ISO 22762-1:2010

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22762-1
Second edition
2010-11-01


Elastomeric seismic-protection
isolators —
Part 1:
Test methods
Appareils d'appuis structuraux en élastomère pour protection
sismique —
Partie 1: Méthodes d'essai





Reference number
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)
©
ISO 2010

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.


COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT


©  ISO 2010
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland

ii © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction.v
1 Scope.1
2 Normative references.1
3 Terms and definitions .2
4 Symbols and cross-section of isolator .4
5 Rubber material tests.9
6 Isolator tests .14
Annex A (normative) Determination of accelerated ageing conditions equivalent to expected life
at standard laboratory temperature (23 °C or 27 °C) .55
Annex B (normative) Inertia force correction .58
Annex C (normative) Friction force correction.60
Annex D (normative) Determination of coefficient linear thermal expansion .63
Annex E (informative) Alternative methods of determining shear properties.65
Annex F (informative) Creep test.67
Annex G (informative) Determination of reaction force due to low-rate deformation .69
Annex H (informative) Durability investigation of elastomeric isolators used for 10 years in a
bridge.71
Annex I (informative) Durability investigation of elastomeric isolators used for seven years in a
building.73
Bibliography.77

© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved iii

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 22762-1 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 45, Rubber and rubber products, Subcommittee
SC 4, Products (other than hoses).
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 22762-1:2005), which has been technically
revised. It also incorporates the Technical Corrigendum ISO 22762-1:2005/Cor.1:2006.
ISO 22762 consists of the following parts, under the general title Elastomeric seismic-protection isolators:
⎯ Part 1: Test methods
⎯ Part 2: Applications for bridges — Specifications
⎯ Part 3: Applications for buildings — Specifications
iv © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)
Introduction
ISO 22762 (all parts) consists of two parts related to specifications for isolators, i.e. ISO 22762-2 for bridges
and ISO 22762-3 for buildings. This is because the isolator requirements for bridges and for buildings are quite
different, although the basic concept of the two products is similar. Therefore, ISO 22762-2 and the relevant
clauses in this part of ISO 22762 are used when ISO 22762 (all parts) is applied to the design of bridge
isolators, whereas ISO 22762-3 and the relevant clauses of this part of ISO 22762 are used when it is applied
to building isolators.
The main differences to be noted between isolators for bridges and isolators for buildings are the following.
a) Isolators for bridges are mainly rectangular in shape and those for buildings are circular in shape.
b) Isolators for bridges are designed to be used for both rotation and horizontal displacement, while isolators
for buildings are designed for horizontal displacement only.
c) Isolators for bridges are designed to perform on a daily basis to accommodate length changes of bridges
caused by temperature changes as well as during earthquakes, while isolators for buildings are designed
to perform only during earthquakes.
d) Isolators for bridges are designed to withstand dynamic loads caused by vehicles on a daily basis as well
as earthquakes, while isolators for buildings are mainly designed to withstand dynamic loads caused by
earthquakes only.
For structures other than buildings and bridges (e.g. tanks), the structural engineer uses either ISO 22762-2 or
ISO 22762-3, depending on the requirements of the structure.

© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved v

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22762-1:2010(E)

Elastomeric seismic-protection isolators —
Part 1:
Test methods
1 Scope
This part of ISO 22762 specifies the test methods for determination of
a) the properties of the rubber material used to manufacture the elastomeric seismic isolators, and
b) the characteristics of elastomeric seismic isolators.
It is applicable to elastomeric seismic isolators used to provide buildings or bridges with protection from
earthquake damage. The isolators covered consist of alternate elastomeric layers and reinforcing steel plates
which are placed between a superstructure and its substructure to provide both flexibility for decoupling
structural systems from ground motion, and damping capability to reduce displacement at the isolation
interface and the transmission of energy from the ground into the structure at the isolation frequency.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 37, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of tensile stress-strain properties
ISO 48, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of hardness (hardness between 10 IRHD and
100 IRHD)
ISO 188, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Accelerated ageing and heat resistance tests
ISO 812, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of low-temperature brittleness
ISO 813, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of adhesion to a rigid substrate — 90 degree
peel method
ISO 815-1, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of compression set — Part 1: At ambient or
elevated temperatures
ISO 815-2, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of compression set — Part 2: At low
temperatures
ISO 1431-1, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Resistance to ozone cracking — Part 1: Static and
dynamic strain testing
ISO 1827, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of shear modulus and adhesion to rigid
plates — Quadruple-shear methods
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 1

---------------------- Page: 6 ----------------------
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)
ISO 3387, Rubber — Determination of crystallization effects by hardness measurements
ISO 4664-1, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of dynamic properties — Part 1: General
guidance
ISO 7500-1:2004, Metallic materials — Verification of static uniaxial testing machines — Part 1:
Tension/compression testing machines — Verification and calibration of the force-measuring system
ISO 7619-2, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Determination of indentation hardness — Part 2: IRHD
pocket meter method
ISO 11346:2004, Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic — Estimation of life-time and maximum temperature of
use
ISO 22762-2, Elastomeric seismic-protection isolators — Part 2: Applications for bridges — Specifications
ISO 22762-3, Elastomeric seismic-protection isolators — Part 3: Applications for buildings — Specifications
ISO 23529, Rubber — General procedures for preparing and conditioning test pieces for physical test
methods
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
breaking
rupture of elastomeric isolator due to compression (or tension)-shear loading
3.2
buckling
state when elastomeric isolators lose their stability under compression-shear loading
3.3
compressive properties of elastomeric isolator
K
v
compressive stiffness for all types of rubber bearings
3.4
compression-shear testing machine
machine used to test elastomeric isolators, which has the capability of shear loading under constant
compressive load
3.5
cover rubber
rubber wrapped around the outside of inner rubber and reinforcing steel plates before or after curing of
elastomeric isolators for the purposes of protecting the inner rubber from deterioration due to oxygen, ozone
and other natural elements and protecting the reinforcing plates from corrosion
3.6
design compressive stress
long-term compressive force on the elastomeric isolator imposed by the structure
3.7
effective loaded area
area sustaining vertical load in elastomeric isolators, which corresponds to the area of reinforcing steel plates
2 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 7 ----------------------
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)
3.8
effective width
〈rectangular elastomeric isolator〉 the smaller of the two side lengths of inner rubber to which direction shear
displacement is not restricted
3.9
elastomeric isolator
rubber bearing, for seismic isolation of buildings, bridges and other structures, which consists of multi-layered
vulcanized rubber sheets and reinforcing steel plates
EXAMPLE High-damping rubber bearings, linear natural rubber bearings and lead rubber bearings.
3.10
first shape factor
ratio of effectively loaded area to free deformation area of one inner rubber layer between steel plates
3.11
high-damping rubber bearing
HDR
elastomeric isolator with relatively high damping properties obtained by special compounding of the rubber
and the use of additives
3.12
inner rubber
rubber between multi-layered steel plates inside an elastomeric isolator
3.13
lead rubber bearing
LRB
elastomeric isolator whose inner rubber with a lead plug or lead plugs press fitted into a hole or holes of the
isolator body to achieve damping properties
3.14
linear natural rubber bearing
LNR
elastomeric isolator with linear shear force-deflection characteristics and relatively low damping properties,
fabricated using natural rubber
NOTE Any bearing with relatively low damping can be treated as an LNR bearing for the purposes of isolator testing.
3.15
maximum compressive stress
peak stress acting briefly on elastomeric isolators in compressive direction during an earthquake
3.16
nominal compressive stress
long-term stress acting on elastomeric isolators in compressive direction as recommended by the
manufacturer for the isolator, including the safety margin
3.17
roll-out
instability of an isolator with either dowelled or recessed connection under shear displacement
3.18
routine test
test for quality control of the production isolators during and after manufacturing
3.19
second shape factor
〈circular elastomeric isolator〉 ratio of the diameter of the inner rubber to the total thickness of the inner rubber
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 3

---------------------- Page: 8 ----------------------
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)
3.20
second shape factor
〈rectangular or square elastomeric isolator〉 ratio of the effective width of the inner rubber to the total thickness
of the inner rubber
3.21
shear properties of elastomeric isolators
comprehensive term that covers characteristics determined from isolator tests:
⎯ shear stiffness, K , for LNR;
h
⎯ shear stiffness, K , and equivalent damping ratio, h , for HDR and LRB;
h eq
, and characteristic strength, Q , for LRB
⎯ post-yield stiffness, K
d d
3.22
structural engineer
engineer who is in charge of designing the structure for base-isolated bridges or buildings and is responsible
for specifying the requirements for elastomeric isolators
3.23
type test
test for verification either of material properties and isolator performances during development of the product
or that project design parameters are achieved
3.24
ultimate property
property at either buckling, breaking, or roll-out of an isolator under compression-shear loading
3.25
ultimate property diagram
UPD
diagram giving the interaction curve of compressive stress and buckling strain or breaking strain of an
elastomeric isolator
4 Symbols and cross-section of isolator
4.1 Symbols
For the purposes of this document, the symbols given in Table 1 apply.
Table 1 — Symbols and descriptions
Symbol Description
A effective plan area; plan area of elastomeric isolator, excluding cover rubber portion
A effective area of bolt
b
A overlap area between the top and bottom elastomer area of isolator
e
A load-free area of isolator
free
A loaded area of isolator
load
A area of the lead plug for a lead rubber bearing
p
a side length of square elastomeric isolator, excluding cover rubber thickness, or length in longitudinal
direction of rectangular isolator, excluding cover rubber thickness
a length of the shorter side of the rectangular isolator, including cover rubber thickness
e
4 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 9 ----------------------
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Symbol Description
a′ length in longitudinal direction of the rectangular isolator, including cover rubber thickness
B effective width for bending of flange
b length in transverse direction of the rectangular isolator, excluding cover rubber thickness
b′ length in transverse direction of the rectangular isolator, including cover rubber thickness
c distance from centre of bolt hole to effective flange section
D′ outer diameter of circular isolator, including cover rubber
D diameter of flange
f
d inner diameter of reinforcing steel plate
i
d diameter of bolt hole
k
d outer diameter of reinforcing steel plate
0
E apparent Young's modulus of bonded rubber layer
ap
E apparent Young's modulus corrected, if necessary, by allowing for compressibility
c
s
E apparent Young's modulus corrected for bulk compressibility depending on its shape factor (S )
c 1
E bulk modulus of rubber
∞
E Young's modulus of rubber
0
F tensile force on isolator by uplift
u
G shear modulus
G (γ ) equivalent linear shear modulus at shear strain
eq
H height of elastomeric isolator, including mounting flange
H height of elastomeric isolator, excluding mounting flange
n
h equivalent damping ratio
eq
h (γ ) equivalent damping ratio as a function of shear strain
eq
K post-yield stiffness (tangential stiffness after yielding of lead plug) of lead rubber bearing
d
K shear stiffness
h
K initial shear stiffness
i
K shear stiffness of lead plug inserted in lead rubber bearing
p
K shear stiffness of lead rubber bearing before inserting lead plug
r
K tangential shear stiffness
t
K compressive stiffness
v
L length of one side of a rectangular flange
f
M resistance to rotation
M moment acting on bolt
f
M moment acting on isolator
r
n number of rubber layers
n number of fixing bolts
b
P compressive force
P design compressive force
0
P maximum compressive force
max
P minimum compressive force
min
Q shear force
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 5

---------------------- Page: 10 ----------------------
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Symbol Description
Q shear force at break
b
Q shear force at buckling
buk
Q characteristic strength
d
S first shape factor
1
S second shape factor
2
T temperature
T minimum temperature
L
T standard temperature, 23 °C or 27 °C;
0
where specified tolerance is ± 2 °C, it is standard laboratory temperature
T total rubber thickness, given by T = n × t
r r r
t thickness of one rubber layer
r
t , t thickness of rubber layer laminated on each side of plate
r1 r2
t thickness of one reinforcing steel plate
s
t thickness of outside cover rubber
0
U(γ ) function giving ratio of characteristic strength to maximum shear force of a loop
V uplift force
v loading velocity
W energy dissipated per cycle
d
X shear displacement
X design shear displacement
0
X shear displacement at break
b
X shear displacement at buckling
buk
X shear displacement due to quasi-static shear movement
s
X maximum shear displacement
max
X shear displacement due to dynamic shear movement
d
Y compressive displacement
Z section modulus of flange
α coefficient of linear thermal expansion
γ shear strain
γ design shear strain
0
γ upper limit of the total of design strains on elastomeric isolators
a
γ shear strain at break
b
γ local shear strain due to compressive force
c
γ shear strain due to dynamic shear movement
d
γ maximum design shear strain during earthquake
max
γ local shear strain due to rotation
r
γ shear strain due to quasi-static shear movement
s
γ ultimate shear strain
u
δ horizontal offset of isolator
H
δ difference in isolator height measured between two points at opposite extremes of the isolator
v
6 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 11 ----------------------
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)
Table 1 (continued)
Symbol Description
ε compressive strain of rubber
ε creep strain
cr
ε tensile strain of isolator
T
ε tensile-break strain of isolator
Tb
ε tensile-yield strain of isolator
Ty
ζ ratio of total height of rubber and steel layers to total rubber height
θ rotation angle of isolator about the diameter of a circular bearing or about an axis through a rectangular
bearing
θ rotation angle of isolator in the longitudinal direction (a)
a
θ rotation angle of isolator in the transverse direction (b)
b
λ correction factor for calculation of stress in reinforcing steel plates
η correction factor for calculation of critical stress
κ correction factor for apparent Young's modulus according to hardness
Σγ total local shear strain
σ compressive stress in isolator
σ design compressive stress
0
σ tensile stress in bolt
B
σ bending stress in flange
b
σ allowable bending stress in steel
bf
σ critical stress in isolator
cr
σ allowable tensile stress in steel
f
σ maximum design compressive stress
max
σ minimum design compressive stress
min
σ for building: nominal long-term compressive stress recommended by manufacturer
nom
σ tensile stress in reinforcing steel plate
s
σ allowable tensile stress in steel plate
sa
σ yield stress of steel for flanges and reinforcing steel plates
sy
σ tensile strength of steel for flanges and reinforcing steel plates
su
σ tensile stress
t
σ allowable tensile stress in isolator
te
τ shear stress in bolt
B
τ allowable shear stress in steel
f
φ factor for computation of buckling stability
ξ factor for computation of critical stress

4.2 Cross-section of isolator
A typical cross-section of the isolator is given in Figure 1.
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 7

---------------------- Page: 12 ----------------------
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)

NOTE The left-hand side of the figure shows LNR and NOTE The right-hand side of the figure shows LNR and
HDR, shows LRB. HDR, shows LRB.
a)  Circular type b)  Rectangular type
Key
1 lead plug
2 cover rubber added after isolator cured
3 cover rubber cured with insulator
Figure 1 — Cross-section of isolator
8 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 13 ----------------------
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)
5 Rubber material tests
5.1 Test items
In order to assure the required quality of elastomeric isolators, it is necessary to specify the physical
properties of the rubber materials and the adhesion between the rubber and the steel plates. The basic
properties of rubber materials related to performance of elastomeric isolators are shown as test items in
Table 2.
Table 2 — Test items of rubber materials
Property Test item Related International
Standard
Tensile properties Tensile strength ISO 37
Elongation at break
100 % modulus
Ageing properties Tensile strength ISO 188
ISO 37
Elongation at break

100 % modulus
Hardness Hardness ISO 48
ISO 7619-2
Adhesion 90° peel strength between metal and rubber ISO 813
Classification of fracture mode
Compression set Compression set ISO 815-1
ISO 815-2
Shear properties Shear modulus ISO 4664-1
Equivalent damping ratio
Temperature dependence of shear modulus and
equivalent damping ratio
Repeated deformation dependence of shear modulus
and equivalent damping ratio
Fracture strength ISO 1827
Fracture strain
Brittleness point Brittleness temperature ISO 812
Ozone resistance Inspection of deterioration ISO 1431-1 (static strain test)
Low-temperature Hardness ISO 3387
crystallization

5.2 Test conditions and test pieces
The temperature and humidity in the laboratory, the preparation of test pieces, and methods for measuring
thickness and width, etc., shall be in accordance with ISO 23529.
Moulded test pieces shall be used. They shall be cured to have properties as similar as practicable to the
rubber in the bulk of the isolator.
5.3 Tensile properties
The tensile test should be carried out by the method specified in ISO 37. However, the test piece specified in
Table 3 can be used as an alternative.
© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 9

---------------------- Page: 14 ----------------------
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)
Table 3 — Test piece dimensions
Dimensions in millimetres
Width of parallel-sided Length of parallel-sided Thickness of parallel- Distance between
section section sided section marked lines
5 ± 0,1 20 2,0 ± 0,2 20

5.4 Ageing test
5.4.1 Ageing properties of inner rubber
5.4.1.1 Anaerobic ageing
A set of ageing tests shall be performed on the inner rubber under anaerobic conditions, as described in
Annex A. The properties monitored shall be either 100 % shear modulus and shear failure strain or the tensile
properties — 100 % modulus, tensile strength and elongation at break. From the results of these tests, the
activation energy is obtained based on the method specified in Annex A. Ageing conditions equivalent to the
expected lifetime (60 years or the period specified by the structural engineer) at 23 °C or 27 °C shall be
determined from this activation energy. An ageing test shall then be performed for the properties monitored
under conditions equivalent to the expected lifetime.
5.4.1.2 Air ageing
An ageing test shall be performed on the inner rubber in accordance with the method specified in ISO 188,
monitoring the tensile strength and elongation at break. The test time and temperature shall be as specified in
ISO 22762-2 or ISO 22762-3.
5.4.2 Ageing properties of cover rubber
An ageing test shall be performed on the cover rubber in accordance with the method specified in ISO 188,
monitoring the tensile strength and elongation at break. The test time and temperature shall be as specified in
ISO 22762-2 or ISO 22762-3.
5.5 Hardness
Hardness shall be measured in accordance with the method specified in ISO 48 or ISO 7619-2.
5.6 Adhesion
An adhesion test shall be carried out as specified in ISO 813.
5.7 Compression set
Compression set shall be determined in accordance with the method specified in ISO 815-1 and ISO 815-2.
The test piece shall be either a large-type or small-type cylindrical disc. Test conditions and requirements shall
be as specified in ISO 22762-2 or ISO 22762-3.
5.8 Dynamic shear properties
5.8.1 General
These tests shall be carried out as specified in ISO 4664-1, except for the test piece and analysis of test
results, in order to investigate the temperature, frequency, strain and repeated deformation dependence of the
shear modulus and equivalent damping ratio of rubber materials.
10 © ISO 2010 – All rights reserved

---------------------- Page: 15 ----------------------
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)
5.8.2 Test equipment
An apparatus, as described in ISO 4664-1, which can measure vibration frequencies higher than 0,2 Hz and
shear strain amplitudes up to 400 % shall be used.
5.8.3 Test pieces
The shape and dimensions of the test pieces are different from those specified in ISO 4664-1. Use either of
the test pieces specified below. Each test shall be performed on a previously unused test piece except when
indicated otherwise.
a) Two-block lap shear type
As shown in Figure 2, this test piece consists of two rubber blocks bonded to three plates of metal. The size of
one rubber block shall be 3,0 mm to 6,0 mm thick, 25 mm to 30 mm wide, and 25 mm to 30 mm long for a
square pillar, or 3,0 mm to 6,0 mm thick and 25 mm to 30 mm in diameter for a cylindrical disc.

Key
1 rubber
2 metal plate
Figure 2 — Two-block lap shear type
b) Four-block lap shear type
As shown in Figure 3, this test piece consists of four rubber blocks bonded to four plates of metal. The size of
one rubber block shall be 3,0 mm to 6,0 mm thick, 25 mm to 30 mm wide, and 25 mm to 30 mm long for a
square pillar, or 3,0 mm to 6,0 mm thick and 25 mm to 30 mm in diameter for a cylindrical disc.

Key
1 rubber
2 metal plate
Figure 3 — Four-block lap shear type


© ISO 2010 – All rights reserved 11

---------------------- Page: 16 ----------------------
ISO 22762-1:2010(E)
5.8.4 Test conditions
5.8.4.1 Test temperature
Test temperatures shall at least cover the range of service requirements. The values given in Table 4 shall be
included if they are within the service range. As a minimum requirement, tests shall be performed at one
frequency (0,2 Hz, 0,3 Hz or 0,5 Hz or the isolation frequency) and at one strain amplitude (100 %, 175 % or
the design shear strain). Tests at more than one temperature may be carried out using one test piece,
provided the tests are at one frequency and one strain amplitude, and that they are conducted in order of
decreasing temperature. The tolerance shall be ± 2 °C for all temperatures.
Table 4 — Test temperatu
...