IEC 62343-5-1:2014

IEC 62343-5-1 ®
Edition 2.0 2014-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Dynamic modules –
Part 5-1: Test methods – Dynamic gain tilt equalizer – Gain tilt settling time
measurement
Modules dynamiques –
Partie 5-1: Méthodes d’essai – Egaliseur dynamique de basculement de gain –
Mesure du temps d’établissement de basculement de gain

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IEC 62343-5-1 ®
Edition 2.0 2014-11
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Dynamic modules –
Part 5-1: Test methods – Dynamic gain tilt equalizer – Gain tilt settling time

measurement
Modules dynamiques –
Partie 5-1: Méthodes d’essai – Egaliseur dynamique de basculement de gain –

Mesure du temps d’établissement de basculement de gain

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 33.180.01; 33.180.99 ISBN 978-2-8322-1099-5

– 2 – IEC 62343-5-1:2014 © IEC 2014
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviations and response waveforms . 6
3.1 Terms and definitions . 6
3.2 Abbreviations . 7
3.3 Response waveforms . 7
4 General information . 8
5 Apparatus . 9
5.1 Light source . 9
5.2 Pulse generator . 9
5.3 O/E converter . 9
5.4 Temperature and humidity chamber . 10
5.5 Oscilloscope . 10
5.6 Temporary joints . 10
5.7 Control system . 10
5.8 Measurement setup . 10
6 Procedure . 11
6.1 Direct control type . 11
6.1.1 Setup . 11
6.1.2 Preparation . 11
6.1.3 Wavelength setting . 12
6.1.4 Pulse generator setting . 12
6.1.5 Applying the driving pulse . 12
6.1.6 Monitoring and recording the output signal from DGTE under test (DUT) . 12
6.1.7 Calculation of the gain tilt settling time . 12
6.2 Digital control type . 12
6.2.1 Setup . 12
6.2.2 Preparation . 12
6.2.3 Wavelength setting . 12
6.2.4 Sending command . 12
6.2.5 Monitoring and recording the command complete flag. 13
6.2.6 Calculation of the gain tilt settling time . 13
6.3 Analogue control type . 13
6.3.1 Setup . 13
6.3.2 Preparation . 13
6.3.3 Wavelength setting . 13
6.3.4 Applying the control signal . 13
6.3.5 Monitoring and recording the command complete flag. 13
6.3.6 Calculation of the gain tilt settling time . 13
7 Details to be specified . 13
7.1 Apparatus . 13
7.1.1 Light source . 13
7.1.2 Pulse generator . 14
7.1.3 O/E converter . 14
7.1.4 Control system . 14

7.2 Measurement conditions . 14
Annex A (informative) Convergence criterion . 15
Annex B (informative) Measurement examples. 16
Annex C (informative) Gain tilt settling time for specific DGTEs . 17
Annex D (informative) Necessity for the correction for temperature dependency . 18

Figure 1 – Response waveforms for direct control DGTEs . 7
Figure 2 – Response waveforms for digital control DGTEs . 8
Figure 3 – Response waveforms for analogue control DGTEs . 8
Figure 4 – Measurement setup for direct control . 10
Figure 5 – Measurement setup for digital control . 11
Figure 6 – Measurement setup for analogue control . 11
Figure B.1 – Where insertion loss change is sufficient . 16
Figure B.2 – Where insertion loss change is small . 16

Table 1 – Categorization of DGTE by the control method . 9

– 4 – IEC 62343-5-1:2014 © IEC 2014
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
DYNAMIC MODULES –
Part 5-1: Test methods – Dynamic gain tilt equalizer –
Gain tilt settling time measurement

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
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3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
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5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
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expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this IEC Publication or any other IEC
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62343-5-1 has been prepared by subcommittee 86C: Fibre optic
systems and active devices, of IEC technical committee 86: Fibre optics.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition published in 2009. It constitutes a
technical revision. This edition includes the following significant technical changes with
respect to the previous edition:
a) change in the title
b) changes in performance parameter names.

The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
CDV Report on voting
86C/1249/CDV 86C/1277/RVC
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62343 series, published under the general title Dynamic Modules,
can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
– 6 – IEC 62343-5-1:2014 © IEC 2014
DYNAMIC MODULES –
Part 5-1: Test methods – Dynamic gain tilt equalizer –
Gain tilt settling time measurement

1 Scope
This part of IEC 62343 contains the measurement method of gain tilt settling time for a
dynamic gain tilt equalizer (DGTE) to change its gain tilt from an arbitrary initial value to a
desired target value.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 62343, Dynamic modules – General and guidance
IEC 62343-1-3, Dynamic modules – Part 1-3: Performance standards – Dynamic gain tilt
equalizer (non-connectorized)
3 Terms, definitions, abbreviations and response waveforms
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in IEC 62343 and
IEC 62343-1-3 and the following apply.
3.1.1
T
c
convergence time
time to converge from the first hit at the target ±Y % to the stay within the deviation ±Y % in
the optical power from the output port of DGTE at pre-determined wavelength
3.1.2
T
l
latency time
time between the application of control signal and the
change in output optical power by ±X % of the initial power of DGTE at pre-determined
wavelength
3.1.3
T
p
processing time
time between the application of control command and the change in
output optical power by ±X % of the initial power of DGTE at pre-determined wavelength
3.1.4
gain tilt settling time
or T ) + T + T
(T
l p r c
3.1.5
T
r
rise time
time to change from the initial ±X % to the target ±Y % in the optical power from the output
port of DGTE at pre-determined wavelength
3.1.6
T
s
settling time
time to be suppressed from the first hit at the target ±Y % to the final stay at the target within
a required resolution of the optical power from the output port of DGTE at pre-determined
wavelength
3.2 Abbreviations
CPU central processing unit
DGTE dynamic gain tilt equalizer
DUT device under test
LCD liquid crystal display
O/E optical-to-electrical
PDL polarization dependent loss
TLS tuneable laser source
WDM wavelength division multiplexing
3.3 Response waveforms
The definitions and symbols defined in 3.1 are shown in Figure 1, Figure 2 and Figure 3.
Optical power  (W)
Suppressed within
required resolution
100 + Y %
Po
Target power
100 %
100 - Y %
Pu
Parameters
T : Latency time
l
T : Rise time
r
T : Convergence time
c
T : Settling time
s
Gain tilt settling time: T +T +T
l r c
P : Overshoot
o
Pu : Undershoot
T
100 + X % s
Initial power
100 %
T
T Tr c
l
100 - X %
Time
Control signal
IEC
Figure 1 – Response waveforms for direct control DGTEs

– 8 – IEC 62343-5-1:2014 © IEC 2014
Optical power (W)
Suppressed within
required resolution
100 + Y %
Po
Target power 100 %
100 - Y %
Pu
Parameters
T : Processing time
p
T : Rise time
r
T : Convergence time
c
T : Settling time
Gain tilt settling time: Tp+Tr+Tc s
P : Overshoot
o
P : Undershoot
u
100 + X % Ts
Initial power
100 %
Tp T Tc
r
100 - X %
Time
Command
IEC
Figure 2 – Response waveforms for digital control DGTEs
Optical power (W)
Suppressed within
required resolution
100 + Y %
P
o
Target power
100 %
100 - Y %
P
u
Parameters
Tl : Latency time
T : Rise time
r
T : Convergence time
c
Gain tilt settling time: Tl+Tr+Tc  T : Settling time
s
P : Overshoot
o
P : Undershoot
u
100 + X %
Ts
Initial power
100 %
Tl T Tc
r
100 - X %
Time
Control signal
IEC
Figure 3 – Response waveforms for analogue control DGTEs
4 General information
The DGTE is categorized into three control methods as shown in Table 1. The direct control
type is driven directly by voltage or current; the digital control type is operated by digital
control system with digital signals; and the analogue control type is operated by analogue
signals. The definition and the measurement method of gain tilt settling time for DGTE are
different for the three control types. Table 1 also shows the configuration of operating systems
and the correction for temperature dependency for three control types of DGTE. When the
gain tilt settling time for the DGTE has temperature dependency, users may need to calibrate
the temperature effect. The bottom row in Table 1 indicates the typical methods of the
correction for temperature dependency (refer to Annex D).

Table 1 – Categorization of DGTE by the control method
Direct control Digital control Analogue control
Control By voltage or current By command through digital By voltage or current
directly circuit through analogue circuit
Configurations
DGTE
DGTE
DGTE
w/digital circuit
w/analogue circuit
V/I applied Command
V/I control
(Rs232c, I2C, etc.)
(ex.0~+5V)
Control system
Control system
Control system
Correction for By control system By digital circuit or control By analogue circuit or
temperature system control system
dependency
5 Apparatus
5.1 Light source
A tuneable wavelength device is used as the light source. A tuneable laser source (TLS) or a
combination of a broadband light source and tuneable filter is the typical equipment of
tuneable wavelength light source. The tuning range of the tuneable wavelength light source
shall be enough to cover the operating wavelength of DGTE to be measured.
In order to minimise the measurement uncertainty caused by the linewidth of the light source,
the linewidth multiplied by the maximum value of the gain tilt slope of DGTE shall be smaller
than one tenth of the dynamic gain tilt range. Typical value of operating wavelength range and
dynamic gain tilt range of DGTE are 35 nm and ±4 dB respectively. For example, the error for
the linewidth of 1 nm is calculated as:
 
4 / 35
(1)
1× = 1,4%
 
[+ 4− (−4)]
 
The output power of the light source shall remain stable during the measurement. The stability
of the output power during the gain tilt settling time of DGTE to be measured shall be smaller
than one tenth of dynamic gain tilt range of DGTE.
If the polarization dependent loss (PDL) of DGTE to be measured is larger than 0,5 dB, a
depolarized light source shall be used.
5.2 Pulse generator
A pulse generator is used to drive DGTE to be measured. The shape of the pulse shall be
rectangular to change the gain tilt. The intensity and width of the pulse shall be such to make
the maximum tilt change defined as the specification of DGTE. The rise time/fall time of the
rectangular pulse shall be shorter than 10 ns or one tenth of the rise time/fall time to be
measured.
5.3 O/E converter
An O/E converter is used to convert the optical output power of DGTE to be measured to the
electrical power to be observed by an oscilloscope. The bandwidth of O/E converter shall be
from DC to greater than 10(1/T ) Hz, where T is the rise time to be measured.
r r
– 10 – IEC 62343-5-1:2014 © IEC 2014
The maximum power input to the O/E converter before compression shall be 10 times more
than the optical power to be measured.
5.4 Temperature and humidity chamber
The test setup shall include an environmental chamber capable of producing and maintaining
the specified temperature and/or humidity.
5.5 Oscilloscope
The oscilloscope shall have a storage function and sufficient bandwidth and accuracy. It shall
have at least two traces.
5.6 Temporary joints
This is a method, device, or mechanical fixture for temporarily aligning two fibre ends into a
reproducible, low loss joint. It may be, for example, a precision V-groove vacuum chuck,
micromanipulator or a fusion or mechanical splice. The stability of the temporary joint shall be
compatible with the measurement precision required.
5.7 Control system
For the digital and the analogue control types, the control system is used to drive the DGTE.
The specification is defined individually.
5.8 Measurement setup
The measurement setups for the three types of DGTE in Table 1 are shown in Figure 4,
Figure 5 and Figure 6, respectively. For each type of control, a correction signal from the O/E
converter output is applied to the DGTE.
Chamber
Oscilloscope
Oscilloscope
O/E
DGTE
Light source
converter
Pulse generator
Signal pulse
IEC
Figure 4 – Measurement setup for direct control

Oscilloscope
Chamber
O/E
DGTE
Light source
converter
w/digital circuit
Command complete flag
Command
RS232c
GP-IB
I2C
Dual port RAM
etc.
Command sending flag
Control system
IEC
NOTE Either command complete flag or command sending flag can be used
Figure 5 – Measurement setup for digital control
Oscilloscope
OscOscililloloscscopopee
Chamber
O/E
DGTE
Light source
converter
w/analogue circuit
Voltage
or
current
Command complete flag
Control system
IEC
NOTE The control system provides a step signal to the DGTE.
Figure 6 – Measurement setup for analogue control
6 Procedure
6.1 Direct control type
6.1.1 Setup
The measurement setup is shown in Figure 4. The temperature after setting shall be kept
stabilized and uniform in the chamber for the stable measurement. The light source, the pulse
generator, the O/E converter and the oscilloscope shall be turned on for the measurement.
6.1.2 Preparation
Before starting the measurement, the setup shall be held constant for more than 1 h for
stabilization.
– 12 – IEC 62343-5-1:2014 © IEC 2014
6.1.3 Wavelength setting
The wavelength of the light source shall be set at the measuring wavelength. The
measurement shall take place at three wavelengths: shortest, centre and longest wavelengths
in the operating wavelength range. An alternative method is to measure at the wavelength at
the maximum deviation in insertion loss.
6.1.4 Pulse generator setting
The voltage or current to drive from the minimum (maximum) tilt to maximum (minimum) shall
be set. The minimum and the maximum states of tilt occur when the deviation in insertion loss
takes the maximum value at the shortest or the longest wavelength within the operating
wavelength.
6.1.5 Applying the driving pulse
The driving pulse shall be applied to the DGTE to be measured by the pulse generator.
6.1.6 Monitoring and recording the output signal from DGTE under test (DUT)
The output signal from the O/E converter shall be monitored by the oscilloscope and the data
shall be recorded. In addition, the signal pulse from the pulse generator shall be monitored
and recorded.
6.1.7 Calculation of the gain tilt settling time
After the measurement at three wavelengths, the gain tilt settling time shall be calculated
according to Figure 1. Generally, the gain tilt settling time is defined as the maximum value
among the three gain tilt settling times.
6.2 Digital control type
6.2.1 Setup
The measurement setup is shown in Figure 5. The temperature after setting shall be kept
stabilized and uniform in the chamber for the stable measurement. The light source, the
digital control system, the O/E converter and the oscilloscope shall be turned on for the
measurement.
6.2.2 Preparation
Before starting the measurement, the setup shall be turned on for more than 1 h for
stabilization.
6.2.3 Wavelength setting
The wavelength of the light source shall be set at the measuring wavelength. The
measurement shall take place at three wavelengths: shortest, centre and longest in the
operating wavelength range. An alternative method is to measure at the wavelength at the
maximum deviation in insertion loss.
6.2.4 Sending command
The command to operate from the minimum (maximum) tilt to maximum (minimum) shall be
set. The minimum and the maximum states of tilt are given when the deviation in insertion
loss takes the maximum value at the shortest or the longest wavelength within the operating
wavelength. After the setting, the command shall be sent from the control system.

6.2.5 Monitoring and recording the command complete flag
The output signal from the O/E converter and the command complete flag from the DUT shall
be monitored by the oscilloscope and the data shall be recorded. The command sending flag
from the control system, which may be substituted for the command complete flag from DUT if
not available, shall also be monitored and recorded.
6.2.6 Calculation of the gain tilt settling time
After the measurement at three wavelengths, the gain tilt settling time is calculated according
to Figure 2. Generally, the gain tilt settling time is defined as the maximum value among the
three gain tilt settling times.
6.3 Analogue control type
6.3.1 Setup
The measurement setup is as shown in Figure 5. The temperature shall be kept stabilized and
constant in the chamber for the measurement. The light source, the analogue control system,
O/E converter and oscilloscope shall be turned on for the measurement.
6.3.2 Preparation
Before starting the measurement, the setup shall be turned on for more than 1 h for
stabilization.
6.3.3 Wavelength setting
The wavelength of the light source shall be set at the measuring wavelength. The
measurement shall take place at three wavelengths: shortest, centre and longest wavelengths
in the operating wavelength range. An alternative method is to measure at the wavelength at
the maximum deviation in insertion loss.
6.3.4 Applying the control signal
The control signal to operate from the minimum (maximum) tilt to maximum (minimum) tilt
shall be set. The minimum and the maximum states of tilt occur when the deviation in
insertion loss takes the maximum value at the shortest or the longest wavelength within the
operating wavelength. After the setting, the signal shall be sent from the control system.
6.3.5 Monitoring and recording the command complete flag
The output signal from the O/E converter shall be monitored by the oscilloscope and the data
recorded. Also, the command complete flag from the control system shall be monitored and
recorded.
6.3.6 Calculation of the gain tilt settling time
The gain tilt settling time is calculated according to Figure 3. After the measurement at three
wavelengths, the gain tilt settling time is calculated. Generally, the gain tilt settling time is
defined as the maximum value among the three gain tilt settling times.
7 Details to be specified
7.1 Apparatus
7.1.1 Light source
These characteristics of the light source shall be specified:

– 14 – IEC 62343-5-1:2014 © IEC 2014
– spectral width
– state of polarization
– output power
7.1.2 Pulse generator
These characteristics of the pulse generator shall be specified:
– rising time
– pulse width
– pulse intensity
7.1.3 O/E converter
These characteristics of the O/E convertor shall be specified:
– response frequency
– dynamic range
7.1.4 Control system
These characteristics of the control system shall be specified:
– type of control system
– type of interface
7.2 Measurement conditions
These measurement conditions shall be specified:
– wavelength
– deviation of tilt
– insertion loss deviation at the measuring wavelength
– temperature of chamber
– tolerance of target insertion loss deviation

Annex A
(informative)
Convergence criterion
A DGTE used in an optical amplifier converts input signals with time-varying gain tilt into
output signals in which gain tilt is nominally flat. A required flatness for multichannel EDFAs
for WDM systems is typically ±0,5 dB for each spectral band. Therefore, the gain tilt settling
time of the DGTE is recommended to be defined as the convergence to ±0,5 dB [≅(±10 %)]
from target attenuation.
– 16 – IEC 62343-5-1:2014 © IEC 2014
Annex B
(informative)
Measurement examples
Two examples are shown below in Figure B.1 and Figure B.2. In the case where the insertion
loss change is small and the target power is within ± 10 % of the initial power at the measured
wavelength, the gain tilt settling time cannot be defined as in Figure B.2.
Current power
0,0 dBm (1,00 mW)
90 % of current power
-0,5 dBm (0,90 mW)
-3,0 dB attenuation
110 % of target power
-2,6 dBm (0,55 mW)
Target power
-3,0 dBm (0,50 mW)
90 % of target power
-3,5 dBm (0,45 mW)
Command
Tp T
r T
c
Gain tilt settling time
IEC
Initial optical power: 0 dB m (1,0 mW)
Target optical power: -3 dBm (0,5 mW)
Target attenuation: -3 Db
Figure B.1 – Where insertion loss change is sufficient
110 % of target power
-4,9 dBm (0,33 mW)
Current power
-5,0 dBm (0,32 mW)
-0,3 dB attenuation
Target power
-5,3 dBm (0,30 mW)
90 % of current power
-5,5 dBm (0,28 mW)
90 % of target power
-5,8 dBm (0,27 mW)
Command
-0,5 dBm (0,90 mW)
Gain tilt settling time cannot be defined
IEC
Initial optical power: -5,0 dBm (0,32 mW)
Target optical power: -5,3 dBm (0,30 mW)
Target attenuation: -0,3 dB
Figure B.2 – Where insertion loss change is small

Annex C
(informative)
Gain tilt settling time for specific DGTEs
Gain tilt settling time is defined as the maximum value over operating temperature range. An
LCD (liquid crystal device) may show longer gain tilt settling time at low temperature.

– 18 – IEC 62343-5-1:2014 © IEC 2014
Annex D
(informative)
Necessity for the correction for temperature dependency
The gain tilt settling time of the DGTE may depend on ambient temperature. Some devices
have a temperature controller in the package. Some devices have a temperature
compensation function to compensate the temperature dependence by tuning the applied
voltage or the current according to an ambient temperature. The correction for the direct
control type shall be done by a control system at a higher level. The digital control type of
DGTE has a CPU and monitors an ambient temperature to correct the temperature effect by
itself. The analogue control type also has an analogue circuit and monitors an ambient
temperature to correct the temperature effect by itself.

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– 20 – IEC 62343-5-1:2014 © IEC 2014
SOMMAIRE
AVANT-PROPOS . 22
1 Domaine d’application . 24
2 Références normatives . 24
3 Termes, définitions, abréviations et formes d’ondes de réponse . 24
3.1 Termes et définitions . 24
3.2 Abréviations . 25
3.3 Formes d’ondes de réponse . 25
4 Informations générales . 26
5 Matériel . 27
5.1 Source de rayonnement lumineux . 27
5.2 Générateur d’impulsions . 27
5.3 Convertisseur O/E . 28
5.4 Enceinte climatique . 28
5.5 Oscilloscope . 28
5.6 Jonctions temporaires . 28
5.7 Système de commande . 28
5.8 Montage de mesure . 28
6 Procédure . 29
6.1 Type à commande directe . 29
6.1.1 Montage . 29
6.1.2 Préparation . 29
6.1.3 Réglage de la longueur d’onde . 30
6.1.4 Réglage du générateur d’impulsions . 30
6.1.5 Application de l’impulsion de pilotage . 30
6.1.6 Surveillance et enregistrement du signal de sortie provenant du DGTE
en essai (DUT) . 30
6.1.7 Calcul du temps d’établissement de basculement de gain . 30
6.2 Type de commande numérique . 30
6.2.1 Montage . 30
6.2.2 Préparation . 30
6.2.3 Réglage de la longueur d’onde . 30
6.2.4 Commande de l’émission . 31
6.2.5 Surveillance et enregistrement du flag commande terminée . 31
6.2.6 Calcul du temps d’établissement de basculement de gain . 31
6.3 Type de commande analogique . 31
6.3.1 Montage . 31
6.3.2 Préparation . 31
6.3.3 Réglage de la longueur d’onde . 31
6.3.4 Application du signal de commande . 31
6.3.5 Surveillance et enregistrement du flag commande terminée . 31
6.3.6 Calcul du temps d’établissement de basculement de gain . 32
7 Détails à spécifier . 32
7.1 Matériel . 32
7.1.1 Source de rayonnement lumineux . 32
7.1.2 Générateur d’impulsions . 32
7.1.3 Convertisseur O/E . 32

7.1.4 Système de commande. 32
7.2 Conditions de mesure . 32
Annexe A (informative) Critère de convergence . 33
Annexe B (informative) Exemples de mesures . 34
Annexe C (informative) Temps d’établissement de basculement de gain pour DGTE
spécifiques . 35
Annexe D (informative) Nécessité de correction concernant la dépendance vis-à-vis
de la température. 36

Figure 1 – Formes d’ondes de réponse des DGTE à commande directe . 25
Figure 2 – Formes d’ondes de réponse des DGTE à commande numérique . 26
Figure 3 – Formes d’ondes de réponse des DGTE à commande analogique . 26
Figure 4 – Montages de mesure pour commande directe . 28
Figure 5 – Montages de mesure pour commande numérique. 29
Figure 6 – Montages de mesure pour commande analogique . 29
Figure B.1 – Si la variation de la perte d’insertion est su
...