done by:
a) deriving and instantiating models for implemented components from the domain identification, concept definition,
requirements definition, design specification and implementation description phases of enterprise modelling;
b) releasing the implementation description model as a domain operation model;
c) developing decommission definition models from domain operation models.
3.49
modelling language construct
textual or graphical part of a modelling language devised to represent, in an orderly way, the diverse
information on common properties and elements of a collection of phenomena
NOTE Adapted from ENV 12204:1996. A modelling language construct is a basic architectural entity at the generic
level that is designed to be re-used in a wide range of applications. As a part of a modelling language, it models common
features of structure and/or behaviour in a modelled domain.
3.50
objective
statement of preference about possible and achievable future situations that influences the choices within
some behaviour
NOTE Adapted from ISO/IEC 15414:2002.
3.51
operational
pertaining to the execution of the set of processes used to achieve enterprise objectives
3.52
organization view
enterprise model view that enables the representation and modification of the organizational and decisional
structure of the enterprise and the responsibilities and authorities of the individuals and organizational units
within the enterprise
3.53
partial level
collection of partial models
3.54
partial model
model used as a reference model in a specific type of industry segment or industrial activity
NOTE A partial model is comprised of modelling language constructs and/or other partial models. Partial models also
enable a modeller to re-use already existing models built for other enterprise domains.
6 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO 19439:2006(E)
3.55
particular level
level at which a model is described for a particular, specific enterprise domain
3.56
particular model
model of a particular, specific enterprise domain
3.57
particularization
process of specialization and instantiation by which more specific model components can be derived from
more generic ones
3.58
process
partially ordered set of activities that can be executed to achieve some desired end-result in pursuit of a given
objective
3.59
requirements definition
enterprise model phase that defines the operations needed to achieve enterprise objectives and the
conditions necessary to enable those operations, both being without reference to implementation options or
implementation decisions
3.60
resource
enterprise entity that provides some or all of the capabilities required to execute an enterprise activity
[ISO 15704:2000]
NOTE In this International Standard, resource is used in the system theory sense of entities that provide capabilities
required by the system and are an essential part of the system itself. The resource description includes the identification
and description of consumables (such as energy, air, coolant) that are required to be present in sufficient quantities to
operate the resource. In contrast, material is reserved for process inputs that are required by the various processes such
as raw materials, parts and assemblies. These inputs are identified in the function view, described in the information view,
and have the associated management responsibilities identified in the organization view.
3.61
resource view
enterprise model view that enables the representation and modification of enterprise resources
3.62
specialization
general concept modified for a more limited extent, specific use or purpose, or the act of adding or modifying
details to a general concept to produce a specialization thereof
NOTE Specialization is the inverse of generalization.
3.63
stakeholder
interested party having a right, share or claim in the system or in the system’s possession of qualities that
meets their needs
NOTE Adapted from ISO/IEC 15288:2002.
3.64
system
collection of real-world items organized for a given purpose
[ISO 15704:2000]
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 7

---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO 19439:2006(E)
4 Symbols and abbreviations
GERAM Generalized Enterprise-Reference Architecture and Methodologies
IFAC International Federation of Automatic Control
IFIP International Federation for Information Processing
5 The framework
5.1 Underlying concepts
5.1.1 Dimensionality
The framework described in this International Standard is structured in terms of three dimensions for the
reasons given in Clause A.2. The dimensions shall be:
⎯ enterprise model phase;
⎯ enterprise model view;
⎯ genericity.
5.1.2, 5.1.3 and 5.1.4 introduce these dimensions, each of which is specified further in 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4.
5.1.2 Enterprise model phase — The concept of the model life cycle
Enterprise models have a life cycle that is related to the life cycle of the entity being modelled. The life cycle of
an enterprise model is the result of the model development process by which models are created, made
operational and finally discarded. The corresponding framework dimension shall be denoted by the term
‘enterprise model phase’ and is specified further in 5.2.
This dimension shall be divided into seven enterprise model phases defined in 5.2.2 to 5.2.8, which are
distinguished by different intentional descriptions of the origin, existence and demise of an enterprise entity.
Decomposition (3.12) and detailing (3.14) characterize the progression between model phases. The phases
are:
⎯ domain identification;
⎯ concept definition;
⎯ requirements definition;
⎯ design specification;
⎯ implementation description;
⎯ domain operation;
⎯ decommission definition.
5.1.3 Enterprise model views — Filtering model content
The enterprise model view dimension enables the enterprise modeller and enterprise model user to filter their
observations of the real world and their various usages of the model within its lifecycle by emphasizing those
aspects that are relevant to their particular interests and context.
8 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
ISO 19439:2006(E)
In working with an enterprise model, an enterprise modeller shall use enterprise model views, as described in
5.3.1, to emphasize a particular aspect, and disregard others.
The user shall use the predefined views or generate additional views for particular purposes by selecting an
appropriate subset of modelling language constructs.
The view dimension shall be denoted by the term “enterprise model view” and is further specified in 5.3.
The predefined views are defined in 5.3.2 to 5.3.5. They are:
⎯ function view;
⎯ information view;
⎯ resource view;
⎯ organization view.
5.1.4 Genericity — The concept of generalization and specialization
Generalization (3.34) is the progression from one or more particular concepts to a more general concept that
represents their shared characteristics or essential qualities. Specialization (3.62) is the reverse process,
which proceeds from a more general concept to something with a special purpose.
EXAMPLE Specialization, by adding attributes (3.2) such as the specification of density and temperature to a
feedstock.
The dimension along which this generalization-specialization progression occurs shall be denoted by the term
"genericity" and is specified further in 5.4.
The genericity dimension shall be divided into three levels defined in 5.4.2 to 5.4.4. They are:
⎯ generic level;
⎯ partial level;
⎯ particular level.
5.1.5 Enterprise model consistency and completeness
The quality of enterprise models is determined by their semantic and syntactic consistency in terms of
coexistence of compatible facts, and by their completeness in terms of describing all relevant aspects of the
enterprise domain being modelled.
The modelling framework should provide a unification (common semantics) of the modelling contents and
should assure model consistency in terms of valid in-context references to enterprise objects.
Extensions of the enterprise knowledge base (adding and deleting enterprise objects) should be done by
modelling experts in order to ensure its continued consistency.
To cope with the complexity of enterprise model content, the unification shall be limited to the local content of
an enterprise model with limited size. Modelling of larger areas in an organization, or even across organization
boundaries, can be accomplished by providing links to the origins and destinations of enterprise domain inputs
and outputs in the domain environment, and by providing common semantics only for those enterprise objects
that can be exchanged between different enterprise domains, and only for the enterprise domains involved in
the exchange.
© ISO 2006 – All rights reserved 9

---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
ISO 19439:2006(E)
Enterprise model completeness varies in terms of model content for the different enterprise model phases
identified in 5.1.2. However, the syntactic completeness of the model shall be checked at each of the different
modelling phases. The use of computer enactment, animation or simulation should ensure the availability of
all inputs and the creation of all outputs identified in the enterprise model and the absence of any undefined or
undetermined processes having endless loops and dead ends.
5.2 Dimension of enterprise model phase
5.2.1 Enterprise model phase
Enterprise model phases are manifestations of the life cycle phases of enterprise model development, which
encompass all model development activities from identification to decommissioning (or end of useful life) of
the domain model. The four enterprise model views (as described in 5.3) and three levels of genericity (as
described in 5.4) shall be considered at each of the seven enterprise model phases.
The phases of enterprise model development identified in this framework correspond to life cycle phases of
ISO 15704:2000, A.3.1.3.2.
NOTE 1 Because of the dependency constraints (3.8) between phases, corresponding to different extents of model
decomposition and detailing, it is common usage to refer to different enterprise model phases as preceding phases or
subsequent phases. However, this usage is not to be interpreted as implying a particular ordering in the execution of the
phases.
The seven enterprise model phases are shown in Figure 1 and each phase is defined separately in 5.2.2 to
5.2.8.

Figure 1 — Dimension of enterprise model phase
For each of the first five enterprise modelling phases, models elaborated at preceding phases shall be
transformed into a new model, having an appropriate extent of decomposition and detail for that phase, to
produce a more precise description of th
...