Bevel and hypoid gear geometry

ISO 23509:2006 specifies the geometry of bevel gears. The term bevel gears is used to mean straight, spiral, zerol bevel and hypoid gear designs. If the text pertains to one or more, but not all, of these, the specific forms are identified. ISO 23509:2006 is intended for use by an experienced gear designer capable of selecting reasonable values for the factors based on his knowledge and background. It is not intended for use by the engineering public at large.

Géométrie des engrenages coniques et hypoïdes

L'ISO 23509:2006 spécifie la géométrie des engrenages coniques. Le terme «engrenages coniques» est utilisé pour désigner les engrenages coniques droits, spiroconiques, coniques zérol ainsi que les engrenages hypoïdes. Lorsque le texte ne fait référence qu'à certains de ces types d'engrenage, les formes spécifiques sont alors nommément identifiées. L'ISO 23509:2006 est destinée à être utilisée par des concepteurs d'engrenages expérimentés, capables de sélectionner des valeurs raisonnables pour les facteurs en fonction de leurs connaissances et de leur expérience. Elle ne s'adresse pas à un public d'ingénieurs généralistes.

Geometrija stožčastih in hipoidnih zobnikov

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
05-Sep-2006
Withdrawal Date
05-Sep-2006
Current Stage
9599 - Withdrawal of International Standard
Start Date
16-Nov-2016
Completion Date
14-Feb-2026

Relations

Effective Date
13-Apr-2013

Buy Documents

Standard

ISO 23509:2006 - Bevel and hypoid gear geometry

English language (138 pages)
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview
Standard

ISO 23509:2008

English language (144 pages)
Preview
Preview
e-Library read for
1 day
Standard

ISO 23509:2006 - Géométrie des engrenages coniques et hypoides

French language (139 pages)
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Frequently Asked Questions

ISO 23509:2006 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Bevel and hypoid gear geometry". This standard covers: ISO 23509:2006 specifies the geometry of bevel gears. The term bevel gears is used to mean straight, spiral, zerol bevel and hypoid gear designs. If the text pertains to one or more, but not all, of these, the specific forms are identified. ISO 23509:2006 is intended for use by an experienced gear designer capable of selecting reasonable values for the factors based on his knowledge and background. It is not intended for use by the engineering public at large.

ISO 23509:2006 specifies the geometry of bevel gears. The term bevel gears is used to mean straight, spiral, zerol bevel and hypoid gear designs. If the text pertains to one or more, but not all, of these, the specific forms are identified. ISO 23509:2006 is intended for use by an experienced gear designer capable of selecting reasonable values for the factors based on his knowledge and background. It is not intended for use by the engineering public at large.

ISO 23509:2006 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 21.200 - Gears. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.

ISO 23509:2006 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ISO 23509:2016. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.

ISO 23509:2006 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.

Standards Content (Sample)


INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23509
First edition
2006-09-01
Bevel and hypoid gear geometry
Géométrie des engrenages coniques et hypoïdes

Reference number
©
ISO 2006
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.

©  ISO 2006
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword. v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols. 1
3.1 Terms and definitions. 6
3.2 Symbols . 8
4 Design considerations . 10
4.1 General. 10
4.2 Types of bevel gears . 11
4.2.1 Straight bevels . 11
4.2.2 Spiral bevels. 11
4.2.3 Zerol bevels . 11
4.2.4 Hypoids. 12
4.3 Ratios . 12
4.4 Hand of spiral . 12
4.5 Preliminary gear size. 13
5 Tooth geometry and cutting considerations . 13
5.1 Manufacturing considerations . 13
5.2 Tooth taper . 13
5.3 Tooth depth configurations . 15
5.3.1 Taper depth . 15
5.3.2 Uniform depth . 16
5.4 Dedendum angle modifications . 18
5.5 Cutter radius. 18
5.6 Mean radius of curvature . 18
5.7 Hypoid design . 19
5.8 Most general type of gearing. 19
5.9 Hypoid geometry. 20
5.9.1 Basics . 20
5.9.2 Crossing point. 22
6 Pitch cone parameters . 22
6.1 Initial data . 22
6.2 Determination of pitch cone parameters for bevel and hypoid gears. 23
6.2.1 Method 0 . 23
6.2.2 Method 1 . 23
6.2.3 Method 2 . 27
6.2.4 Method 3 . 32
7 Gear dimensions. 35
7.1 Additional data . 35
7.2 Determination of basic data. 37
7.3 Determination of tooth depth at calculation point . 39
7.4 Determination of root angles and face angles. 39
7.5 Determination of pinion face width, b . 41
7.6 Determination of inner and the outer spiral angles . 43
7.6.1 Pinion . 43
7.6.2 Wheel. 44
7.7 Determination of tooth depth . 45
7.8 Determination of tooth thickness. 46
7.9 Determination of remaining dimensions . 47
8 Undercut check . 48
8.1 Pinion . 48
8.2 Wheel. 50
Annex A (informative) Structure of ISO formula set for calculation of geometry data of bevel and
hypoid gears. 52
Annex B (informative) Pitch cone parameters. 58
Annex C (informative) Gear dimensions . 68
Annex D (informative) Analysis of forces . 75
Annex E (informative) Machine tool data . 78
Annex F (informative) Sample calculations . 79

iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 23509 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 60, Gears, Subcommittee SC 2, Gear capacity
calculation.
Introduction
For many decades, information on bevel, and especially hypoid, gear geometry has been developed and
published by the gear machine manufacturers. It is clear that the specific formulas for their respective
geometries were developed for the mechanical generation methods of their particular machines and tools. In
many cases, these formulas could not be used in general for all bevel gear types. This situation changed with
the introduction of universal, multi-axis, CNC-machines, which in principle are able to produce nearly all types
of gearing. The manufacturers were, therefore, asked to provide CNC programs for the geometries of different
bevel gear generation methods on their machines.
This International Standard integrates straight bevel gears and the three major design generation methods for
spiral bevel gears into one complete set of formulas. In only a few places do specific formulas for each
method have to be applied. The structure of the formulas is such that they can be programmed directly,
allowing the user to compare the different designs.
The formulas of the three methods are developed for the general case of hypoid gears and calculate the
specific case of spiral bevel gears by entering zero for the hypoid offset. Additionally, the geometries
correspond such that each gear set consists of a generated or non-generated wheel without offset and a
pinion which is generated and provided with the total hypoid offset.
An additional objective of this International Standard is that on the basis of the combined bevel gear
geometries an ISO hypoid gear rating system can be established in the future.

vi © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23509:2006(E)

Bevel and hypoid gear geometry
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the geometry of bevel gears.
The term bevel gears is used to mean straight, spiral, zerol bevel and hypoid gear designs. If the text pertains
to one or more, but not all, of these, the specific forms are identified.
The manufacturing process of forming the desired tooth form is not intended to imply any specific process, but
rather to be general in nature and applicable to all methods of manufacture.
The geometry for the calculation of factors used in bevel gear rating, such as ISO 10300, is also included.
This International Standard is intended for use by an experienced gear designer capable of selecting
reasonable values for the factors based on his knowledge and background. It is not intended for use by the
engineering public at large.
Annex A provides a structure for the calculation of the methods provided in this International Standard.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1122-1:1998, Vocabulary of gear terms — Part 1: Definitions related to geometry
ISO 10300-1:2001, Calculation of load capacity of bevel gears — Part 1: Introduction and general influence
factors
ISO 10300-2:2001, Calculation of load capacity of bevel gears — Part 2: Calculation of surface durability
(pitting)
ISO 10300-3:2001, Calculation of load capacity of bevel gears — Part 3: Calculation of tooth root strength
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1122-1 and the following terms,
definitions and symbols apply.
NOTE 1 The symbols, terms and definitions used in this International Standard are, wherever possible, consistent with
other International Standards. It is known, because of certain limitations, that some symbols, their terms and definitions, as
used in this document, are different from those used in similar literature pertaining to spur and helical gearing.
NOTE 2 Bevel gear nomenclature used throughout this International Standard is illustrated in Figure 1, the axial section
of a bevel gear, and in Figure 2, the mean transverse section. Hypoid nomenclature is illustrated in Figure 3.
Subscript 1 refers to the pinion and subscript 2 to the wheel.
Figure 1 — Bevel gear nomenclature — Axial plane
2 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Key
1 back angle 10 front angle 19 outer pitch diameter, d , d
e1 e2
2 back cone angle 11 mean cone distance, R 20 root angle, δ , δ
m f1 f2
3 back cone distance 12 mean point 21 shaft angle, Σ
4 clearance, c 13 mounting distance 22 equivalent pitch radius
5 crown point 14 outer cone distance, R 23 mean pitch diameter, d , d
e m1 m2
6 crown to back 15 outside diameter, d , d 24 pinion
ae1 ae2
7 dedendum angle, θ , θ 16 pitch angle, δ , δ 25 wheel
f1 f2 1 2
8 face angle δ , δ 17 pitch cone apex
a1 a2
9 face width, b 18 crown to crossing point, t , t
xo1 xo2
NOTE See Figure 2 for mean transverse section, A-A.
Figure 1 — Bevel gear nomenclature — Axial plane (continued)
Key
1 whole depth, h 5 circular pitch 9 working depth, h
m mw
2 pitch point 6 chordal addendum 10 addendum, h
am
3 clearance, c 7 chordal thickness 11 dedendum, h
fm
4 circular thickness 8 backlash 12 equivalent pitch radius

Figure 2 — Bevel gear nomenclature — Mean transverse section (A-A in Figure 1)
4 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Key
1 face apex beyond crossing point, t 7 outer pitch diameter, d , d 13 mounting distance
zF1 e1 e2
2 root apex beyond crossing point, t 8 shaft angle, Σ 14 pitch angle, δ
zR1 2
3 pitch apex beyond crossing point, t 9 root angle, δ , δ 15 outer cone distance, R
z1 f1 f2 e
4 crown to crossing point, t , t 10 face angle of blank, δ , δ 16 pinion face width, b
xo1 xo2 a1 a2 1
5 front crown to crossing point, t 11 wheel face width, b
xi1 2
6 outside diameter, d , d 12 hypoid offset, a
ae1 ae2
NOTE 1 Apex beyond centreline of mate (positive values).
NOTE 2 Apex before centreline of mate (negative values).
Figure 3 — Hypoid nomenclature
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
pinion [wheel] mean normal chordal addendum
h , h
amc1 amc2
height from the top of the gear tooth to the chord subtending the circular thickness arc at the mean cone
distance in a plane normal to the tooth face
3.1.2
pinion [wheel] mean addendum
h , h
am1 am2
height by which the gear tooth projects above the pitch cone at the mean cone distance
3.1.3
outer normal backlash allowance
j
en
amount by which the tooth thicknesses are reduced to provide the necessary backlash in assembly
NOTE It is specified at the outer cone distance.
3.1.4
coast side
by normal convention, convex pinion flank in mesh with the concave wheel flank
3.1.5
cutter radius
r
c0
nominal radius of the face type cutter or cup-shaped grinding wheel that is used to cut or grind the spiral bevel
teeth
3.1.6
sum of dedendum angles
Σθ
f
sum of the pinion and wheel dedendum angles
3.1.7
sum of constant slot width dedendum angles
Σθ
fC
sum of dedendum angles for constant slot width
3.1.8
sum of modified slot width dedendum angles
Σθ
fM
sum of dedendum angles for modified slot width taper
3.1.9
sum of standard depth dedendum angles
Σθ
fS
sum of dedendum angles for standard depth taper
3.1.10
sum of uniform depth dedendum angles
Σθ
fU
sum of dedendum angles for uniform depth
3.1.11
pinion [wheel] mean dedendum
h , h
fm1 fm2
depth of the tooth space below the pitch cone at the mean cone distance
6 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

3.1.12
mean whole depth
h
m
tooth depth at mean cone distance
3.1.13
mean working depth
h
mw
depth of engagement of two gears at mean cone distance
3.1.14
direction of rotation
direction determined by an observer viewing the gear from the back looking toward the pitch apex
3.1.15
drive side
by normal convention, concave pinion flank in mesh with the convex wheel flank
3.1.16
face width
b
length of the teeth measured along a pitch cone element
3.1.17
mean addendum factor
c
ham
apportions the mean working depth between wheel and pinion mean addendums
NOTE The gear mean addendum is equal to c times the mean working depth.
ham
3.1.18
mean radius of curvature
ρ

radius of curvature of the tooth surface in the lengthwise direction at the mean cone distance
3.1.19
number of blade groups
z
number of blade groups contained in the circumference of the cutting tool
3.1.20
number of teeth in pinion [wheel]
z , z
1 2
number of teeth contained in the whole circumference of the pitch cone
3.1.21
number of crown gear teeth
z
p
number of teeth in the whole circumference of the crown gear
NOTE The number may not be an integer.
3.1.22
mean normal chordal pinion [wheel] tooth thickness
s , s
mnc1 mnc2
chordal thickness of the gear tooth at the mean cone distance in a plane normal to the tooth trace
3.1.23
mean normal circular pinion [wheel] tooth thickness
s , s
mn1 mn2
length of arc on the pitch cone between the two sides of the gear tooth at the mean cone distance in the plane
normal to the tooth trace
3.1.24
tooth trace
curve of the tooth on the pitch surface
3.2 Symbols
Table 1 — Symbols used in ISO 23509
Symbol Description Unit
a hypoid offset mm
b , b face width mm
1 2
b , b face width from calculation point to outside mm
e1 e2
b , b face width from calculation point to inside mm
i1 i2
c clearance mm
c face width factor —
be2
c mean addendum factor of wheel —
ham
d , d outside diameter mm
ae1 ae2
d , d outer pitch diameter mm
e1 e2
d , d mean pitch diameter mm
m1 m2
F axial force N
ax
F , F tangential force at mean diameter N
mt1 mt2
F radial force N
rad
f influence factor of limit pressure angle —
αlim
h , h outer addendum mm
ae1 ae2
h , h mean addendum mm
am1 am2
h , h mean chordal addendum mm
amc1 amc2
h , h outer whole depth mm
e1 e2
h , h outer dedendum mm
fe1 fe2
h , h inner dedendum mm
fi1 fi2
h , h mean dedendum mm
fm1 fm2
h mean whole depth mm
m
h mean working depth mm
mw
h pinion whole depth mm
t1
j outer normal backlash mm
en
j outer transverse backlash mm
et
j mean normal backlash mm
mn
j mean transverse backlash mm
mt
k clearance factor —
c
8 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Table 1 — Symbols used in ISO 23509 (continued)
Symbol Description Unit
k depth factor —
d
k basic crown gear addendum factor (related to m) —
hap mn
k basic crown gear deddendum factor (related to m) —
hfp mn
k circular thickness factor —
t
m outer transverse module mm
et
m mean normal module mm
mn
R , R outer cone distance mm
e1 e2
R , R inner cone distance mm
i1 i2
R , R mean cone distance mm
m1 m2
r cutter radius mm
c0
s , s mean normal circular tooth thickness mm
mn1 mn2
s , s mean normal chordal tooth thickness mm
mnc1 mnc2
t , t front crown to crossing point mm
xi1 xi2
t , t pitch cone apex to crown (crown to crossing point, hypoid) mm
xo1 xo2
t , t pitch apex beyond crossing point mm
z1 z2
t , t face apex beyond crossing point mm
zF1 zF2
t , t crossing point to inside point along axis mm
zi1 zi2
t , t crossing point to mean point along axis mm
zm1 zm2
t , t root apex beyond crossing point mm
zR1 zR2
u gear ratio —
u equivalent ratio —
a
W wheel mean slot width mm
m2
x profile shift coefficient —
hm1
x , x thickness modification coefficient (backlash included) —
sm1 sm2
x thickness modification coefficient (theoretical) —
smn
z number of blade groups —
z , z number of teeth —
1 2
z number of crown gear teeth —
p
α nominal design pressure angle on coast side °
dC
α nominal design pressure angle on drive side °
dD
α effective pressure angle on coast side °
eC
α effective pressure angle on drive side °
eD
α generated pressure angle on drive side °
nD
α generated pressure angle on coast side °
nC
α limit pressure angle °
lim
β , β outer spiral angle °
e1 e2
β , β inner spiral angle °
i1 i2
β , β mean spiral angle °
m1 m2
Table 1 — Symbols used in ISO 23509 (continued)
Symbol Description Unit
∆b pinion face width increment mm
x1
∆g increment along pinion axis from calculation point to inside mm
xi
∆g increment along pinion axis from calculation point to outside mm
xe
∆Σ shaft angle departure from 90° °
δ , δ face angle °
a1 a2
δ , δ root angle °
f1 f2
δ , δ pitch angle °
1 2
η wheel offset angle in axial plane °
θ , θ addendum angle °
a1 a2
θ , θ dedendum angle °
f1 f2
ν lead angle of cutter °
ρ epicycloid base circle radius mm
b
ρ limit curvature radius mm
lim
ρ crown gear to cutter centre distance mm
P0
Σ shaft angle °
Σθ sum of dedendum angles °
f
Σθ sum of dedendum angles for constant slot width taper °
fC
Σθ sum of dedendum angles for standard taper °
fS
Σθ sum of dedendum angles for modified slot width taper °
fM
Σθ sum of dedendum angles for uniform depth taper °
fU
ζ pinion offset angle in face plane °
o
ζ pinion offset angle in axial plane °
m
ζ pinion offset angle in pitch plane °
mp
ζ pinion offset angle in root plane °
R
4 Design considerations
4.1 General
Loading, speed, accuracy requirements, space limitations and special operating conditions influence the
design. For details see ISO 10300 (all parts), Annex B, and handbooks of gear manufacturing companies.
“Precision finish”, as used in this International Standard, refers to a machine finishing operation which includes
grinding, skiving, and hard cut finishing. However, the common form of finishing known as “lapping” is
specifically excluded as a form of precision finishing.
Users should determine the cutting methods available from their gear manufacturer prior to proceeding.
Cutting systems used by bevel gear manufacturers are heavily dependent upon the type of machine tool that
will be used.
10 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

4.2 Types of bevel gears
Bevel gears are suitable for transmitting power between shafts at practically any angle or speed. However, the
particular type of gear best suited for a specific application is dependent upon the mountings, available space,
and operating conditions.
4.2.1 Straight bevels
Straight bevel gears (see Figure 4) are the simplest form of bevel gears. Contact on the driven gear begins at
the top of the tooth and progresses toward the root. They have teeth which are straight and tapered which, if
extended inward, generally intersect in a common point at the axis.

Figure 4 — Straight bevel
4.2.2 Spiral bevels
Spiral bevel gears (see Figure 5) have curved oblique teeth on which contact begins at one end of the tooth
and progresses smoothly to the other end. They mesh with contact similar to straight bevels but as the result
of additional overlapping tooth action, the motion will be transmitted more smoothly than by straight bevel or
zerol bevel gears. This reduces noise and vibration especially noticeable at high speeds. Spiral bevel gears
can also have their tooth surfaces precision-finished.

Figure 5 — Spiral bevel
4.2.3 Zerol bevels
Zerol bevel gears (see Figure 6) as well as other spiral bevel gears with zero spiral angle have curved teeth
which are in the same general direction as straight bevel teeth. They produce the same thrust loads on the
bearings, can be used in the same mounting, have smooth operating characteristics, and are manufactured
on the same machines as spiral bevel gears. Zerol bevels can also have their tooth surfaces precision-
finished. Gears with spiral angles less than 10° are sometimes referred to by the name “zerol”.
Figure 6 — Zerol bevel
4.2.4 Hypoids
Hypoid gears (see Figure 7) are similar to spiral bevel gears except that the pinion axis is offset above or
below the wheel axis, see B.3. If there is sufficient offset, the shafts may pass one another, and a compact
straddle mounting can be used on the wheel and pinion. Hypoid gears can also have their tooth surfaces
precision-finished.
Figure 7 — Hypoid
4.3 Ratios
Bevel gears may be used for both speed-reducing and speed-increasing drives. The required ratio must be
determined by the designer from the given input speed and required output speed. For power drives, the ratio
in bevel and hypoid gears may be as low as 1, but should not exceed approximately 10. High-ratio hypoids
from 10 to approximately 20 have found considerable usage in machine tool design where precision gears are
required. In speed-increasing applications, the ratio should not exceed 5.
4.4 Hand of spiral
The hand of spiral should be selected to give an axial thrust that tends to move both the wheel and pinion out
of mesh when operating in the predominant working direction.
Often, the mounting conditions will dictate the hand of spiral to be selected. For spiral bevel and hypoid gears,
both members should be held against axial movement in both directions.
A right-hand spiral bevel gear is one in which the outer half of a tooth is inclined in the clockwise direction from
the axial plane through the midpoint of the tooth as viewed by an observer looking at the face of the gear.
A left-hand spiral bevel gear is one in which the outer half of a tooth is inclined in the anticlockwise
(counterclockwise) direction from the axial plane through the midpoint of the tooth as viewed by an observer
looking at the face of the gear.
12 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

To avoid the loss of backlash, the hand of spiral should be selected to give an axial thrust that tends to move
the pinion out of mesh. See Annex D.
For hypoids, the hand of spiral depends on the direction of the offset. See B.3 for details.
4.5 Preliminary gear size
Once the preliminary gear size is determined (see B.4.3), the tooth proportions of the gears should be
established and the resulting design should be checked for bending strength and pitting resistance. See
ISO 10300.
5 Tooth geometry and cutting considerations
5.1 Manufacturing considerations
This clause presents tooth dimensions for bevel and hypoid gears in which the teeth are machined by a face
mill cutter, face hob cutter, a planning tool, or a cup-shaped grinding wheel. The gear geometry is a function of
the cutting method used. For this reason, it is important that the user is familiar with the cutting methods used
by the gear manufacturer. The following section is provided to familiarize the user with this interdependence.
5.2 Tooth taper
Bevel gear tooth design involves some consideration of tooth taper because the amount of taper affects the
final tooth proportions and the size and shape of the blank.
It is advisable to define the following interrelated basic types of tapers (these are illustrated in Figure 8, in
which straight bevel teeth are shown for simplicity).
⎯ Depth taper refers to the change in tooth depth along the face measured perpendicular to the pitch cone.
⎯ Slot width taper refers to the change in the point width formed by a V-shaped cutting tool of nominal
pressure angle, whose sides are tangent to the two sides of the tooth space and whose top is tangent to
the root cone, along the face.
⎯ Space width taper refers to the change in the space width along the face. It is generally measured in the
pitch plane.
⎯ Thickness taper refers to the change in tooth thickness along the face. It is generally measured in the
pitch plane.
Key
1 depth
2 slot width
3 thickness
4 space width
Figure 8 — Bevel gear tooth tapers
The taper of primary consideration for production is the slot width taper. The width of the slot at its narrowest
point determines the point width of the cutting tool and limits the edge radius that can be placed on the cutter
blade.
The taper which directly affects the blank is the depth taper through its effect on the dedendum angle, which is
used in the calculation of the face angle of the mating member.
The slot width taper depends upon the lengthwise curvature and the dedendum angle. It can be changed by
varying the depth taper, i.e. by tilting the root line as shown in Figure 9, in which the concept is simplified by
illustrating straight bevel teeth. In spiral bevel and hypoid gears, the amount by which the root line is tilted is
further dependent upon a number of geometric characteristics including the cutter radius.
This relationship is discussed more thoroughly in 5.3.
The root line is generally rotated about the mid-section at the pitch line in order to maintain the desired
working depth at the mean section of the tooth.
14 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Key
1 pitch cone apex
Figure 9 — Root line tilt
5.3 Tooth depth configurations
5.3.1 Taper depth
5.3.1.1 Standard depth
Standard depth pertains to the configuration where the depth changes in proportion to the cone distance at
any particular section of the tooth. If the root line of such a tooth is extended, it intersects the axis at the pitch
cone apex, as illustrated in Figure 10, but the face cone apex does not. The sum of the dedendum angles of
pinion and wheel for standard depth taper, Σθ , does not depend on cutter radius. Most straight bevel gears
fS
are designed with standard depth taper.
5.3.1.2 Constant slot width
This taper represents a tilt of the root line such that the slot width is constant while maintaining the proper
space width taper. The slot width taper is zero on both members.
The equation for the sum of the dedendum angles is given in C.5.1.
Equation (C.4), for the sum of the dedendum angles, indicates that the cutter radius, r , has a significant
c0
effect on the amount by which the root line is tilted. For a given design, the following tendencies should be
noted.
⎯ A large cutter radius increases the sum of the dedendum angles. If the radius is too large, the resultant
depthwise taper could adversely affect the depth of the teeth at either end, i.e. too shallow at inner end
for proper tooth contact, and too deep at the outer end, which can cause undercut and narrow toplands.
Therefore, the cutter radius should not be too large and an upper limit of r approximately equal to R is
c0 m2
suggested.
⎯ A small cutter radius decreases the sum of the dedendum angles. In fact, if r equals R sin β , the
c0 m2 m2
sum of the dedendum angles becomes zero, which results in uniform depth teeth. If r is less than R
c0 m2
sin β , reverse depthwise taper would exist and the teeth would be deeper at the inner end than at the
m2
outer. In order to avoid excessive depth (undercut and narrow toplands) at the inner end, a minimum
value of r , equal to 1,1 R sin β , is suggested.
c0 m2 m2
NOTE For gears cut with a planing tool, the cutter centre is considered to be at infinity and root lines are not tilted.
Standard taper is the norm for gears produced in this manner.
5.3.1.3 Modified slot width
This taper is an intermediate one in which the root line is tilted about the mean point. In this case, the slot
width of the gear member is constant along the tooth length and any slot width taper is on the pinion member.
For the case where the root line is tilted to permit finishing the gear in one operation, the amount of tilt is
somewhat arbitrary, but should fall within the following guidelines, see Table C.4:
⎯ the sum of the pinion and wheel dedendum angles for modified slot width taper, Σθ , should not exceed
fM
1,3 times the sum of the dedendum angles for standard depth taper, Σθ , nor should it exceed the sum
fS
of the dedendum angles for constant slot width taper, Σθ ;
fC
⎯ in practice, the smaller of the values, 1,3 Σθ or Σθ , is used.
fS fC
5.3.2 Uniform depth
Uniform depth is the configuration where the tooth depth remains constant along the face width regardless of
cutter radius. In this case, the root line is parallel to an element of the face cone, as illustrated in Figure 10.
The sum of the dedendum angles of pinion and wheel for uniform depth, Σθ , equals zero.
fU
For the uniform depth tooth, the cutter radius, r , should be greater than R sin β , but not more than
c0 m2 m2
1,5 times this value. This approximation of lengthwise involute curvature, in conjunction with the uniform depth,
holds the variation along the face width in normal circular thickness on the pinion and wheel to a minimum.
If narrow inner toplands occur on the pinion, a small tooth tip chamfer may be provided (see Figure 11).
16 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

a)  Standard depth taper
b)  Constant and modified slot width

c)  Uniform depth
Key
1 mean whole depth
2 mean addendum
3 mean dedendum
Figure 10 — Bevel gear depthwise tapers

Key
1 face width, b
2 length of chamfer
3 angle of chamfer
Figure 11 — Tooth tip chamfering on the pinion
5.4 Dedendum angle modifications
To avoid cutter interference with a hub or shoulder, the wheel and pinion root line can be rotated about the
mean point as shown in Figure 12. A dedendum angle modification, when desired, normally ranges between
−5° and +5°.
Key
1 dedendum angle modification
2 mean pitch diameter of pinion, d
m1
3 mean pitch diameter of wheel, d
m2
4 pitch angle of pinion, δ
5 pitch angle of wheel, δ
Figure 12 — Angle modification required because of extension in pinion shaft
5.5 Cutter radius
Most spiral bevel gears are manufactured with face cutters. The selection of the cutter radius depends on the
cutting system used. A list of nominal cutter radii is contained in Annex E.
5.6 Mean radius of curvature
Two types of cutting processes are used in the industry. In the process which will be referred to as the “face
milling process”, the cradle axis and the work axis roll together in a timed relationship. In the process which
will be referred to as the “face hobbing process”, the cradle axis, work axis and cutter axis roll together in a
timed relationship.
With the face milling process, the mean radius of tooth curvature is equal to the cutter radius [see Figure 13 a)].
With the face hobbing process, the curve in the lengthwise direction of the tooth is an extended epicycloid and
is a function of the relative roll between the workpiece and the cutter. The radius of curvature is somewhat
smaller than the cutter radius.
18 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

a)  Face milling b)  Face hobbing
Key
1 crown gear centre 6 cutter radius, r 10 cutter centre
c0
2 mean cone distance, R 7 lengthwise tooth mean radius of 11 second auxiliary angle, η
m2 1
curvature, ρ

3 spiral angle, β 12 lead angle of cutter, ν
m2 1
8 first auxiliary angle, λ
4 intermediate angle 13 epicycloid base circle radius, ρ
b
9 centre of curvature
5 crown gear to cutter centre, ρ
P0
Figure 13 — Geometry of face milling and face hobbing processes
5.7 Hypoid design
An infinite number of pitch surfaces exists for any hypoid pair. However starting with the initial data given in
Table 2, the result is only one pitch surface for each method. The design procedures used in the industry will
be referred to as Method 1, Method 2 and Method 3, and, for bevel gears, as Method 0.
In Method 1 and Method 3, the pitch surfaces are selected such that the hypoid radius of curvature matches
the cutter radius of curvature at the mean point for gears to be manufactured by the face milling process and
such that it matches the mean epicycloidal curvature at the mean point for gears cut by the face hobbing
process.
Method 2 is a method for designing gears to be cut by the face hobbing process. In this case, the wheel pitch
apex, pinion pitch apex and cutter centre lie on a straight line.
5.8 Most general type of gearing
Hypoid gears are the most general type of gearing. The wheel and pinion axes are skew and non-intersecting.
The teeth are curved in the lengthwise direction. All other types of gears can be considered subsets of the
hypoid. Spiral bevel gears are hypoid gears with zero offset between the axes. Straight bevel gears are hypoid
gears with zero offset and zero tooth curvature. Helical gears are hypoid gears with zero shaft angle and zero
tooth curvature.
5.9 Hypoid geometry
5.9.1 Basics
Whenever a most general case is defined, the definition becomes complex. Hypoid gear geometry is no
exception. Figure 14 shows the major angles and quantities involved. Figure 14 a) is a side view looking along
the pinion axis. Figure 14 b) is a front view looking along the wheel axis. Figure 14 c) is a top view showing
the shaft angle between the wheel and pinion axes. Figure 14 d) is a view of the wheel section along the plane
making the offset angle, 16, in the pinion axial plane. Figure 14 e) is a view of the pitch plane. Figure 14 f) is a
view of the pinion section along the plane making the offset angle, 2, in the wheel axial plane.
The scope of this text does not permit an adequate explanation or derivation of the formulas involved.

a) b)
c) d)
Figure 14 — Hypoid geometry
20 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

e) f)
Key
1 intersection of contact normal 11 pitch plane 21 sliding velocity vector
through mean point at wheel axis
12 wheel pitch angle, δ 22 tangent to tooth trace at mean
2 wheel offset angle in axial plane, η point
13 intersection point of contact
3 wheel axis normal through mean point at 23 wheel mean cone distance, R
m2
pinion axis
4 wheel pitch apex 24 shaft angle, Σ
14 offset, a
5 mean point, P 25 common normal to pinion and
15 crossing point at pinion axis wheel axis through crossing point
6 pinion pitch apex
16 pinion offset angle in axial 26 pinion pitch apex beyond crossing
7 crossing point at wheel axis
plane, ζ point, t
m z1
8 wheel pitch apex beyond crossing
17 pinion axis 27 crossing point to mean point along
point, t
z2
pinion axis, t
zm2
18 pinion spiral angle, β
m1
9 distance along wheel axis between
28 pinion pitch angle, δ
crossing point and contact normal 19 wheel spiral angle, β
m2
intersection 29 pinion mean cone distance, R
m1
20 pinion offset angle in pitch
10 crossing point to mean point along plane, ζ
mp
wheel axis, t
zm1
Figure 14 — Hypoid geometry (continued)
5.9.2 Crossing point
Crossing point O is the point of intersection of bevel gear axes; it is also the apparent point of intersection of
C
axes in hypoid gears, when projected to a plane parallel to both axes (see Figure 15).
...


SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2008
*HRPHWULMDVWRåþDVWLKLQKLSRLGQLK]REQLNRY
Bevel and hypoid gear geometry
Géométrie des engrenages coniques et hypoïdes
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 23509:2006
ICS:
21.200 Gonila Gears
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 23509
First edition
2006-09-01
Bevel and hypoid gear geometry
Géométrie des engrenages coniques et hypoïdes

Reference number
©
ISO 2006
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.

©  ISO 2006
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword. v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and symbols. 1
3.1 Terms and definitions. 6
3.2 Symbols . 8
4 Design considerations . 10
4.1 General. 10
4.2 Types of bevel gears . 11
4.2.1 Straight bevels . 11
4.2.2 Spiral bevels. 11
4.2.3 Zerol bevels . 11
4.2.4 Hypoids. 12
4.3 Ratios . 12
4.4 Hand of spiral . 12
4.5 Preliminary gear size. 13
5 Tooth geometry and cutting considerations . 13
5.1 Manufacturing considerations . 13
5.2 Tooth taper . 13
5.3 Tooth depth configurations . 15
5.3.1 Taper depth . 15
5.3.2 Uniform depth . 16
5.4 Dedendum angle modifications . 18
5.5 Cutter radius. 18
5.6 Mean radius of curvature . 18
5.7 Hypoid design . 19
5.8 Most general type of gearing. 19
5.9 Hypoid geometry. 20
5.9.1 Basics . 20
5.9.2 Crossing point. 22
6 Pitch cone parameters . 22
6.1 Initial data . 22
6.2 Determination of pitch cone parameters for bevel and hypoid gears. 23
6.2.1 Method 0 . 23
6.2.2 Method 1 . 23
6.2.3 Method 2 . 27
6.2.4 Method 3 . 32
7 Gear dimensions. 35
7.1 Additional data . 35
7.2 Determination of basic data. 37
7.3 Determination of tooth depth at calculation point . 39
7.4 Determination of root angles and face angles. 39
7.5 Determination of pinion face width, b . 41
7.6 Determination of inner and the outer spiral angles . 43
7.6.1 Pinion . 43
7.6.2 Wheel. 44
7.7 Determination of tooth depth . 45
7.8 Determination of tooth thickness. 46
7.9 Determination of remaining dimensions . 47
8 Undercut check . 48
8.1 Pinion . 48
8.2 Wheel. 50
Annex A (informative) Structure of ISO formula set for calculation of geometry data of bevel and
hypoid gears. 52
Annex B (informative) Pitch cone parameters. 58
Annex C (informative) Gear dimensions . 68
Annex D (informative) Analysis of forces . 75
Annex E (informative) Machine tool data . 78
Annex F (informative) Sample calculations . 79

iv © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 23509 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 60, Gears, Subcommittee SC 2, Gear capacity
calculation.
Introduction
For many decades, information on bevel, and especially hypoid, gear geometry has been developed and
published by the gear machine manufacturers. It is clear that the specific formulas for their respective
geometries were developed for the mechanical generation methods of their particular machines and tools. In
many cases, these formulas could not be used in general for all bevel gear types. This situation changed with
the introduction of universal, multi-axis, CNC-machines, which in principle are able to produce nearly all types
of gearing. The manufacturers were, therefore, asked to provide CNC programs for the geometries of different
bevel gear generation methods on their machines.
This International Standard integrates straight bevel gears and the three major design generation methods for
spiral bevel gears into one complete set of formulas. In only a few places do specific formulas for each
method have to be applied. The structure of the formulas is such that they can be programmed directly,
allowing the user to compare the different designs.
The formulas of the three methods are developed for the general case of hypoid gears and calculate the
specific case of spiral bevel gears by entering zero for the hypoid offset. Additionally, the geometries
correspond such that each gear set consists of a generated or non-generated wheel without offset and a
pinion which is generated and provided with the total hypoid offset.
An additional objective of this International Standard is that on the basis of the combined bevel gear
geometries an ISO hypoid gear rating system can be established in the future.

vi © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 23509:2006(E)

Bevel and hypoid gear geometry
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the geometry of bevel gears.
The term bevel gears is used to mean straight, spiral, zerol bevel and hypoid gear designs. If the text pertains
to one or more, but not all, of these, the specific forms are identified.
The manufacturing process of forming the desired tooth form is not intended to imply any specific process, but
rather to be general in nature and applicable to all methods of manufacture.
The geometry for the calculation of factors used in bevel gear rating, such as ISO 10300, is also included.
This International Standard is intended for use by an experienced gear designer capable of selecting
reasonable values for the factors based on his knowledge and background. It is not intended for use by the
engineering public at large.
Annex A provides a structure for the calculation of the methods provided in this International Standard.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 1122-1:1998, Vocabulary of gear terms — Part 1: Definitions related to geometry
ISO 10300-1:2001, Calculation of load capacity of bevel gears — Part 1: Introduction and general influence
factors
ISO 10300-2:2001, Calculation of load capacity of bevel gears — Part 2: Calculation of surface durability
(pitting)
ISO 10300-3:2001, Calculation of load capacity of bevel gears — Part 3: Calculation of tooth root strength
3 Terms, definitions and symbols
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 1122-1 and the following terms,
definitions and symbols apply.
NOTE 1 The symbols, terms and definitions used in this International Standard are, wherever possible, consistent with
other International Standards. It is known, because of certain limitations, that some symbols, their terms and definitions, as
used in this document, are different from those used in similar literature pertaining to spur and helical gearing.
NOTE 2 Bevel gear nomenclature used throughout this International Standard is illustrated in Figure 1, the axial section
of a bevel gear, and in Figure 2, the mean transverse section. Hypoid nomenclature is illustrated in Figure 3.
Subscript 1 refers to the pinion and subscript 2 to the wheel.
Figure 1 — Bevel gear nomenclature — Axial plane
2 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Key
1 back angle 10 front angle 19 outer pitch diameter, d , d
e1 e2
2 back cone angle 11 mean cone distance, R 20 root angle, δ , δ
m f1 f2
3 back cone distance 12 mean point 21 shaft angle, Σ
4 clearance, c 13 mounting distance 22 equivalent pitch radius
5 crown point 14 outer cone distance, R 23 mean pitch diameter, d , d
e m1 m2
6 crown to back 15 outside diameter, d , d 24 pinion
ae1 ae2
7 dedendum angle, θ , θ 16 pitch angle, δ , δ 25 wheel
f1 f2 1 2
8 face angle δ , δ 17 pitch cone apex
a1 a2
9 face width, b 18 crown to crossing point, t , t
xo1 xo2
NOTE See Figure 2 for mean transverse section, A-A.
Figure 1 — Bevel gear nomenclature — Axial plane (continued)
Key
1 whole depth, h 5 circular pitch 9 working depth, h
m mw
2 pitch point 6 chordal addendum 10 addendum, h
am
3 clearance, c 7 chordal thickness 11 dedendum, h
fm
4 circular thickness 8 backlash 12 equivalent pitch radius

Figure 2 — Bevel gear nomenclature — Mean transverse section (A-A in Figure 1)
4 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Key
1 face apex beyond crossing point, t 7 outer pitch diameter, d , d 13 mounting distance
zF1 e1 e2
2 root apex beyond crossing point, t 8 shaft angle, Σ 14 pitch angle, δ
zR1 2
3 pitch apex beyond crossing point, t 9 root angle, δ , δ 15 outer cone distance, R
z1 f1 f2 e
4 crown to crossing point, t , t 10 face angle of blank, δ , δ 16 pinion face width, b
xo1 xo2 a1 a2 1
5 front crown to crossing point, t 11 wheel face width, b
xi1 2
6 outside diameter, d , d 12 hypoid offset, a
ae1 ae2
NOTE 1 Apex beyond centreline of mate (positive values).
NOTE 2 Apex before centreline of mate (negative values).
Figure 3 — Hypoid nomenclature
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1
pinion [wheel] mean normal chordal addendum
h , h
amc1 amc2
height from the top of the gear tooth to the chord subtending the circular thickness arc at the mean cone
distance in a plane normal to the tooth face
3.1.2
pinion [wheel] mean addendum
h , h
am1 am2
height by which the gear tooth projects above the pitch cone at the mean cone distance
3.1.3
outer normal backlash allowance
j
en
amount by which the tooth thicknesses are reduced to provide the necessary backlash in assembly
NOTE It is specified at the outer cone distance.
3.1.4
coast side
by normal convention, convex pinion flank in mesh with the concave wheel flank
3.1.5
cutter radius
r
c0
nominal radius of the face type cutter or cup-shaped grinding wheel that is used to cut or grind the spiral bevel
teeth
3.1.6
sum of dedendum angles
Σθ
f
sum of the pinion and wheel dedendum angles
3.1.7
sum of constant slot width dedendum angles
Σθ
fC
sum of dedendum angles for constant slot width
3.1.8
sum of modified slot width dedendum angles
Σθ
fM
sum of dedendum angles for modified slot width taper
3.1.9
sum of standard depth dedendum angles
Σθ
fS
sum of dedendum angles for standard depth taper
3.1.10
sum of uniform depth dedendum angles
Σθ
fU
sum of dedendum angles for uniform depth
3.1.11
pinion [wheel] mean dedendum
h , h
fm1 fm2
depth of the tooth space below the pitch cone at the mean cone distance
6 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

3.1.12
mean whole depth
h
m
tooth depth at mean cone distance
3.1.13
mean working depth
h
mw
depth of engagement of two gears at mean cone distance
3.1.14
direction of rotation
direction determined by an observer viewing the gear from the back looking toward the pitch apex
3.1.15
drive side
by normal convention, concave pinion flank in mesh with the convex wheel flank
3.1.16
face width
b
length of the teeth measured along a pitch cone element
3.1.17
mean addendum factor
c
ham
apportions the mean working depth between wheel and pinion mean addendums
NOTE The gear mean addendum is equal to c times the mean working depth.
ham
3.1.18
mean radius of curvature
ρ

radius of curvature of the tooth surface in the lengthwise direction at the mean cone distance
3.1.19
number of blade groups
z
number of blade groups contained in the circumference of the cutting tool
3.1.20
number of teeth in pinion [wheel]
z , z
1 2
number of teeth contained in the whole circumference of the pitch cone
3.1.21
number of crown gear teeth
z
p
number of teeth in the whole circumference of the crown gear
NOTE The number may not be an integer.
3.1.22
mean normal chordal pinion [wheel] tooth thickness
s , s
mnc1 mnc2
chordal thickness of the gear tooth at the mean cone distance in a plane normal to the tooth trace
3.1.23
mean normal circular pinion [wheel] tooth thickness
s , s
mn1 mn2
length of arc on the pitch cone between the two sides of the gear tooth at the mean cone distance in the plane
normal to the tooth trace
3.1.24
tooth trace
curve of the tooth on the pitch surface
3.2 Symbols
Table 1 — Symbols used in ISO 23509
Symbol Description Unit
a hypoid offset mm
b , b face width mm
1 2
b , b face width from calculation point to outside mm
e1 e2
b , b face width from calculation point to inside mm
i1 i2
c clearance mm
c face width factor —
be2
c mean addendum factor of wheel —
ham
d , d outside diameter mm
ae1 ae2
d , d outer pitch diameter mm
e1 e2
d , d mean pitch diameter mm
m1 m2
F axial force N
ax
F , F tangential force at mean diameter N
mt1 mt2
F radial force N
rad
f influence factor of limit pressure angle —
αlim
h , h outer addendum mm
ae1 ae2
h , h mean addendum mm
am1 am2
h , h mean chordal addendum mm
amc1 amc2
h , h outer whole depth mm
e1 e2
h , h outer dedendum mm
fe1 fe2
h , h inner dedendum mm
fi1 fi2
h , h mean dedendum mm
fm1 fm2
h mean whole depth mm
m
h mean working depth mm
mw
h pinion whole depth mm
t1
j outer normal backlash mm
en
j outer transverse backlash mm
et
j mean normal backlash mm
mn
j mean transverse backlash mm
mt
k clearance factor —
c
8 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Table 1 — Symbols used in ISO 23509 (continued)
Symbol Description Unit
k depth factor —
d
k basic crown gear addendum factor (related to m) —
hap mn
k basic crown gear deddendum factor (related to m) —
hfp mn
k circular thickness factor —
t
m outer transverse module mm
et
m mean normal module mm
mn
R , R outer cone distance mm
e1 e2
R , R inner cone distance mm
i1 i2
R , R mean cone distance mm
m1 m2
r cutter radius mm
c0
s , s mean normal circular tooth thickness mm
mn1 mn2
s , s mean normal chordal tooth thickness mm
mnc1 mnc2
t , t front crown to crossing point mm
xi1 xi2
t , t pitch cone apex to crown (crown to crossing point, hypoid) mm
xo1 xo2
t , t pitch apex beyond crossing point mm
z1 z2
t , t face apex beyond crossing point mm
zF1 zF2
t , t crossing point to inside point along axis mm
zi1 zi2
t , t crossing point to mean point along axis mm
zm1 zm2
t , t root apex beyond crossing point mm
zR1 zR2
u gear ratio —
u equivalent ratio —
a
W wheel mean slot width mm
m2
x profile shift coefficient —
hm1
x , x thickness modification coefficient (backlash included) —
sm1 sm2
x thickness modification coefficient (theoretical) —
smn
z number of blade groups —
z , z number of teeth —
1 2
z number of crown gear teeth —
p
α nominal design pressure angle on coast side °
dC
α nominal design pressure angle on drive side °
dD
α effective pressure angle on coast side °
eC
α effective pressure angle on drive side °
eD
α generated pressure angle on drive side °
nD
α generated pressure angle on coast side °
nC
α limit pressure angle °
lim
β , β outer spiral angle °
e1 e2
β , β inner spiral angle °
i1 i2
β , β mean spiral angle °
m1 m2
Table 1 — Symbols used in ISO 23509 (continued)
Symbol Description Unit
∆b pinion face width increment mm
x1
∆g increment along pinion axis from calculation point to inside mm
xi
∆g increment along pinion axis from calculation point to outside mm
xe
∆Σ shaft angle departure from 90° °
δ , δ face angle °
a1 a2
δ , δ root angle °
f1 f2
δ , δ pitch angle °
1 2
η wheel offset angle in axial plane °
θ , θ addendum angle °
a1 a2
θ , θ dedendum angle °
f1 f2
ν lead angle of cutter °
ρ epicycloid base circle radius mm
b
ρ limit curvature radius mm
lim
ρ crown gear to cutter centre distance mm
P0
Σ shaft angle °
Σθ sum of dedendum angles °
f
Σθ sum of dedendum angles for constant slot width taper °
fC
Σθ sum of dedendum angles for standard taper °
fS
Σθ sum of dedendum angles for modified slot width taper °
fM
Σθ sum of dedendum angles for uniform depth taper °
fU
ζ pinion offset angle in face plane °
o
ζ pinion offset angle in axial plane °
m
ζ pinion offset angle in pitch plane °
mp
ζ pinion offset angle in root plane °
R
4 Design considerations
4.1 General
Loading, speed, accuracy requirements, space limitations and special operating conditions influence the
design. For details see ISO 10300 (all parts), Annex B, and handbooks of gear manufacturing companies.
“Precision finish”, as used in this International Standard, refers to a machine finishing operation which includes
grinding, skiving, and hard cut finishing. However, the common form of finishing known as “lapping” is
specifically excluded as a form of precision finishing.
Users should determine the cutting methods available from their gear manufacturer prior to proceeding.
Cutting systems used by bevel gear manufacturers are heavily dependent upon the type of machine tool that
will be used.
10 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

4.2 Types of bevel gears
Bevel gears are suitable for transmitting power between shafts at practically any angle or speed. However, the
particular type of gear best suited for a specific application is dependent upon the mountings, available space,
and operating conditions.
4.2.1 Straight bevels
Straight bevel gears (see Figure 4) are the simplest form of bevel gears. Contact on the driven gear begins at
the top of the tooth and progresses toward the root. They have teeth which are straight and tapered which, if
extended inward, generally intersect in a common point at the axis.

Figure 4 — Straight bevel
4.2.2 Spiral bevels
Spiral bevel gears (see Figure 5) have curved oblique teeth on which contact begins at one end of the tooth
and progresses smoothly to the other end. They mesh with contact similar to straight bevels but as the result
of additional overlapping tooth action, the motion will be transmitted more smoothly than by straight bevel or
zerol bevel gears. This reduces noise and vibration especially noticeable at high speeds. Spiral bevel gears
can also have their tooth surfaces precision-finished.

Figure 5 — Spiral bevel
4.2.3 Zerol bevels
Zerol bevel gears (see Figure 6) as well as other spiral bevel gears with zero spiral angle have curved teeth
which are in the same general direction as straight bevel teeth. They produce the same thrust loads on the
bearings, can be used in the same mounting, have smooth operating characteristics, and are manufactured
on the same machines as spiral bevel gears. Zerol bevels can also have their tooth surfaces precision-
finished. Gears with spiral angles less than 10° are sometimes referred to by the name “zerol”.
Figure 6 — Zerol bevel
4.2.4 Hypoids
Hypoid gears (see Figure 7) are similar to spiral bevel gears except that the pinion axis is offset above or
below the wheel axis, see B.3. If there is sufficient offset, the shafts may pass one another, and a compact
straddle mounting can be used on the wheel and pinion. Hypoid gears can also have their tooth surfaces
precision-finished.
Figure 7 — Hypoid
4.3 Ratios
Bevel gears may be used for both speed-reducing and speed-increasing drives. The required ratio must be
determined by the designer from the given input speed and required output speed. For power drives, the ratio
in bevel and hypoid gears may be as low as 1, but should not exceed approximately 10. High-ratio hypoids
from 10 to approximately 20 have found considerable usage in machine tool design where precision gears are
required. In speed-increasing applications, the ratio should not exceed 5.
4.4 Hand of spiral
The hand of spiral should be selected to give an axial thrust that tends to move both the wheel and pinion out
of mesh when operating in the predominant working direction.
Often, the mounting conditions will dictate the hand of spiral to be selected. For spiral bevel and hypoid gears,
both members should be held against axial movement in both directions.
A right-hand spiral bevel gear is one in which the outer half of a tooth is inclined in the clockwise direction from
the axial plane through the midpoint of the tooth as viewed by an observer looking at the face of the gear.
A left-hand spiral bevel gear is one in which the outer half of a tooth is inclined in the anticlockwise
(counterclockwise) direction from the axial plane through the midpoint of the tooth as viewed by an observer
looking at the face of the gear.
12 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

To avoid the loss of backlash, the hand of spiral should be selected to give an axial thrust that tends to move
the pinion out of mesh. See Annex D.
For hypoids, the hand of spiral depends on the direction of the offset. See B.3 for details.
4.5 Preliminary gear size
Once the preliminary gear size is determined (see B.4.3), the tooth proportions of the gears should be
established and the resulting design should be checked for bending strength and pitting resistance. See
ISO 10300.
5 Tooth geometry and cutting considerations
5.1 Manufacturing considerations
This clause presents tooth dimensions for bevel and hypoid gears in which the teeth are machined by a face
mill cutter, face hob cutter, a planning tool, or a cup-shaped grinding wheel. The gear geometry is a function of
the cutting method used. For this reason, it is important that the user is familiar with the cutting methods used
by the gear manufacturer. The following section is provided to familiarize the user with this interdependence.
5.2 Tooth taper
Bevel gear tooth design involves some consideration of tooth taper because the amount of taper affects the
final tooth proportions and the size and shape of the blank.
It is advisable to define the following interrelated basic types of tapers (these are illustrated in Figure 8, in
which straight bevel teeth are shown for simplicity).
⎯ Depth taper refers to the change in tooth depth along the face measured perpendicular to the pitch cone.
⎯ Slot width taper refers to the change in the point width formed by a V-shaped cutting tool of nominal
pressure angle, whose sides are tangent to the two sides of the tooth space and whose top is tangent to
the root cone, along the face.
⎯ Space width taper refers to the change in the space width along the face. It is generally measured in the
pitch plane.
⎯ Thickness taper refers to the change in tooth thickness along the face. It is generally measured in the
pitch plane.
Key
1 depth
2 slot width
3 thickness
4 space width
Figure 8 — Bevel gear tooth tapers
The taper of primary consideration for production is the slot width taper. The width of the slot at its narrowest
point determines the point width of the cutting tool and limits the edge radius that can be placed on the cutter
blade.
The taper which directly affects the blank is the depth taper through its effect on the dedendum angle, which is
used in the calculation of the face angle of the mating member.
The slot width taper depends upon the lengthwise curvature and the dedendum angle. It can be changed by
varying the depth taper, i.e. by tilting the root line as shown in Figure 9, in which the concept is simplified by
illustrating straight bevel teeth. In spiral bevel and hypoid gears, the amount by which the root line is tilted is
further dependent upon a number of geometric characteristics including the cutter radius.
This relationship is discussed more thoroughly in 5.3.
The root line is generally rotated about the mid-section at the pitch line in order to maintain the desired
working depth at the mean section of the tooth.
14 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

Key
1 pitch cone apex
Figure 9 — Root line tilt
5.3 Tooth depth configurations
5.3.1 Taper depth
5.3.1.1 Standard depth
Standard depth pertains to the configuration where the depth changes in proportion to the cone distance at
any particular section of the tooth. If the root line of such a tooth is extended, it intersects the axis at the pitch
cone apex, as illustrated in Figure 10, but the face cone apex does not. The sum of the dedendum angles of
pinion and wheel for standard depth taper, Σθ , does not depend on cutter radius. Most straight bevel gears
fS
are designed with standard depth taper.
5.3.1.2 Constant slot width
This taper represents a tilt of the root line such that the slot width is constant while maintaining the proper
space width taper. The slot width taper is zero on both members.
The equation for the sum of the dedendum angles is given in C.5.1.
Equation (C.4), for the sum of the dedendum angles, indicates that the cutter radius, r , has a significant
c0
effect on the amount by which the root line is tilted. For a given design, the following tendencies should be
noted.
⎯ A large cutter radius increases the sum of the dedendum angles. If the radius is too large, the resultant
depthwise taper could adversely affect the depth of the teeth at either end, i.e. too shallow at inner end
for proper tooth contact, and too deep at the outer end, which can cause undercut and narrow toplands.
Therefore, the cutter radius should not be too large and an upper limit of r approximately equal to R is
c0 m2
suggested.
⎯ A small cutter radius decreases the sum of the dedendum angles. In fact, if r equals R sin β , the
c0 m2 m2
sum of the dedendum angles becomes zero, which results in uniform depth teeth. If r is less than R
c0 m2
sin β , reverse depthwise taper would exist and the teeth would be deeper at the inner end than at the
m2
outer. In order to avoid excessive depth (undercut and narrow toplands) at the inner end, a minimum
value of r , equal to 1,1 R sin β , is suggested.
c0 m2 m2
NOTE For gears cut with a planing tool, the cutter centre is considered to be at infinity and root lines are not tilted.
Standard taper is the norm for gears produced in this manner.
5.3.1.3 Modified slot width
This taper is an intermediate one in which the root line is tilted about the mean point. In this case, the slot
width of the gear member is constant along the tooth length and any slot width taper is on the pinion member.
For the case where the root line is tilted to permit finishing the gear in one operation, the amount of tilt is
somewhat arbitrary, but should fall within the following guidelines, see Table C.4:
⎯ the sum of the pinion and wheel dedendum angles for modified slot width taper, Σθ , should not exceed
fM
1,3 times the sum of the dedendum angles for standard depth taper, Σθ , nor should it exceed the sum
fS
of the dedendum angles for constant slot width taper, Σθ ;
fC
⎯ in practice, the smaller of the values, 1,3 Σθ or Σθ , is used.
fS fC
5.3.2 Uniform depth
Uniform depth is the configuration where the tooth depth remains constant along the face width regardless of
cutter radius. In this case, the root line is parallel to an element of the face cone, as illustrated in Figure 10.
The sum of the dedendum angles of pinion and wheel for uniform depth, Σθ , equals zero.
fU
For the uniform depth tooth, the cutter radius, r , should be greater than R sin β , but not more than
c0 m2 m2
1,5 times this value. This approximation of lengthwise involute curvature, in conjunction with the uniform depth,
holds the variation along the face width in normal circular thickness on the pinion and wheel to a minimum.
If narrow inner toplands occur on the pinion, a small tooth tip chamfer may be provided (see Figure 11).
16 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

a)  Standard depth taper
b)  Constant and modified slot width

c)  Uniform depth
Key
1 mean whole depth
2 mean addendum
3 mean dedendum
Figure 10 — Bevel gear depthwise tapers

Key
1 face width, b
2 length of chamfer
3 angle of chamfer
Figure 11 — Tooth tip chamfering on the pinion
5.4 Dedendum angle modifications
To avoid cutter interference with a hub or shoulder, the wheel and pinion root line can be rotated about the
mean point as shown in Figure 12. A dedendum angle modification, when desired, normally ranges between
−5° and +5°.
Key
1 dedendum angle modification
2 mean pitch diameter of pinion, d
m1
3 mean pitch diameter of wheel, d
m2
4 pitch angle of pinion, δ
5 pitch angle of wheel, δ
Figure 12 — Angle modification required because of extension in pinion shaft
5.5 Cutter radius
Most spiral bevel gears are manufactured with face cutters. The selection of the cutter radius depends on the
cutting system used. A list of nominal cutter radii is contained in Annex E.
5.6 Mean radius of curvature
Two types of cutting processes are used in the industry. In the process which will be referred to as the “face
milling process”, the cradle axis and the work axis roll together in a timed relationship. In the process which
will be referred to as the “face hobbing process”, the cradle axis, work axis and cutter axis roll together in a
timed relationship.
With the face milling process, the mean radius of tooth curvature is equal to the cutter radius [see Figure 13 a)].
With the face hobbing process, the curve in the lengthwise direction of the tooth is an extended epicycloid and
is a function of the relative roll between the workpiece and the cutter. The radius of curvature is somewhat
smaller than the cutter radius.
18 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

a)  Face milling b)  Face hobbing
Key
1 crown gear centre 6 cutter radius, r 10 cutter centre
c0
2 mean cone distance, R 7 lengthwise tooth mean radius of 11 second auxiliary angle, η
m2 1
curvature, ρ

3 spiral angle, β 12 lead angle of cutter, ν
m2 1
8 first auxiliary angle, λ
4 intermediate angle 13 epicycloid base circle radius, ρ
b
9 centre of curvature
5 crown gear to cutter centre, ρ
P0
Figure 13 — Geometry of face milling and face hobbing processes
5.7 Hypoid design
An infinite number of pitch surfaces exists for any hypoid pair. However starting with the initial data given in
Table 2, the result is only one pitch surface for each method. The design procedures used in the industry will
be referred to as Method 1, Method 2 and Method 3, and, for bevel gears, as Method 0.
In Method 1 and Method 3, the pitch surfaces are selected such that the hypoid radius of curvature matches
the cutter radius of curvature at the mean point for gears to be manufactured by the face milling process and
such that it matches the mean epicycloidal curvature at the mean point for gears cut by the face hobbing
process.
Method 2 is a method for designing gears to be cut by the face hobbing process. In this case, the wheel pitch
apex, pinion pitch apex and cutter centre lie on a straight line.
5.8 Most general type of gearing
Hypoid gears are the most general type of gearing. The wheel and pinion axes are skew and non-intersecting.
The teeth are curved in the lengthwise direction. All other types of gears can be considered subsets of the
hypoid. Spiral bevel gears are hypoid gears with zero offset between the axes. Straight bevel gears are hypoid
gears with zero offset and zero tooth curvature. Helical gears are hypoid gears with zero shaft angle and zero
tooth curvature.
5.9 Hypoid geometry
5.9.1 Basics
Whenever a most general case is defined, the definition becomes complex. Hypoid gear geometry is no
exception. Figure 14 shows the major angles and quantities involved. Figure 14 a) is a side view looking along
the pinion axis. Figure 14 b) is a front view looking along the wheel axis. Figure 14 c) is a top view showing
the shaft angle between the wheel and pinion axes. Figure 14 d) is a view of the wheel section along the plane
making the offset angle, 16, in the pinion axial plane. Figure 14 e) is a view of the pitch plane. Figure 14 f) is a
view of the pinion section along the plane making the offset angle, 2, in the wheel axial plane.
The scope of this text does not permit an adequate explanation or derivation of the formulas involved.

a) b)
c) d)
Figure 14 — Hypoid geometry
20 © ISO 2006 – All rights reserved

e) f)
Key
1 intersection of contact normal 11 pitch plane 21 sliding velocity vector
through mean point at wheel axis
12 wheel pitch angle, δ 22 tangent to tooth trace at mean
2 wheel offset angle in axial plane, η point
13 intersection point of contact
3 wheel axis normal through mean point at 23 wheel mean cone distance, R
m2
pinion axis
4 wheel pitch apex 24 shaft angle, Σ
14 offset, a
5 mean point, P 25 common normal to pinion and
15 crossing point at pinion axis wheel axis through crossing point
6 pinion pitch apex
16 pinion offset angle in axial 26 pinion pitch apex beyond crossing
7 crossing point at wheel axis
plane, ζ point, t
m z1
8 wheel pitch apex beyond crossing
17 pinion axis 27 crossing point to mean point along
point, t
z2
pinion axis, t
zm2
18 pinion spiral angle, β
m1
9 distance along wheel axis between
28 pinion pitch angle, δ
crossing point and contact normal 19 wheel spiral angle, β
m2
intersection 29 pinion mean cone dis
...


NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 23509
Première édition
2006-09-01
Géométrie des engrenages coniques et
hypoïdes
Bevel and hypoid gear geometry

Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2006
PDF – Exonération de responsabilité
Le présent fichier PDF peut contenir des polices de caractères intégrées. Conformément aux conditions de licence d'Adobe, ce fichier
peut être imprimé ou visualisé, mais ne doit pas être modifié à moins que l'ordinateur employé à cet effet ne bénéficie d'une licence
autorisant l'utilisation de ces polices et que celles-ci y soient installées. Lors du téléchargement de ce fichier, les parties concernées
acceptent de fait la responsabilité de ne pas enfreindre les conditions de licence d'Adobe. Le Secrétariat central de l'ISO décline toute
responsabilité en la matière.
Adobe est une marque déposée d'Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Les détails relatifs aux produits logiciels utilisés pour la création du présent fichier PDF sont disponibles dans la rubrique General Info
du fichier; les paramètres de création PDF ont été optimisés pour l'impression. Toutes les mesures ont été prises pour garantir
l'exploitation de ce fichier par les comités membres de l'ISO. Dans le cas peu probable où surviendrait un problème d'utilisation,
veuillez en informer le Secrétariat central à l'adresse donnée ci-dessous.

©  ISO 2006
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf prescription différente, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous
quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit
de l'ISO à l'adresse ci-après ou du comité membre de l'ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax. + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés

Sommaire Page
Avant-propos. v
Introduction . vi
1 Domaine d'application. 1
2 Références normatives . 1
3 Termes, définitions et symboles. 1
3.1 Termes et définitions. 6
3.2 Symboles . 8
4 Considérations générales relatives à la conception. 10
4.1 Généralités . 10
4.2 Types d'engrenages coniques . 11
4.2.1 Engrenages coniques droits . 11
4.2.2 Engrenages spiroconiques. 11
4.2.3 Engrenages coniques zérol. 12
4.2.4 Engrenages hypoïdes. 12
4.3 Rapports . 12
4.4 Sens de la spirale. 13
4.5 Dimension préliminaire de l'engrenage. 13
5 Géométrie de la denture et considérations relatives au taillage . 13
5.1 Considérations de fabrication . 13
5.2 Inclinaison de la denture. 13
5.3 Configurations de la hauteur de denture .15
5.3.1 Variation de la hauteur . 15
5.3.2 Hauteur uniforme. 16
5.4 Modifications de l'angle de creux . 18
5.5 Rayon de l'outil . 18
5.6 Rayon moyen de courbure . 18
5.7 Conception hypoïde . 19
5.8 Type d'engrenage le plus courant. 19
5.9 Géométrie hypoïde . 20
5.9.1 Généralités . 20
5.9.2 Point d'intersection . 22
6 Paramètres du cône primitif . 22
6.1 Données initiales . 22
6.2 Détermination des paramètres du cône primitif pour les engrenages coniques et
hypoïdes . 23
6.2.1 Méthode 0 . 23
6.2.2 Méthode 1 . 23
6.2.3 Méthode 2 . 27
6.2.4 Méthode 3 . 32
7 Dimensions d'engrenages . 34
7.1 Données complémentaires . 34
7.2 Détermination des données de base . 36
7.3 Détermination de la hauteur de dent au point de calcul. 38
7.4 Détermination des angles de cône du pied et de tête. 39
7.5 Détermination de la largeur de denture du pignon, b . 40
7.6 Détermination des angles de spirale intérieur et extérieur . 42
7.6.1 Pignon. 42
7.6.2 Roue . 44
7.7 Détermination de la hauteur de dent. 44
7.8 Détermination de l'épaisseur de dent . 45
7.9 Détermination des autres dimensions. 46
8 Vérification du dégagement de pied . 47
8.1 Pignon . 47
8.2 Roue . 50
Annexe A (informative) Structure de la série de formules ISO pour le calcul des données
géométriques des engrenages coniques et hypoïdes . 52
Annexe B (informative) Paramètres de cône primitif de fonctionnement. 59
Annexe C (informative) Dimension des engrenages. 69
Annexe D (informative) Analyse des forces. 76
Annexe E (informative) Données relatives aux machines-outils . 79
Annexe F (informative) Exemples de calculs. 80

iv © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés

Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 23509 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 60, Engrenages, sous-comité SC 2, Calcul de la
capacité des engrenages.
Introduction
Pendant plusieurs décennies, les informations relatives à la géométrie des engrenages coniques, et plus
particulièrement des engrenages hypoïdes, ont été collectées et publiées par les constructeurs de machines à
tailler les engrenages. Il est clair que les formules spécifiques à leur géométrie respective ont été établies
pour les méthodes de génération mécanique des machines et outils propres aux constructeurs. Dans de
nombreux cas, ces formules ne pouvaient être utilisées pour tous les types d'engrenage conique. Grâce à
l'introduction de machines CNC (commande numérique par calculateur) universelles et multi-axiales,
capables en principe de produire tous les types d'engrenage, les choses ont évolué. En conséquence, les
constructeurs ont dû fournir des programmes CNC adaptés à la géométrie des différentes méthodes de
génération d'engrenage conique présentes sur leurs machines.
La présente Norme internationale intègre, dans un ensemble complet de formules, les engrenages coniques
droits ainsi que les trois principales méthodes de conception des engrenages spiroconiques. Seuls quelques
aspects particuliers nécessitent que des formules propres à chaque méthode soient appliquées. La structure
des formules permet leur programmation directe, ce qui donne la possibilité à l'utilisateur de comparer les
différentes conceptions.
Les formules des trois méthodes sont élaborées pour le cas général des engrenages hypoïdes et le calcul
associé au cas particulier des engrenages spiroconiques s'effectue en définissant un décalage hypoïde égal à
zéro. Par ailleurs, les géométries sont telles que chaque paire de roues est constituée d'une roue générée ou
non générée sans décalage et d'un pignon généré et associé au décalage hypoïde total.
La présente Norme internationale peut également permettre la mise en place future d'un système de
classification ISO des engrenages hypoïdes sur la base des géométries combinées des engrenages coniques.

vi © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés

NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 23509:2006(F)

Géométrie des engrenages coniques et hypoïdes
1 Domaine d'application
La présente Norme internationale spécifie la géométrie des engrenages coniques.
Le terme «engrenages coniques» est utilisé pour désigner les engrenages coniques droits, spiroconiques,
coniques zérol ainsi que les engrenages hypoïdes. Lorsque le texte ne fait référence qu'à certains de ces
types d'engrenage, les formes spécifiques sont alors nommément identifiées.
Il n'est pas prévu que le processus d'usinage de la forme de denture souhaitée implique un processus
spécifique. Il est au contraire de nature générale et applicable à toutes les méthodes de fabrication.
La géométrie des facteurs utilisés pour la capacité des engrenages coniques, comme spécifié dans
l'ISO 10300, est également incluse.
La présente Norme internationale est destinée à être utilisée par des concepteurs d'engrenages expérimentés,
capables de sélectionner des valeurs raisonnables pour les facteurs en fonction de leurs connaissances et de
leur expérience. Elle ne s'adresse pas à un public d'ingénieurs généralistes.
L'Annexe A présente une structure pour le calcul des méthodes indiquées dans la présente Norme internationale.
2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO 1122-1:1998, Vocabulaire des engrenages — Partie 1: Définitions géométriques
ISO 10300-1:2001, Calcul de la capacité de charge des engrenages coniques — Partie 1: Introduction et
facteurs généraux d'influence
ISO 10300-2:2001, Calcul de la capacité de charge des engrenages coniques — Partie 2: Calcul de la
résistance à la pression superficielle (formation de piqûres)
ISO 10300-3:2001, Calcul de la capacité de charge des engrenages coniques — Partie 3: Calcul de la
résistance du pied de dent
3 Termes, définitions et symboles
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans l'ISO 1122-1 ainsi que les
termes, définition et symboles suivants s'appliquent.
NOTE 1 Les symboles, termes et définitions utilisés dans la présente Norme internationale sont, dans la mesure du
possible, cohérents avec d'autres Normes internationales. Toutefois, en raison de certaines limitations, il est reconnu que
certains symboles, leurs termes et leurs définitions, tels qu'utilisés dans le présent document, diffèrent de ceux utilisés
dans certains documents relatifs aux engrenages à dentures droite et hélicoïdale.
NOTE 2 La nomenclature des engrenages coniques utilisée dans la présente Norme internationale est illustrée à la
Figure 1, vue de la section axiale d'un engrenage conique, et à la Figure 2, vue de la section transversale moyenne. La
nomenclature hypoïde est illustrée à la Figure 3.
L'indice 1 fait référence au pignon et l'indice 2 à la roue.
Figure 1 — Nomenclature d'un engrenage conique — Plan axial
2 © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés

Légende
1 angle de dépouille 10 angle avant 19 diamètre de référence extérieur,
d , d
e1 e2
2 angle du cône complémentaire 11 génératrice moyenne du cône 20 angle de cône du pied, δ , δ
f1 f2
de référence, R
m
3 génératrice extérieure avec le cône 12 point moyen 21 angle des axes, Σ
complémentaire
4 vide à fond de dent, c 13 distance de référence 22 rayon équivalent primitif de
fonctionnement
5 point extérieur de diamètre de tête 14 génératrice extérieure du cône 23 diamètre primitif moyen, d , d
m1 m2
de référence, R
e
6 distance de tête de référence 15 diamètre extérieur, d , d 24 pignon
ae1 ae2
7 angle de creux, θ , θ 16 angle primitif, δ , δ 25 roue
f1 f2 1 2
8 angle de cône de tête δ , δ 17 sommet du cône primitif
a1 a2
de fonctionnement
9 largeur de denture, b 18 distance entre bombé et point
d'intersection, t , t
xo1 xo2
NOTE Voir Figure 2 pour la section transversale moyenne, A-A.
Figure 1 — Nomenclature d'un engrenage conique — Plan axial (suite)
Légende
1 hauteur de dent, h 5 pas apparent 9 hauteur utile, h
m mw
2 point primitif 6 saillie à la corde 10 saillie, h
am
3 vide à fond de dent, c 7 épaisseur à la corde 11 creux, h
fm
4 épaisseur apparente 8 jeu 12 rayon équivalent primitif de fonctionnement

Figure 2 — Nomenclature d'un engrenage conique — Section transversale moyenne
(A-A dans la Figure 1)
4 © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés

Légende
1 distance du sommet du cône de tête 7 diamètre de référence extérieur, 13 distance de référence

au-delà du point d'intersection, t d , d
zF1 e1 e2
2 distance du sommet du cône de pied 8 angle des axes, Σ 14 angle primitif, δ
au-delà du point d'intersection, t
zR1
3 distance du sommet primitif au-delà 9 angle de cône du pied, δ , δ 15 génératrice extérieure du cône
f1 f2
du point d'intersection, t de référence, R
z1 e
4 distance entre bombé et point 10 angle de cône de tête du corps 16 largeur de denture du pignon,
d'intersection, t , t de roue, δ , δ b
xo1 xo2 a1 a2 1
5 distance entre bombé frontal et point 11 largeur de denture de la roue,
d'intersection, t b
xi1 2
6 diamètre extérieur, d , d 12 décalage hypoïde, a
ae1 ae2
NOTE 1 Sommet au-delà de l'axe de la roue conjuguée (valeurs positives).
NOTE 2 Sommet avant l'axe de la roue conjuguée (valeurs négatives).
Figure 3 — Nomenclature hypoïde
3.1 Termes et définitions
3.1.1
saillie moyenne normale à la corde, pignon [roue]
h , h
amc1 amc2
distance entre le sommet d'une dent et la corde sous-tendant l'arc d'épaisseur apparente au niveau de la
génératrice moyenne du cône de référence, dans un plan normal par rapport à la face de la dent
3.1.2
saillie moyenne, pignon [roue]
h , h
am1 am2
distance par laquelle la dent de roue se projette au-dessus du cône primitif de fonctionnement au niveau de la
génératrice moyenne du cône de référence
3.1.3
tolérance de jeu normal extérieur
j
en
grandeur de réduction des épaisseurs apparentes en vue de fournir le jeu nécessaire à l'assemblage
NOTE Elle est spécifiée au niveau de la génératrice extérieure du cône de référence.
3.1.4
côté entraîné
par convention normale, flanc de pignon convexe en engrènement avec le flanc de roue concave
3.1.5
rayon de l'outil
r
c0
rayon nominal de la fraise ou de la meule boisseau utilisée pour tailler ou meuler les dents des engrenages
spiroconiques
3.1.6
somme des angles de creux
Σθ
f
somme des angles de creux du pignon et de la roue
3.1.7
somme des angles de creux, largeur de rainure constante
Σθ
fC
somme des angles de creux pour une largeur de rainure constante
3.1.8
somme des angles de creux, largeur de rainure modifiée
Σθ
fM
somme des angles de creux pour une variation de la largeur de rainure modifiée
3.1.9
somme des angles de creux, hauteur standard
Σθ
fS
somme des angles de creux pour une variation de la hauteur standard
3.1.10
somme des angles de creux, hauteur uniforme
Σθ
fU
somme des angles de creux pour une hauteur uniforme
6 © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés

3.1.11
creux moyen, pignon [roue]
h , h
fm1 fm2
hauteur de l'entredent au-dessous du cône primitif de fonctionnement au niveau de la génératrice moyenne
du cône de référence
3.1.12
hauteur de dent moyenne
h
m
hauteur de dent au niveau de la génératrice moyenne du cône de référence
3.1.13
hauteur utile moyenne
h
mw
hauteur de l'engrènement de deux roues au niveau de la génératrice moyenne du cône de référence
3.1.14
sens de rotation
sens déterminé par un observateur visualisant l'engrenage depuis l'arrière en regardant vers le sommet
primitif
3.1.15
côté entraînement
par convention normale, flanc de pignon concave en engrènement avec le flanc de roue convexe
3.1.16
largeur de denture
b
longueur des dents mesurée le long d'un élément du cône primitif de fonctionnement
3.1.17
facteur moyen de saillie
c
ham
répartition de la hauteur utile moyenne entre les saillies moyennes de la roue et du pignon
NOTE La saillie moyenne de l'engrenage est égale à c fois la hauteur utile moyenne.
ham
3.1.18
rayon moyen de courbure
ρ

rayon de courbure de la surface de la dent dans le sens longitudinal au niveau de la génératrice moyenne du
cône de référence
3.1.19
nombre de groupes de lames rapportées
z
nombre de groupes de lames contenus dans la circonférence de l'outil de taillage
3.1.20
nombre de dents, pignon [roue]
z , z
1 2
nombre de dents contenues dans la circonférence totale du cône primitif de fonctionnement
3.1.21
nombre de dents de la roue plate
z
p
nombre de dents dans la circonférence totale de la roue plate
NOTE Ce nombre peut ne pas être un entier.
3.1.22
épaisseur normale moyenne à la corde, pignon [roue]
s , s
mnc1 mnc2
épaisseur à la corde des dents de la roue au niveau de la génératrice moyenne du cône de référence dans un
plan normal par rapport à la ligne de flanc de référence de la dent
3.1.23
épaisseur circulaire normale moyenne, pignon [roue]
s , s
mn1 mn2
longueur de l'arc sur le cône primitif de fonctionnement entre les deux côtés de la dent au niveau de la
génératrice moyenne du cône de référence, dans le plan normal par rapport à la ligne de flanc de référence
de la dent
3.1.24
ligne de flanc
courbe de la dent sur la surface primitive
3.2 Symboles
Tableau 1 — Symboles utilisés dans l’ISO 23509
Symbole Description Unité
a décalage hypoïde mm
b , b largeur de denture mm
1 2
b , b largeur de denture du point de calcul vers l'extérieur mm
e1 e2
b , b largeur de denture du point de calcul vers l'intérieur mm
i1 i2
c vide à fond de dent mm
c facteur de largeur de denture —
be2
c facteur moyen de saillie de la roue —
ham
d , d diamètre extérieur mm
ae1 ae2
d , d diamètre de référence extérieur mm
e1 e2
d , d diamètre primitif moyen mm
m1 m2
F force axiale N
ax
F , F force tangentielle au niveau du diamètre moyen N
mt1 mt2
F force radiale N
rad
f facteur d'influence de l'angle de pression limite —
αlim
h , h saillie extérieure mm
ae1 ae2
h , h saillie moyenne mm
am1 am2
h , h saillie moyenne à la corde mm
amc1 amc2
h , h hauteur de dent extérieure mm
e1 e2
h , h creux extérieur mm
fe1 fe2
h , h creux intérieur mm
fi1 fi2
h , h creux moyen mm
fm1 fm2
h hauteur de dent moyenne mm
m
h hauteur utile moyenne mm
mw
h hauteur de dent du pignon mm
t1
j jeu normal extérieur mm
en
8 © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés

Tableau 1 — Symboles utilisés dans l’ISO 23509 (suite)
Symbole Description Unité
j jeu apparent extérieur mm
et
j jeu normal moyen mm
mn
j jeu apparent moyen mm
mt
k facteur de vide à fond de dent —
c
k facteur de hauteur de dent —
d
k facteur de saillie de la roue plate de référence (par rapport à m) —
hap mn
k facteur de creux de la roue plate de référence (par rapport à m) —
hfp mn
k facteur d'épaisseur apparente —
t
m module apparent extérieur mm
et
m module normal moyen mm
mn
R , R génératrice extérieure du cône de référence mm
e1 e2
R , R génératrice intérieure du cône de référence mm
i1 i2
R , R génératrice moyenne du cône de référence mm
m1 m2
r rayon de l'outil mm
c0
s , s épaisseur apparente normale moyenne mm
mn1 mn2
s , s épaisseur normale moyenne à la corde mm
mnc1 mnc2
t , t distance entre bombé avant et point d'intersection mm
xi1 xi2
distance entre sommet du cône primitif de fonctionnement et bombé (distance
t , t mm
xo1 xo2
entre bombé et point d'intersection, hypoïde)
t , t sommet primitif au-delà du point d'intersection mm
z1 z2
t , t sommet du cône de tête au-delà du point d'intersection mm
zF1 zF2
t , t distance entre le point d'intersection et un point intérieur le long de l'axe mm
zi1 zi2
t , t distance entre le point d'intersection et un point moyen le long de l'axe mm
zm1 zm2
t , t sommet du cône de pied au-delà du point d'intersection mm
zR1 zR2
u rapport d'engrenage —
u rapport équivalent —
a
W largeur de rainure moyenne de la roue mm
m2
x coefficient de déport —
hm1
x , x coefficient de modification de l'épaisseur (jeu inclus) —
sm1 sm2
x coefficient de modification de l'épaisseur (théorique) —
smn
z nombre de groupes de lames rapportées —
z , z nombre de dents —
1 2
z nombre de dents de roue plate —
p
α angle de pression nominal de conception côté entraîné °
dC
α angle de pression nominal de conception côté entraînement °
dD
α angle de pression effectif côté entraîné °
eC
α angle de pression effectif côté entraînement °
eD
α angle de pression normal généré côté entraînement °
nD
Tableau 1 — Symboles utilisés dans l’ISO 23509 (suite)
Symbole Description Unité
α angle de pression normal généré côté entraîné °
nC
α angle de pression limite °
lim
β , β angle de spirale extérieur °
e1 e2
β , β angle de spirale intérieur °
i1 i2
β , β angle de spirale moyen °
m1 m2
∆b incrément de largeur de denture au pignon mm
x1
∆g incrément le long de l'axe du pignon à partir du point de calcul vers l'intérieur mm
xi
∆g incrément le long de l'axe du pignon à partir du point de calcul vers l'extérieur mm
xe
∆Σ écart de l'angle des axes à partir de 90° °
δ , δ angle de cône de tête °
a1 a2
δ , δ angle de cône du pied °
f1 f2
δ , δ angle primitif °
1 2
η angle de décalage de la roue par rapport au plan axial °
θ , θ angle de saillie °
a1 a2
θ , θ angle de creux °
f1 f2
ν inclinaison de l'outil °
ρ rayon du cercle de base épicycloïde mm
b
ρ rayon de courbure limite mm
lim
ρ entraxe roue plate – outil mm
P0
Σ angle des axes °
Σθ somme des angles de creux °
f
Σθ somme des angles de creux pour une variation de largeur de rainure constante °
fC
Σθ somme des angles de creux pour une inclinaison standard °
fS
Σθ somme des angles de creux pour une variation de largeur de rainure modifiée °
fM
Σθ somme des angles de creux pour une variation uniforme de la hauteur °
fU
ζ angle de décalage du pignon au niveau du plan de tête °
o
ζ angle de décalage du pignon au niveau du plan axial °
m
ζ angle de décalage du pignon au niveau du plan primitif °
mp
ζ angle de décalage du pignon au niveau du plan de pied °
R
4 Considérations générales relatives à la conception
4.1 Généralités
Le chargement, la vitesse, les exigences en matière d'exactitude, les limitations d'espace ainsi que les
conditions particulières de fonctionnement influencent la conception. Pour plus de détails, voir l'ISO 10300
(toutes les parties), l'Annexe B, ainsi que les manuels fournis par les constructeurs d'engrenages.
10 © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés

Le terme «finition de précision» utilisé dans la présente Norme internationale fait référence à une opération de
finition par machine qui inclut la rectification, le «skiving» et la finition au tour. Toutefois, la forme de finition
courante appelée rodage est spécifiquement non retenue comme forme de finition de précision.
Il convient que les utilisateurs déterminent les méthodes de taillage disponibles chez le constructeur
d'engrenages avant d'aller plus avant. Les systèmes de taillage utilisés par les constructeurs d'engrenages
coniques sont très dépendants du type de machine-outil qui sera employée.
4.2 Types d'engrenages coniques
Les engrenages coniques permettent la transmission de puissance entre des axes, et ce quels que soient
l'angle et la vitesse. Toutefois, le type d'engrenage le plus adapté à une application spécifique dépend des
montages, de l'espace disponible et des conditions de fonctionnement.
4.2.1 Engrenages coniques droits
Les engrenages coniques droits (voir Figure 4) correspondent à la forme la plus simple des engrenages
coniques. Le contact sur la roue entraînée commence au sommet de la dent et continue vers le pied. Ces
engrenages ont des dents droites et à profil détalonné qui, lorsqu'elles sont projetées vers l'intérieur,
convergent généralement vers un point commun au niveau de l'axe.

Figure 4 — Engrenage conique droit
4.2.2 Engrenages spiroconiques
Les engrenages spiroconiques (voir Figure 5) ont des dents obliques courbées sur lesquelles le contact
commence à une extrémité de la dent et se poursuit progressivement vers l'autre extrémité. Le contact
d'engrènement est similaire aux engrenages coniques droits mais compte tenu de l'action supplémentaire du
chevauchement des dents, le mouvement sera transmis avec plus de douceur que par les engrenages
coniques droits ou zérol. Cette géométrie réduit le bruit et les vibrations, particulièrement décelables à des
vitesses élevées. Les surfaces de la denture des engrenages spiroconiques peut également subir une finition
de précision.
Figure 5 — Engrenages spiroconique
4.2.3 Engrenages coniques zérol
Les engrenages coniques zérol (voir Figure 6) ainsi que les engrenages spiroconiques dont l'angle de spirale
est nul ont des dents courbées qui se trouvent dans la même direction générale que les dents des
engrenages coniques droits. Ils produisent la même poussée axiale sur les supports et peuvent être utilisés
dans le même montage, ils présentent des caractéristiques de fonctionnement douces et sont fabriqués sur
les mêmes machines que les engrenages spiroconiques. La surface de la denture des engrenages zérol peut
également subir une finition de précision. Les engrenages présentant un angle de spirale inférieur à 10° sont
parfois désignés par le terme «engrenages zérol».

Figure 6 — Engrenage conique zérol
4.2.4 Engrenages hypoïdes
Les engrenages hypoïdes (voir Figure 7) sont similaires aux engrenages spiroconiques, si ce n'est que l'axe
du pignon est décalé au-dessus ou au-dessous de l'axe de la roue (voir B.3). Si le décalage est suffisant, les
axes peuvent se croiser et un montage compact convergent peut être utilisé sur la roue et le pignon. La
surface de la denture des engrenages hypoïdes peut également subir une finition de précision.

Figure 7 — Engrenage hypoïde
4.3 Rapports
Les engrenages coniques peuvent être utilisés à la fois comme mécanismes d'entraînement accélérateurs et
réducteurs de vitesse. Les rapports nécessaires doivent être déterminés par le concepteur à partir de la
vitesse d'entrée donnée et de la vitesse de sortie requise. Pour les mécanismes d'entraînement par moteur, le
rapport des engrenages coniques et hypoïdes peut être aussi bas que 1, mais il convient qu'il ne dépasse pas
10 environ. Les engrenages hypoïdes ayant des rapports élevés, compris entre 10 et 20 environ, sont très
utilisés dans la conception des machines-outils pour lesquelles des engrenages de précision sont nécessaires.
Dans les applications «accélérateur de vitesse», il convient que le rapport ne soit pas supérieur à 5.
12 © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés

4.4 Sens de la spirale
Il convient que le sens de la spirale soit sélectionné en vue de fournir une poussée axiale tendant à entraîner
la roue et le pignon hors de l'engrènement lors d'un fonctionnement dans le sens prédominant.
Ce sont souvent les conditions de montage qui dictent le sens de la spirale à sélectionner. Dans le cas des
engrenages spiroconiques et hypoïdes, il convient d'empêcher le mouvement axial de la roue et du pignon
dans les deux sens.
Un engrenage spiroconique à spirale droite est un engrenage dans lequel la partie externe de la dent est
inclinée dans le sens horaire par rapport au plan axial passant par le centre de la dent, du point de vue d'un
observateur regardant la face de l'engrenage.
Un engrenage spiroconique à spirale gauche est un engrenage dans lequel la partie externe de la dent est
inclinée dans le sens anti-horaire par rapport au plan axial passant par le centre de la dent, du point de vue
d'un observateur regardant la face de l'engrenage.
Pour éviter la perte du jeu, il convient que le sens de la spirale soit sélectionné en vue de fournir une poussée
axiale tendant à entraîner le pignon hors de l'engrènement. Voir l’Annexe D.
Pour les engrenages hypoïdes, le sens de la spirale dépend de la direction du décalage. Voir B.3 pour plus de
détails.
4.5 Dimension préliminaire de l'engrenage
Une fois la dimension préliminaire de l'engrenage déterminée (voir B.4.3), il convient de définir les proportions
de la denture des engrenages et de vérifier la résistance à la flexion et la résistance à la formation de piqûre
de la conception choisie. Voir l’ISO 10300.
5 Géométrie de la denture et considérations relatives au taillage
5.1 Considérations de fabrication
Le présent article donne les dimensions des dentures des engrenages coniques et hypoïdes dans lesquels
les dents sont taillées par une fraise tourteau, une fraise mère, un outil à raboter ou une meule boisseau. La
géométrie des engrenages est fonction de la méthode de taillage utilisée. Par conséquent, il est important que
l'utilisateur connaisse les méthodes de taillage utilisées par le fabricant d'engrenages. Les paragraphes qui
suivent vont permettre à l'utilisateur de se familiariser avec cette interdépendance.
5.2 Inclinaison de la denture
La conception de la denture d'un engrenage conique exige la prise en compte de l'inclinaison de la denture
car le degré de cette inclinaison influence les proportions finales des dents ainsi que la dimension et le profil
du corps de roue.
Il est souhaitable de définir les types d'inclinaison de base mentionnés ci-après (ils sont illustrés à la Figure 8,
dans laquelle des dents coniques droites sont montrées pour des raisons de simplicité).
⎯ La variation de la hauteur indique la modification de la hauteur de dent le long de la face mesurée
perpendiculairement au cône primitif.
⎯ La variation de la largeur de rainure indique la modification de la largeur ponctuelle formée par un outil de
taillage profilé en V ayant un angle de pression nominal, dont les côtés sont tangents aux deux côtés de
l'entredent et dont l'extrémité supérieure est tangente au cône de pied, le long de la face.
⎯ La variation de l'intervalle indique la modification de l'intervalle le long de la face. Elle est généralement
mesurée dans le plan primitif.
⎯ La variation de l'épaisseur indique la modification de l'épaisseur de la dent le long de la face. Elle est
généralement mesurée dans le plan primitif.

Légende
1 hauteur
2 largeur de rainure
3 épaisseur
4 intervalle
Figure 8 — Inclinaison de la denture d'un engrenage conique
L'inclinaison principalement prise en compte pour la production est la variation de la largeur de rainure. La
largeur de la rainure en son point le plus étroit détermine la largeur ponctuelle de l'outil de taillage et limite le
rayon du taillant pouvant être placé sur la lame de la fraise.
L'inclinaison qui affecte directement le corps de roue est la variation de la hauteur de dent car elle influence
l'angle de creux utilisé pour le calcul de l'angle de cône de tête de la roue conjuguée.
La variation de la largeur de rainure dépend de la courbure longitudinale et de l'angle de creux. Elle peut être
modifiée en faisant varier la variation de la hauteur de dent, c'est-à-dire en inclinant la ligne de pied comme
illustré à la Figure 9, dans laquelle le concept est simplifié par l'illustration de dents coniques droites. Dans les
engrenages spiroconiques et hypoïdes, le degré d'inclinaison de la ligne de pied dépend en outre d'un certain
nombre de caractéristiques géométriques dont le rayon de l'outil de coupe.
Cette relation est étudiée plus en détail en 5.3.
La ligne de pied subit généralement une rotation à mi-section au niveau de la ligne primitive afin de maintenir
la hauteur utile souhaitée au niveau de la section moyenne de la dent.
14 © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés

Légende
1 sommet du cône primitif
Figure 9 — Inclinaison de la ligne de pied
5.3 Configurations de la hauteur de denture
5.3.1 Variation de la hauteur
5.3.1.1 Hauteur standard
La hauteur standard fait référence à la configuration dans laquelle la hauteur est modifiée proportionnellement
à la génératrice au niveau de toute section particulière de la dent. Si la ligne de pied d'une telle dent est
étendue, elle croise l'axe au niveau du sommet du cône primitif, comme illustré à la Figure 10, et non au
niveau du sommet du cône de tête. La somme des angles de creux du pignon et de la roue pour une variation
de hauteur de dent standard, Σθ , ne dépend pas du rayon de l'outil. La plupart des engrenages coniques
fS
droits sont conçus avec une variation de hauteur de dent standard.
5.3.1.2 Largeur de rainure constante
Cette variation représente une inclinaison de la ligne de pied de sorte que la largeur de rainure soit constante
tout en conservant la variation appropriée de l'intervalle. La variation de la largeur de rainure est de zéro pour
les deux membres.
L'équation associée à la somme des angles de creux est indiquée en C.5.1.
L'Équation (C.4), pour la somme des angles de creux, indique que le rayon de l'outil r a un effet significatif
c0
sur le degré d'inclinaison de la ligne de pied. Pour une conception donnée, il convient de noter les tendances
suivantes:
⎯ un rayon d'outil important augmente la somme des angles de creux. Si le rayon est trop grand, la
variation au niveau de la hauteur risque d'affecter défavorablement la hauteur des dents aux deux
extrémités, c’est-à-dire extrémité interne de la dent pas assez haute pour un contact approprié et
extrémité externe trop haute ce qui peut provoquer un dégagement de pied et des surfaces de tête de
dent étroites. Par conséquent, il convient que le rayon de l'outil ne soit pas trop grand; à ce titre, une
limite supérieure pour r approximativement égale à R est suggérée;
c0 m2
⎯ un rayon d'outil petit diminue la somme des angles de creux. En fait, si r est égal à R sin β , la
c0 m2 m2
somme des angles de creux devient nulle, ce qui donne des dents de hauteur uniforme. Si r est
c0
inférieur à R sin β , une inclinaison inverse au niveau de la hauteur serait présente et les dents
m2 m2
seraient plus hautes sur l'extrémité interne que sur l'extrémité externe. Afin d'éviter une hauteur
excessive (dégagement de pied et surfaces de tête de dent étroites) au niveau de l'extrémité interne, une
valeur minimale de r égale à 1,1 R sin β est suggérée.
c0 m2 m2
NOTE Pour les engrenages taillés avec un outil à raboter, le centre de l'outil est considéré comme étant à l'infini et
les lignes de pied ne sont pas inclinées. L'inclinaison standard est la norme pour les engrenages produits de cette
manière.
5.3.1.3 Largeur de rainure modifiée
Il s'agit d'une variation intermédiaire dans laquelle la ligne de pied est inclinée aux environs du point moyen.
Dans ce cas, la largeur de rainure de la roue est constante sur la longueur de la denture et toute variation de
la largeur de rainure est effectuée sur le pignon.
Lorsque la ligne de pied est inclinée pour permettre la finition de l'engrenage en une seule opération, le degré
d'inclinaison est quelque peu arbitraire mais il convient que les lignes directrices suivantes soient respectées,
voir Tableau C.4:
⎯ il convient que la somme des angles de creux du pignon et de la roue pour la variation de la largeur de
rainure modifiée, Σθ , ne soit pas supérieure à 1,3 fois la somme des angles de creux pour la variation
fM
de hauteur de dent standard, Σθ , et il convient qu'elle ne soit pas supérieure à la somme des angles de
fS
creux pour la variation de la largeur de rainure constante Σθ ;
fC
⎯ en pratique, la plus petite des valeurs 1,3 Σθ ou Σθ est utilisée.
fS fC
5.3.2 Hauteur uniforme
La hauteur uniforme est la configuration dans laquelle la hauteur de dent reste constante le long de la face,
quel que soit le rayon de l'outil. Dans ce cas, la ligne de pied est parallèle à un élément du cône de tête,
comme illustré à la Figure 10. La somme des angles de creux du pignon et de la roue pour une hauteur
uniforme, Σθ , est égale à zéro.
fU
Pour une dent à hauteur uniforme, il convient que le rayon de l'outil r soit supérieur à R sin β , mais qu'il
c0 m2 m2
ne dépasse pas 1,5 fois cette valeur. Cette approximation de la courbure développante longitudinale,
associée à la hauteur uniforme, maintient la variation, le long de la largeur de la denture, de l'épaisseur
circulaire normale sur le pignon et la roue à un minimum.
Si des surfaces de tête de dent internes étroites sont présentes sur le pignon, un petit chanfrein de la tête de
dent peut être prévu (voir Figure 11).
16 © ISO 2006 – Tous droits réservés
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

Loading comments...