ISO/TR 22100-1:2015

TECHNICAL ISO/TR
REPORT 22100-1
First edition
2015-05-15
Safety of machinery — Relationship
with ISO 12100 —
Part 1:
How ISO 12100 relates to type-B and
type-C standards
Sécurité des machines — Relation avec l’ISO 12100 —
Partie 1: Relation entre l’ISO 12100 et les normes de type B et type C
Reference number
ISO/TR 22100-1:2015(E)
©
ISO 2015

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ISO/TR 22100-1:2015(E)

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ISO/TR 22100-1:2015(E)

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 General structure of the system of machinery safety standards . 2
5 System of type-A, type-B and type-C standards . 2
5.1 Type-A standard (ISO 12100) . 2
5.2 Type-B standards . 6
5.2.1 General. 6
5.2.2 Type-B1 standards . 6
5.2.3 Type-B2 standards . 6
5.3 Type-C standards . 6
5.3.1 General. 6
5.3.2 Content provided by type-C standards . 7
5.3.3 Deviations in a type-C standard from a type-B standard . 7
6 Practical application of ISO 12100, type-B and type-C standards in order to design a
machine to achieve a level of tolerable risk by adequate risk reduction .7
6.1 General . 7
6.2 Application of an appropriate type-C standard . 8
6.2.1 General. 8
6.2.2 Steps to be followed . 9
7 Navigating appropriate type-B machinery safety standards .10
Annex A (informative) Iterative process of risk assessment and risk reduction .12
Annex B (informative) Types of documents .13
Bibliography .14
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ISO/TR 22100-1:2015(E)

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of any
patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or on
the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the meaning of ISO specific terms and expressions related to conformity
assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to the WTO principles in the Technical Barriers
to Trade (TBT), see the following URL: Foreword — Supplementary information.
The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 199, Safety of machinery.
ISO/TR 22100 consists of the following parts, under the general title Safety of machinery — Relationship
with ISO 12100:
— Part 1: How ISO 12100 relates to type-B and type-C standards
— Part 2: How ISO 12100 relates to ISO 13849-1
The following parts are under preparation:
— Part 3: Implementation of ergonomic principles in safety standards
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ISO/TR 22100-1:2015(E)

Introduction
This Technical Report is written to assist the designer/manufacturer of machinery and related
components in understanding and navigating the different types of ISO machinery safety standards.
It identifies the different kinds of documents in ISO (see Table B.1) and explains the type-A, type-B and
type-C structure of machinery safety standards and their interrelationship with regard to the practical
design of machinery subjected to adequate risk reduction to achieve tolerable risk.
This part of ISO/TR 22100 might be helpful for standard writing committees (type-B and type-C), too.
However, it does not provide specification of the general content that is expected to be included in the
different types of machinery safety standards. This specification is given in ISO Guide 78.
This part of ISO/TR 22100 includes a visual representation of many ISO machinery safety standards
to assist in improving understanding of the interrelationships and linkages between these documents.
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TECHNICAL REPORT ISO/TR 22100-1:2015(E)
Safety of machinery — Relationship with ISO 12100 —
Part 1:
How ISO 12100 relates to type-B and type-C standards
1 Scope
This part of ISO/TR 22100 provides assistance to the designer/manufacturer of machinery and related
components as to how the system of existing type-A, type-B and type-C machinery safety standards should
be applied in order to design a machine to achieve a level of tolerable risk by adequate risk reduction.
It explains the general principles of ISO 12100 and how this type-A standard should be used for practical
cases in conjunction with type-B and type-C machinery safety standards.
This part of ISO/TR 22100 provides assistance to standards writing committees on how ISO 12100 and
type-B and type-C standards relate and explains their function in the risk assessment and risk reduction
process according to ISO 12100.
It includes an overview of existing categories of type-B standards to assist standards readers and
writers to navigate the many standards.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 12100:2010, Safety of machinery — General principles for design — Risk assessment and risk reduction
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12100 and the following apply.
3.1
adequate risk reduction
risk reduction that is at least in accordance with legal requirements, taking into consideration the
current state of the art
[SOURCE: ISO 12100:2010, 3.18, modified — Note 1 to entry not taken over.]
3.2
tolerable risk
level of risk that is accepted in a given context based on the current values of society
Note 1 to entry: The terms “acceptable risk” and “tolerable risk” are considered to be synonymous.
[SOURCE: ISO/IEC Guide 51:2014, 3.15, modified — Wording “For the purpose of this Guide” deleted
from Note 1 to entry.]
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ISO/TR 22100-1:2015(E)

4 General structure of the system of machinery safety standards
Standards on safety of machinery have the following structure:
— type-A standards (basic safety standards) giving basic concepts, principles for design, and general
aspects that can be applied to machinery;
— type-B standards (generic safety standards) dealing with one safety aspect or one type of safeguard
that can be used across a wide range of machinery;
— type-C standards (machine safety standards) dealing with detailed safety requirements for a
particular machine or group of machines.
As shown in Figure 1, ISO 12100 is the type-A standard specifying the general principles for safety of
machinery and applies to all machinery.
C
B
e.g. ISO 13857, ISO 14122
A
ISO 12100
Figure 1 — General structure of the system of machinery safety standards
5 System of type-A, type-B and type-C standards
5.1 Type-A standard (ISO 12100)
The type-A standard ISO 12100 specifies the principle strategy for safety of machinery. Risk assessment
and adequate risk reduction by an iterative three-step method are the imperative measures to design a
machine to achieve a level of tolerable risk.
To implement risk assessment and risk reduction, the following actions should be taken by the designer
in the order given (see Figure 2):
a) determine the limits of the machinery, which includes the intended use and any reasonably
foreseeable misuse thereof;
b) identify the hazards and associated hazardous situations;
c) estimate the risk for each identified hazard and hazardous situation;
d) evaluate the risk and decision whether a risk reduction is needed or not;
e) eliminate the hazard or reduction of the risk associated with the hazard by means of protective
measures/risk reduction measures.
NOTE 1 For the purposes of this Technical Report, the terms “protective measure” (see ISO 12100:2010, 3.19)
and “risk reduction measure” are synonymous and referred to any action or means used to eliminate hazards
and/or reduce risks.
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ISO/TR 22100-1:2015(E)

Actions a) to d) are related to risk assessment and action e) to risk reduction.
Risk assessment is a series of logical steps to enable, in a systematic way, the identification of hazards as
well as the estimation and evaluation of the risks associated with machinery.
As a result of the risk assessment, the hazards requiring risk reduction are determined. Iteration of the
process of risk assessment can be necessary to eliminate newly generated hazards as far as reasonably
practicable or to adequately reduce associated risks by the implementation of protective measures/risk
reduction measures in order to achieve tolerable risk.
Protective measures/risk reduction measures are the combination of the measures implemented by the
designer and the user in accordance with Figure 3. Measures which can be incorporated at the design
stage are preferable to those implemented by the user and usually prove more effective.
The objective to be met is the greatest practicable risk reduction. The strategy defined in this clause is
represented by the flowchart in Figure 2. The process itself is iterative and several successive applications
can be necessary to reduce the risk, making the best use of available technology. In carrying out this
process, it is necessary to take into account these four factors, in the following order of preference:
— the safety of the machine during all the phases of its life cycle;
— the ability of the machine to perform its function;
— the usability of the machine;
— the manufacturing, operational and dismantling costs of the machine.
NOTE 2 The ideal application of these principles requires knowledge of the machine design and its intended
use, the practical use of the machine, the accident history and health records, available risk reduction techniques,
and the legal framework in which the machine is intended to be used (placed on the market).
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ISO/TR 22100-1:2015(E)

Key
a
The first time the question is asked, it is answered by the result of the initial risk assessment.
For further information, see Figure A.1.
Figure 2 — Schematic representation of risk assessment and risk reduction process including
iterative three-step method according to ISO 12100:2010, Figure 1
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ISO/TR 22100-1:2015(E)

Risk assessment
(based on deined limits and intended use of the machine)
RISK
Protective measures implemented by the
designer (see Figure 2)
Step 1 : Inherently safe design measures
Step 2 :  Safeguarding and
complementary
protective measures
Residual risk
after
Step 3 :  Information for use

protective
• at the machine
measures
- warning signs, signals
implemented
- warning devices
by the
• in the instruction handbook
designer
User input Designer input
Protective measures implemented by the
user
including those based on the
information for use provided by the designer
•  Organization
- safe working procedures
- supervision
Residual risk
- permit-to-work systems
after all
•  Provision and use of
protective
additional safeguardsmeasures
have been
•  Use of personal protective
implemented
equipment
•  Training, etc.
Key
a
Providing proper information for use is part of the designer’s contribution to risk reduction, but the protective
measures concerned are only effective when implemented by the user.
b
The user input is that information received by the designer from either the user community regarding the
intended use of the machine in general or that which is received from a specific user.
c
There is no hierarchy between the various protective measures implemented by the user. These protective
measures are outside the scope of this part of ISO/TR 22100.
d
Those protective measures required due to specific process(es) not envisaged in the intended use of the
machine or to specific conditions for installation that cannot be controlled by the designer.
Figure 3 — Risk reduction process from point of view of designer (see also ISO 12100:2010,
Figure 2)
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ISO/TR 22100-1:2015(E)

5.2 Type-B standards
5.2.1 General
According to ISO 12100, type-B standards deal either with one safety aspect (type-B1 standard) or
one type of safeguard that can be used across a wide range of machinery (type-B2 standard). Type-B
standards are intended to support the principle strategy from ISO 12100 in order to
— help determine if a hazard exists, for example, ISO 13857, Safety of machinery — Safety distances to
prevent access to hazard zones being reached by upper and lower limbs, and
— provide concrete information/measures to perform risk reduction, for example, ISO 14120, Safety of
machinery — Guards — General requirements for the design and construction of fixed and movable guards.
5.2.2 Type-B1 standards
Type-B1 standards deal with particular safety aspects (for example, safety distances, surface
temperature, noise) and define by data and/or methodology how these can be addressed. Type-B1
standards can be used directly by the designer/manufacturer or by reference in (a) type C standard(s),
including, where relevant, means of verification.
5.2.3 Type-B2 standards
Type-B2 standards provide the performance requirements for the design and construction of particular
safeguards (for example, two-hand control devices, interlocking devices, pressure-sensitive protective
devices, guards). Type-B2 standards can be applied either directly by the designer/manufacturer or by
reference in (a) type-C standard(s). Together with those performance requirements, type-B2 standards
specify, where relevant, means of verification.
5.3 Type-C standards
5.3.1 General
According to ISO 12100, type-C standards provide detailed safety requirements for particular machinery
or group of machinery.
NOTE The term “group of machinery” means machinery having a similar intended use and similar hazards,
hazardous situations, or hazardous events.
Type-C standards are machine specific. Their scope is determining the limits of the machinery and the
significant hazards covered.
Type-C standards are written by a team of technical experts (in particular, from machine manufacturers
and representatives from heal
...