IEC 62709:2014

IEC 62709 ®
Edition 1.0 2014-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Radiation protection instrumentation – Security screening of humans –
Measuring the imaging performance of X-ray systems

Instrumentation pour la radioprotection – Contrôle de sécurité des individus –
Mesure des performances de l'imagerie des systèmes radiographiques aux
rayons X
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IEC 62709 ®
Edition 1.0 2014-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Radiation protection instrumentation – Security screening of humans –

Measuring the imaging performance of X-ray systems

Instrumentation pour la radioprotection – Contrôle de sécurité des individus –

Mesure des performances de l'imagerie des systèmes radiographiques aux

rayons X
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
CODE PRIX W
ICS 13.280 ISBN 978-2-8322-1422-0

– 2 – 62709 © IEC:2014
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope and object . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions, abbreviations, quantities and units . 8
3.1 Terms and definitions . 8
3.2 Abbreviations . 11
3.3 Quantities and units . 11
4 Imaging performance evaluation procedures. 11
4.1 General characteristics and test procedures . 11
4.2 Location of testing . 11
4.3 Body phantom and test objects . 12
4.4 Spatial resolution test . 13
4.4.1 Purpose . 13
4.4.2 Test object description . 13
4.4.3 Procedure . 14
4.4.4 Evaluation and record . 14
4.5 Wire detection test . 14
4.5.1 Purpose . 14
4.5.2 Test object description . 14
4.5.3 Procedure . 15
4.5.4 Evaluation and record . 15
4.6 Materials detection on body test. 15
4.6.1 General . 15
4.6.2 Purpose . 15
4.6.3 Test object description . 16
4.6.4 Procedure . 16
4.6.5 Evaluation and record . 16
4.7 Materials detection in air test . 16
4.7.1 General . 16
4.7.2 Purpose . 16
4.7.3 Test object description . 16
4.7.4 Procedure . 17
4.7.5 Evaluation and record . 17
4.8 Penetration test . 17
4.8.1 General . 17
4.8.2 Purpose . 17
4.8.3 Test object description . 17
4.8.4 Procedure . 17
4.8.5 Evaluation and record . 17
5 Minimum acceptable imaging performance . 17
6 Environmental requirements . 18
Annex A (normative) Mechanical drawings of the test objects . 20
Annex B (informative) Example of reporting form . 31
Annex C (informative) Image resolution measurement using the pentalith . 33
C.1 General . 33

62709 © IEC:2014 – 3 –
C.2 Strategy . 33
C.3 Pentalith description . 33
C.4 Pass/fail criterion . 36
C.5 Repeatability . 37
Annex D (informative) Comparison of whole body imaging systems . 38

Figure 1 – Generic illustration of the testing configuration showing a HDPE body
phantom with a test object on one end supported 1 m off the ground . 12
Figure 2 – Body phantom and test objects . 13
Figure A.1 – Components of the test phantom . 20
Figure A.2 – Material detection in air phantom . 21
Figure A.3 – Subassembly of the material detection in air phantom (Figure A.2), metal
comb, three teeth . 21
Figure A.4 – Subassembly of the material detection in air phantom (Figure A.2), metal
comb, two teeth . 22
Figure A.5 – Subassembly of the material detection in air phantom (Figure A.2), metal
comb, one tooth . 22
Figure A.6 – Subassembly of the material detection in air phantom (Figure A.2), plastic
comb . 23
Figure A.7 – Subassembly of the material detection in air phantom (Figure A.2),
mounting sheet . 23
Figure A.8 – Material detection on body 1 . 24
Figure A.9 – Material detection on body 2 . 24
Figure A.10 – Wire detection phantom . 25
Figure A.11 – Subassembly of the wire detection phantom (Figure A.10), mounting
base . 25
Figure A.12 – Subassembly of the wire detection phantom (Figure A.10), cover. 26
Figure A.13 – Spatial resolution phantom . 27
Figure A.14 – Subassembly of the spatial resolution phantom (Figure A.13), mounting
base . 27
Figure A.15 – Subassembly of the spatial resolution phantom (Figure A.13); hole
placement in mounting base . 28
Figure A.16 – Subassembly of the spatial resolution phantom (Figure A.13), cover . 29
Figure A.17 – Body phantom, 55 mm thick . 29
Figure A.18 – Body phantom, 75 mm thick . 29
Figure A.19 – Body phantom, 50 mm thick . 30
Figure A.20 – Storing space . 30
Figure C.1 – Dimensional design of the pentalith pattern . 34
Figure C.2 – Example of a pentalith overlying a pixel grid . 34
Figure C.3 – Example of a pentalith test phantom suitable for optical measurements . 35
Figure C.4 – Example of a pentalith test phantom suitable for X-ray imaging . 35
Figure C.5 – Example of using image thresholding as an objective pass/fail criterion . 37

Table 1 – Wire sizes for the wire detection test . 15
Table 2 – Minimum acceptable imaging performance at the reference location . 18
Table 3 – Standard test conditions . 18
Table D.1 – Comparison of whole body imaging systems for security screening . 38

– 4 – 62709 © IEC:2014
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
RADIATION PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATION –
SECURITY SCREENING OF HUMANS –
MEASURING THE IMAGING PERFORMANCE OF X-RAY SYSTEMS

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
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6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 62709 has been prepared by subcommittee 45B: Radiation
protection instrumentation, of IEC technical committee 45: Nuclear instrumentation.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
45B/780/FDIS 45B/786/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

62709 © IEC:2014 – 5 –
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged until
the stability date indicated on the IEC web site under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data
related to the specific publication. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
– 6 – 62709 © IEC:2014
INTRODUCTION
This standard establishes standard test methods and test objects for measuring the imaging
performance of X-ray systems for security screening of humans. For each image quality test,
this standard also sets minimum acceptable levels of performance. These procedures and
minimum acceptable requirements should not be construed as an all-inclusive measure of
performance for any situation. Depending on the circumstances and detection needs, user
institutions will continue to generate their own requirements and are encouraged to do so.
Rather, it is hoped that this standard will provide a starting point for evaluating systems,
provide a uniform set of readily available information to compare equipment, and offer a
standard procedure for periodic quality control testing.
Four annexes are included. Annex A (normative) provides mechanical drawings of the imaging
test objects. Sample test report forms are given in Annex B (informative). Annex C
(informative) provides a generic description of the pentalith, the spatial resolution test object.
Annex D (informative) seeks to describe the different types of security systems presently
being used for whole-body imaging.

62709 © IEC:2014 – 7 –
RADIATION PROTECTION INSTRUMENTATION –
SECURITY SCREENING OF HUMANS –
MEASURING THE IMAGING PERFORMANCE OF X-RAY SYSTEMS

1 Scope and object
This International Standard applies to security screening systems that utilize X-ray radiation
and are used to inspect people who are not inside vehicles, containers, or enclosures.
Specifically, this standard applies to systems used to detect objects carried on or within the
body of the individual being inspected. This standard does not include requirements related to
electromagnetic compatibility, radiological, electrical and mechanical safety. These
requirements are covered in IEC 62463:2010.
The following types of systems are included in the scope of this standard:
• Systems designated as fixed, portal, transportable, mobile or gantry.
• Systems employing detection of primary radiation, backscattered radiation, forward-
scattered radiation, (see Annex D) or some combination of these modalities to form two-
dimensional X-ray images.
• Systems that are primarily imaging but that also may have complementary features such
as material discrimination, automatic active or passive detection alerts. This standard will
not address how to test these complementary features.
The objective is to provide standard methods of measuring and reporting imaging quality
characteristics that enable system manufacturers, potential system users and other interested
parties to:
a) Establish a consistent indicator of the expected technical performance of screening
systems used for the inspection of individuals. Such technical performance testing
complements explicit detection testing and evaluation. In this standard “detection” refers
to items in an image.
b) Provide repeatable and verifiable imaging performance data that can be used to compare
systems from different vendors.
c) Establish a baseline that can be used over time to calibrate the system or detect any
performance degradation. (It is not intended that the entire test method be employed for
daily quality assurance testing.)
d) Establish minimum acceptable performance requirements for the systems described
above.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and
are indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
NOTE Users of this standard should note that standards referenced herein may not fulfil the legal requirements
and practices in all countries, or jurisdictions. Care should be taken to ensure regulatory compliance.
IEC 60050-393:2003, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 393: Nuclear
instrumentation – Physical phenomena and basic concepts
IEC 60050-394:2007, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 394: Nuclear
instrumentation – Instruments, systems, equipment and detectors

– 8 – 62709 © IEC:2014
IEC 60050-881:1983, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Part 881: Radiology
and radiological physics
IEC 62463:2010, Radiation protection instrumentation – X-ray systems for the screening of
persons for security and the carrying of illicit items
ISO 683-17:1999, Heat-treated steels, alloy steels and free-cutting steels – Part 17: Ball and
roller bearing steels
3 Terms and definitions, abbreviations, quantities and units
3.1 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply. The general
terminology concerning X-ray systems and radiological physics is given in
IEC 60050-393:2003, IEC 60050-394:2007 and IEC 60050-881:1983.
3.1.1
backscattered radiation
backscatter
scattering of photons by material through angles greater than 90° with respect to their initial
direction
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-393:2003, 393-13-14]
3.1.2
backscatter system
security screening system that makes use of backscattered radiation to form an image
3.1.3
contrast sensitivity
the ability to distinguish a small difference of intensity in an area of an X-ray image from a
surrounding uniform background
[SOURCE: IEC 62523:2010]
3.1.4
edge detection
ability to discern edges of objects or anomalies even when the bulk of the objects or
anomalies may appear with the same brightness as the background
3.1.5
forward-scattered radiation
scattering of photons by material through angles less than 90° with respect to their initial
direction
3.1.6
forward-scatter system
security screening system that makes use of forward-scattered radiation to form an image
3.1.7
influence quantity
quantity that is not the measurand but that affects the result of the measurement
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-394:2007, 394-40-27]

62709 © IEC:2014 – 9 –
3.1.8
materials detection
test of the ability to detect materials on or off the body phantom
3.1.9
mobile system
system that is mounted on a vehicle which moves while scanning
3.1.10
operator
person authorised and fully trained to operate the system
[SOURCE: IEC 62463:2010]
3.1.11
partial body field of view
field of view of systems designed to scan parts of the body, such as cast and prostheses
scanners or shoe scanners
3.1.12
penetration test
test of spatial resolution and wire detection as a function of body phantom thickness
3.1.13
pentalith
spatial resolution test object consisting of five equal spheres placed at the vertices of a
regular pentagon. The vertices are separated by twice the diameter of the spheres
Note 1 to entry: See Annex C for a complete description.
3.1.14
primary radiation
ionizing radiation emitted directly by a radiation source
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-393:2003, 393-12-19]
3.1.15
radiation source
equipment or matter emitting or capable of emitting ionizing radiation
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-393:2003, 393-12-23]
3.1.16
reference location
required location where test objects are placed for assessing imaging performance according
to this standard
Note 1 to entry: The reference location is specified in 4.2.
Note 2 to entry: Other testing locations may be used for additional information.
3.1.17
scan area
field of view of a screening system at a given distance from the source of radiation
3.1.18
scanning speed
the speed of the inspected object moving relative to the inspection system, or vice versa

– 10 – 62709 © IEC:2014
[SOURCE: IEC 62523:2010]
3.1.19
scattered radiation
scatter
radiation which, during passage through a material, has been deviated from its original
direction or changed in energy by scattering
Note 1 to entry: Backscatter and forward-scatter systems use scatter to form backscatter and/or forward-scatter
images.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-881:1983, 881-03-19]
3.1.20
security screening
inspection of personnel, goods, cargo, vehicles and other objects to detect prohibited,
controlled or dangerous items. In the case pertaining to this standard the objects inspected
are carried on or within the body of a person
3.1.21
spatial resolution
minimum separation between two objects at which they can be resolved as separate entities
3.1.22
system
scanning system
whole equipment used to produce a scanned image, including the X-ray generator, collimator,
detector assembly, computer and display console
3.1.23
transmission system
system using the conventional means of projection radiographic imaging in which X rays pass
through a target (e.g., person or container) and create shadowgrams of enclosed objects
(e.g., contraband) based on their radiation attenuating properties
3.1.24
transportable system
system that is designed to be easily redeployed and transported
3.1.25
whole body field of view
field of view of systems designed to completely scan and image one person at a time
3.1.26
wide field of view
field of view of systems for which one scan covers an area that may contain more than one
person
3.1.27
wire detection
the minimum diameter of a wire in mm, that can be detected and distinguished from the
background
[SOURCE: IEC 62523:2010]
62709 © IEC:2014 – 11 –
3.2 Abbreviations
3.2.1
HDPE
high-density polyethylene
3.2.2
MTF
modulation transfer function
3.3 Quantities and units
In this standard, the units are the multiples and sub-multiples of units of the International
. The definitions of radiation quantities are given in IEC 60050-393 and
System of Units (SI)
IEC 60050-394.
4 Imaging performance evaluation procedures
4.1 General characteristics and test procedures
The procedures of this standard shall be used to measure the following four characteristics of
imaging performance or image quality:
a) Spatial resolution
b) Wire detection
c) Materials detection (may be by means of contrast sensitivity or edge detection)
d) Penetration
The test procedures provide for the measurement of systems that use the following imaging
modes: detection of primary radiation, backscattered radiation, forward-scattered radiation, or
some combination of these modalities (see Annex D).
For each test, the test object shall be scanned as in normal use; this is defined to mean
standard operating procedure, software, and hardware settings of lateral and/or vertical scan
speed, source voltage and current, and filtration. Since dose to scanned individuals and
image quality are interrelated, these machine settings shall be included in the test report (for
an example, see Annex B). If the dose to scanned persons is also being measured (e.g.,
IEC 62463:2010) for this system, the same machine settings should be used for both the
image quality and radiation safety testing to facilitate the assessment of overall system
performance. If image-enhancement software features are available to the operator in normal
use, these may be used to achieve the best possible image. Examples are zoom, edge
enhancement, expanded density, black-and-white reverse, and pseudo-color. The use of
these software features shall be recorded in test documentation in addition to the hardware
settings listed above.
The score for each test shall be repeatable at least two thirds of the time.
4.2 Location of testing
At a minimum, all the image quality tests shall be performed at the reference location. The
reference location is defined as follows:
a) the surface of the body phantom and test object combination closest to the radiation
source shall be at the optimum operating distance as specified by the manufacturer, and
______________
th
International Bureau of Weights and Measures: The International System of Units, 8 edition, 2006.

– 12 – 62709 © IEC:2014
b) the centre of the body phantom shall be in the lateral centre of the scan area and, for full-
body systems, at a height 1 m from the ground. For partial body systems the reference
location should be centred about the subject imaging location. A generic illustration of this
testing configuration is given in Figure 1.

Test phantoms
Support
IEC  0586/14
Figure 1 – Generic illustration of the testing configuration showing a HDPE
body phantom with a test object on one end supported 1 m off the ground
Additionally, off-centre tests should be performed at specified locations. Prospective users
may request test results for specific locations in the scan area (e.g., head, feet, sides, edge of
scan area). For off-centre tests, a 300 mm × 300 mm × 100 mm block of high-density
polyethylene (HDPE) may be placed in the centre of the field of view if needed for proper
functioning of the auto gain control.
4.3 Body phantom and test objects
The test objects for each of the image quality tests shall be mounted on a body phantom. The
body phantom shall be made of HDPE. The body phantom and all the other HDPE parts of
−3 −3
test objects described in this standard shall have a density of 0,95 g⋅cm ± 0,05 g⋅cm .
The body phantom shall have dimensions of 300 mm wide × 300 mm high × 280 mm deep.
The body phantom shall have a means of supporting each of the test object assemblies
described in 4.4 through 4.7 so that the overall HDPE depth of the body phantom and test
object assembly (excluding the 1,5 mm overlay) shall be 300 mm. That is, a HDPE cube,
300 mm on each side, is used to simulate the human body.
For the penetration test the overall depth shall be expandable from 300 mm to 400 mm by
attaching two additional 50 mm thick slabs of HDPE. A diagram of the body phantom and test
objects is shown in Figure 2. Complete mechanical drawings of the body phantom and test
objects are provided in normative Annex A.
All the dimensions of the body phantom and test objects shall be within ±2 % or 0,2 mm,
whichever is greater, unless otherwise specified.

62709 © IEC:2014 – 13 –
IEC  0587/14
Key
1 materials detection in air
2 and 3 materials detection on body
4 wire detection
5 spatial resolution
6 and 7 body phantom, four pieces
8 penetration test, two pieces
9 storage spacer
NOTE For each test the respective test object, (1) through (5), is placed over the four body phantom pieces, (6)
and (7). The body phantom extensions, (8), are used for the penetration test. The last piece, (9), is only a spacer
used for storing and stacking pieces (2) and (3) with the other blocks. The combs of piece (1) swivel inward for
storage.
Figure 2 – Body phantom and test objects
4.4 Spatial resolution test
4.4.1 Purpose
The purpose of this test is to measure the ability to distinguish as separate, objects that are
themselves separated by a space equal to the object width.
4.4.2 Test object description
The spatial resolution test object consists of fourteen sets of five equal spheres, forming
fourteen regular pentagons, called pentaliths (see also informative Annex C). The spheres are
made of bearing steel, ISO 683-17:1999, grade designation 100Cr6 or equivalent (e.g.
AISI/SAE 52100, EN 10027-2 1.3505; JIS SUJ2) and are imbedded in a block of HDPE,
300 mm × 300 mm × 25 mm, so that the front surface of each sphere is flush with the surface
of the block. The five spheres are placed at the vertices of a regular pentagon. The space
between adjacent spheres is equal to the sphere diameter. Each pentagon is aligned such
that no side is perfectly vertical or horizontal. There is a pentagon for each of the following
sphere diameters: 1 mm, 1,2 mm, 1,5 mm, 2 mm, 2,5 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm,
8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, and 14 mm. The tolerance for each sphere diameter and the hole
containing each sphere shall be no greater than ±0,1 mm. A 1,5 mm thick sheet of HDPE is
placed over the spheres to simulate a layer of thick clothing and to hold the spheres in place.

– 14 – 62709 © IEC:2014
The pentalith assembly is attached to the body phantom to form a solid HDPE block that is
300 mm on a side. Mechanical drawings of the spatial resolution test object are given in
Figures A.1, A.13, A.14, A.15, and A.16 of Annex A.
4.4.3 Procedure
A test object meeting the description in 4.4.2 and a body phantom as described in 4.3 shall be
used for this test.
The test object shall be mounted on the body phantom and positioned at the reference
location (see 4.2) as follows. For backscatter and/or forward-scatter systems, the surface of
the body phantom containing the test object shall be the surface closest to the radiation
source. For transmission systems, either the surface containing the test object or the opposite
surface shall face the radiation source (the orientation of the body phantom shall be recorded
in the test report).
The test object shall be scanned as in normal use as defined in 4.1.
The procedure may be repeated at other desired testing locations.
4.4.4 Evaluation and record
Find the smallest pentagon for which all five spheres are visible as completely separate
objects. Software image adjustments available to the operator may be used to obtain optimum
contrast and brightness. The settings for any adjustments shall be recorded in the test report.
For example, if contrast and brightness adjustments are available to the operator, the
following is an acceptable procedure for testing separation and for achieving reproducible
measurements: turn the contrast all the way up, adjust the brightness to see if five separate
islands can be formed. See Annex C for further information related to objectively scoring this
test.
Record the smallest sphere diameter meeting the above analysis.
4.5 Wire detection test
4.5.1 Purpose
The purpose of this test is to determine the minimum diameter of copper wire that can be
detected.
4.5.2 Test object description
The wire detection test object consists of nine copper wires, each forming a circle with a
nominal diameter of 50 mm. The wires are attached on the surface of a HDPE block having
dimensions of 300 mm × 300 mm × 25 mm. (Alternatively, the wires may be mounted on a
6,4 mm thick sheet using an additional 19 mm HDPE spacer). A 1,5 mm thick sheet of HDPE
is placed over the wires to simulate a layer of thick clothing.
The following wire sizes are included on the test object (see Table 1):

62709 © IEC:2014 – 15 –
Table 1 – Wire sizes for the wire detection test
Nominal diameter
mm
0,812
0,644
0,511
0,405
0,321
0,255
0,202
0,160
0,127
Mechanical drawings of the wire detection test object are given in Figures A.1, A.10, A.11,
and A.12 of Annex A.
4.5.3 Procedure
A test object meeting the description in 4.5.2 and body phantom as described in 4.3 shall be
used for this test.
The test object shall be mounted on the body phantom so that the surface on which the wires
are placed faces away from the HDPE cube. The body phantom and test object shall be
positioned at the reference location (see 4.2) as follows. For backscatter and/or forward
systems the surface of the body phantom containing the test object shall be the surface
closest to the radiation source. For transmission systems, either the surface containing the
test object or the opposite surface shall face the radiation source (the orientation of the body
phantom shall be recorded in the test report).
The test object shall be scanned using the normal scanning procedure as defined in 4.1.
The procedure may be repeated at other desired testing locations.
4.5.4 Evaluation and record
Identify and record the smallest wire gauge for which a contiguous length of at least half the
circle circumference is visible. Image adjustments available to the operator may be used to
obtain optimum contrast and brightness. The settings for any adjustments shall be recorded in
the test report.
4.6 Materials detection on body test
4.6.1 General
This test is intended to measure the ability to detect objects on the body that are of a density
similar to that of the body. Depending on the properties of the scanning system, this test may
serve as either a contrast sensitivity test or edge detection test.
4.6.2 Purpose
The purpose of this test is to measure the ability to observe step changes in thickness of flat
organic material superimposed on the flat body phantom.

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4.6.3 Test object description
The test object consists of HDPE discs placed over the body phantom. The discs are 60 mm
in diameter and have thicknesses of 1,5 mm, 3 mm, 5 mm, 7 mm, 10 mm, 14 mm, and 20 mm.
The discs are attached on the surface of a 300 mm × 300 mm × 25 mm HDPE sheet and are
spaced at least 60 mm apart. (Alternatively the discs may be mounted on a 6,4 mm thick
sheet using an additional 19 mm HDPE spacer). In order to adequately space the discs the
seven thicknesses are distributed on two HDPE sheets. The 7 mm thickness is repeated on
each set for reference. Mechanical drawings of the materials detection on body test object are
given in Figures A.1, A.8, and A.9 of Annex A.
4.6.4 Procedure
A test object meeting the description in 4.6.2 and body phantom as described in 4.3 shall be
used for this test.
The test object shall be mounted on the body phantom and positioned at the reference
location (see 4.2) as follows. For backscatter and/or forward-scatter systems the surface of
the body phantom containing the test object shall be the surface closest to the radiation
source. For transmission systems, either the surface containing the test object or the opposite
surface shall face the radiation source (the orientation of the body phantom shall be recorded
in the test report).
Each set of discs shall be scanned using the normal scanning procedure as defined in 4.1.
The procedure may be repeated at other desired testing locations.
4.6.5 Evaluation and record
Identify and record the smallest disc thickness that is observable. Observable means that at
least one half of the circumference can be discerned. Image adjustments that are available to
the operator may be used to obtain optimum contrast and brightness. The settings for any
adjustments shall be
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