ISO/IEC 9075-1:2023

INTERNATIONAL ISO/IEC
STANDARD 9075-1
Sixth edition
2023-06
Information technology — Database
languages — SQL —
Part 1:
Framework (SQL/Framework)
Technologies de l'information — Langages de base de données —
SQL —
Partie 1: Charpente (SQL/Charpente)
Reference number
© ISO/IEC 2023
© ISO/IEC 2023
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
© ISO/IEC 2023 – All rights reserved

ISO/IEC9075-1:2023(E)
Contents Page
Foreword.x
Introduction.xii
1 Scope.1
2 Normativereferences.2
3 Termsanddefinitions.3
3.1 DefinitionstakenfromISO/IEC10646:2020.3
3.2 Definitionsprovidedinthisdocument.3
4 Concepts.6
4.1 WhatisSQL?.6
4.2 Useofterms.6
4.3 Caveat.7
4.4 SQL-environmentsandtheircomponents.7
4.4.1 SQL-environments.7
4.4.2 SQL-agents.7
4.4.3 SQL-implementations.7
4.4.3.1 IntroductiontoSQL-implementations.7
4.4.3.2 SQL-clients.7
4.4.3.3 SQL-servers.8
4.4.4 SQL-clientmodules.8
4.4.5 User identifiers.8
4.4.6 Roles.8
4.4.7 Usermappingconcepts.8
4.4.8 Routinemappingconcepts.8
4.4.9 Catalogsandschemas.9
4.4.9.1 Catalogs.9
4.4.9.2 SQL-schemas.9
4.4.9.3 InformationSchema.9
4.4.9.4 DefinitionSchema.9
4.4.10 Foreignserversanddescriptors.9
4.4.11 Foreign-datawrappersanddescriptors.9
4.4.12 SQL-data.10
4.5 Tables.10
4.6 SQLdatatypes.11
4.6.1 Generaldatatypeinformation.11
4.6.2 Nullvalue.11
4.6.3 Predefinedtypes.11
4.6.3.1 Numerictypes.11
4.6.3.2 Characterstringtypes.12
©ISO/IEC2023–Allrightsreserved iii

ISO/IEC9075-1:2023(E)
4.6.3.3 Binarystringtypes.12
4.6.3.4 Booleantype.12
4.6.3.5 Datetime types.12
4.6.3.6 Interval types.12
4.6.3.7 XMLtype.12
4.6.3.8 JSONtype.13
4.6.4 Constructedatomictypes:referencetypes.13
4.6.5 Constructedcompositetypes.13
4.6.5.1 Collection types.13
4.6.5.2 Row types.13
4.7 Sitesandoperationsonsites.13
4.7.1 Sites.13
4.7.2 Assignment.13
4.7.3 Nullability.14
4.8 SQL-schema objects.14
4.8.1 GeneralSQL-schemaobjectinformation.14
4.8.2 Descriptorsrelatingtocharactersets.14
4.8.2.1 Charactersets.14
4.8.2.2 Collations.15
4.8.2.3 Transliterations.15
4.8.3 Domainsandtheircomponents.15
4.8.3.1 Domains.15
4.8.3.2 Domain constraints.15
4.8.4 User-defined types.15
4.8.4.1 Introductiontouser-definedtypes.15
4.8.4.2 Distinct types.15
4.8.4.3 Structuredtypes.16
4.8.5 Basetablesandtheircomponents.16
4.8.5.1 Base tables.16
4.8.5.2 Columns.16
4.8.5.3 Periods.16
4.8.5.4 Table constraints.16
4.8.5.5 Triggers.17
4.8.6 View definitions.17
4.8.7 Assertions.17
4.8.8 SQL-servermodules(definedinISO/IEC9075-4).17
4.8.9 Schema routines.17
4.8.10 Sequence generators.17
4.8.11 Privileges.17
4.9 Integrityconstraintsandconstraintchecking.18
4.9.1 Constraint checking.18
4.9.2 Determinismandconstraints.18
4.9.3 Consistencywhendeletingandupdatingmultiplerows.19
4.10 CommunicationbetweenanSQL-agentandanSQL-server.19
4.10.1 Host languages.19
4.10.2 Sourcelanguagecharacterset.20
4.10.3 Parameterpassinganddatatypecorrespondences.20
iv ©ISO/IEC2023–Allrightsreserved

ISO/IEC9075-1:2023(E)
4.10.3.1 Generalparameterpassinganddatatypecorrespondenceinformation.20
4.10.3.2 Datatypecorrespondences.20
4.10.3.3 Locators.21
4.10.3.4 Statusparameters.21
4.10.3.5 Indicatorparameters.21
4.10.4 Descriptor areas.21
4.10.5 Diagnosticinformation.21
4.10.6 SQL-transactions.21
4.11 Modules.22
4.12 Routines.22
4.12.1 Generalroutineinformation.22
4.12.2 Typepreservingfunctions.23
4.13 SQL-statements.23
4.13.1 ClassesofSQL-statements.23
4.13.2 SQL-statementsclassifiedbyfunction.24
5 PartsoftheISO/IEC9075series.25
5.1 Overview.25
5.2 ISO/IEC9075-1:Framework(SQL/Framework).25
5.3 ISO/IEC9075-2Foundation(SQL/Foundation).26
5.3.1 IntroductiontoISO/IEC9075-2Foundation(SQL/Foundation).26
5.3.2 Bindingsmethods.26
5.3.2.1 Introductiontobindingsmethods.26
5.3.2.2 Embedded SQL.26
5.3.2.3 DynamicSQL.26
5.3.2.4 DirectinvocationofSQL.26
5.3.3 SQL-statementsspecifiedinISO/IEC9075-2.26
5.4 ISO/IEC9075-3:Call-LevelInterface(SQL/CLI).27
5.5 ISO/IEC9075-4:PersistentStoredModules(SQL/PSM).28
5.5.1 IntroductiontoSQL/PSM.28
5.5.2 SQL-statementsspecifiedinISO/IEC9075-4.28
5.6 ISO/IEC9075-9:ManagementofExternalData(SQL/MED).28
5.7 ISO/IEC9075-10:ObjectLanguageBindings(SQL/OLB).28
5.8 ISO/IEC9075-11:InformationandDefinitionSchemas(SQL/Schemata).28
5.9 ISO/IEC9075-13:SQLRoutinesandTypesUsingtheJava™ProgrammingLanguage(SQL/JRT).29
5.10 ISO/IEC9075-14:XML-RelatedSpecifications(SQL/XML).29
5.11 ISO/IEC9075-15:MultidimensionalArrays(SQL/MDA).29
5.12 ISO/IEC9075-16:PropertyGraphQueries(SQL/PGQ).29
6 NotationandconventionsusedinotherpartsoftheISO/IEC9075series.31
6.1 NotationtakenfromISO/IEC10646:2020.31
6.2 NotationprovidedintheISO/IEC9075series.31
6.3 Conventions.32
6.3.1 Specificationofsyntacticelements.32
6.3.2 SpecificationoftheInformationandDefinitionSchemata.33
6.3.3 Useofterms.33
6.3.3.1 Syntactic containment.33
6.3.3.2 Termsdenotingrulerequirements.34
6.3.3.3 Ruleevaluationorder.35
©ISO/IEC2023–Allrightsreserved v

ISO/IEC9075-1:2023(E)
6.3.3.4 Conditional rules.36
6.3.3.5 Syntacticsubstitution.36
6.3.3.6 Otherterms.37
6.3.3.7 Exceptions.37
6.3.4 Descriptors.38
6.3.5 Applicationoftechnicalcorrigenda.39
6.3.6 RelationshipsofpartswithintheISO/IEC9075series.39
6.3.6.1 Introductiontorelationshipsamongparts.39
6.3.6.2 Clauses1,2,and3.40
6.3.6.3 NewandmodifiedClausesandSubclauses.40
6.3.6.4 NewandmodifiedTables,Figures,Examples,and
...