IEC 62657-3:2022

IEC 62657-3 ®
Edition 1.0 2022-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Industrial networks – Coexistence of wireless systems –
Part 3: Formal description of the automated coexistence management and
application guidance
Réseaux industriels – Coexistence des systèmes sans fil –
Partie 3: Description formelle de la gestion automatisée de la coexistence et
recommandations d'application
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IEC 62657-3 ®
Edition 1.0 2022-05
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Industrial networks – Coexistence of wireless systems –

Part 3: Formal description of the automated coexistence management and

application guidance
Réseaux industriels – Coexistence des systèmes sans fil –

Partie 3: Description formelle de la gestion automatisée de la coexistence et

recommandations d'application
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 25.040 ISBN 978-2-8322-0912-7

– 2 – IEC 62657-3:2022 © IEC 2022
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 4
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 8
3.1 General . 8
3.2 Terms and definitions specific for this document . 9
3.3 Terms and definitions given in IEC 62657-2 . 9
3.4 Abbreviated terms . 11
4 Automated collaborative coexistence management . 11
4.1 Motivation . 11
4.2 Application scenarios . 12
4.2.1 General . 12
4.2.2 Establishing wireless industrial automation . 12
4.2.3 Operation and maintenance of wireless industrial automation . 13
4.2.4 Controlled / not controlled areas . 14
4.2.5 Device with/without mitigation techniques . 14
4.2.6 Fixed, moving, or rotating devices . 14
4.2.7 Temporary installed devices . 14
5 Method for coexistence description . 15
5.1 Area under consideration . 15
5.2 Wireless coexistence model . 16
5.2.1 General . 16
5.2.2 Class CoexistenceSystem . 16
5.2.3 Class WirelessIndustrialAutomation . 17
5.2.4 Class DistributedAutomationSystem . 19
5.2.5 Class RadioEnvironment . 21
5.2.6 Class WirelessCommunicationSystem . 23
5.2.7 Class CoexistenceManagementSystem . 25
5.3 Application related influencing parameters . 25
5.3.1 Attributes of class DistributedAutomationSystem . 25
5.3.2 Attributes of class LocalAutomationFunction . 26
5.3.3 Attributes of class LogicalTopology . 27
5.3.4 Attributes of class ReferenceInterface . 27
5.3.5 Attributes of class LogicalLink . 27
5.3.6 Attributes of class LogicalEndpoint . 27
5.3.7 Application related characteristic parameters . 28
5.4 Environment related influencing parameters. 28
5.4.1 Number of passive environmental influences . 28
5.4.2 Attributes of class PassiveEnvironmentalInfluence . 28
5.4.3 Attributes of class PropagationCondition . 29
5.4.4 Attributes of class PhysicalLayerInterface . 29
5.4.5 Number of active environmental influences . 29
5.4.6 Attributes of class ActiveEnvironmentalInfluence . 29
5.5 Wireless device and system related influencing parameters . 30
5.5.1 Attributes of class WirelessCommunicationSystem . 30

5.5.2 Attributes of class WirelessCommunicationFunction . 31
5.5.3 Attributes of class ReferenceInterface . 31
5.5.4 Attributes of class PhysicalLayerInterface . 31
5.5.5 Attributes of class WirelessTopology . 31
5.5.6 Attributes of class WirelessLink . 31
5.5.7 Attributes of class WirelessEndpoint . 31
5.6 Profile development . 31
6 Architecture of central coordination point . 33
6.1 Model application guidance . 33
6.2 Database service . 35
6.3 Status of wireless system . 35
6.4 Status of application . 35
6.5 Status of radio spectrum . 35
6.6 Status analysis . 35
6.7 Resource assignment . 36
Bibliography . 37

Figure 1 – Relation between the parts of the IEC 62657 series . 7
Figure 2 – Requirement profile of a spatially distributed automation system covered by
a capability profile of a wireless communication solution . 15
Figure 3 – Class model of the coexistence system . 17
Figure 4 – Structure of wireless industrial automation . 17
Figure 5 – Interfaces of wireless industrial automation . 18
Figure 6 – Class model of the area under consideration for wireless industrial
automation . 19
Figure 7 – Distributed automation system . 20
Figure 8 – System model of the distributed automation system . 21
Figure 9 – Radio environment . 22
Figure 10 – System model of the radio environment . 23
Figure 11 – Wireless communication system . 23
Figure 12 – System model of the wireless communication system . 25
Figure 13 – Class ProfileDevelopment . 32
Figure 14 – Relation between system models and their application in a CCP concept . 34

Table 1 – Audience of the IEC 62657 series . 6

– 4 – IEC 62657-3:2022 © IEC 2022
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
INDUSTRIAL NETWORKS –
COEXISTENCE OF WIRELESS SYSTEMS –

Part 3: Formal description of the automated coexistence
management and application guidance

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote international
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indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of patent
rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC 62657-3 has been prepared by subcommittee 65C: Industrial communication networks, of
IEC technical committee 65: Industrial-process measurement, control and automation. It is an
International Standard.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
65C/1165/FDIS 65C/1171/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.

This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC Directives, IEC Supplement, available
at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main document types developed by IEC are
described in greater detail at www.iec.ch/standardsdev/publications.
A list of all parts in the IEC 62657 series, published under the general title Industrial networks
– Coexistence of wireless systems, can be found on the IEC website.
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates that it
contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct understanding of its
contents. Users should therefore print this document using a colour printer.

– 6 – IEC 62657-3:2022 © IEC 2022
INTRODUCTION
The intended audience for the IEC 62657 series is shown in Table 1.
Table 1 – Audience of the IEC 62657 series
Audience Part 1 Part 2 Part 3 Part 4
Wireless Coexistence Architecture and Central
requirements management use coordination
1. Regulator — — —
✓
2. IA expert — — —
✓
3. Plant owner — —
✓ ✓
4. Device manufacture —
✓ ✓ ✓
5. System integrator
✓ ✓ ✓ ✓
Key: ✓ = applies especially to the audience #; — = should be read by everybody

This document is aimed at plant owners that are operating industrial wireless solutions,
manufacturers of industrial wireless devices, as well as wireless system integrators and
operators.
Plant owners need to understand the nature of the coexistence state with respect to wireless
automation systems. Also, they need to make sure that all impacts to the industrial wireless
application systems represented by parameters are taken into account. This document provides
them the information needed to understand coexistence management parameters and each
relationship for a reliable plant operation.
Device manufacturers should provide quantitative parameters on their wireless device and
system to manage the coexistence of the wireless industrial application based on IEC 62657-2.
This document defines related parameters and interfaces of devices for automatic coexistence
management.
System integrators should, in collaboration with the plant owner and device manufacturers,
design, implement, and manage the wireless industrial automation systems throughout the plant
lifecycle. This document provides essential parameters and interfaces for coexistence
management for system integrators.
A consideration of this document is to outline the features of automated collaborative
coexistence management to develop solutions with, for example, a central coordination point
(CCP), with a software-defined networking approach for flexible use of frequency spectrum or
using a global navigation satellite system (GNSS) for location-based use of frequency spectrum.
Figure 1 shows the relation between the parts of the IEC 62657 series.

Figure 1 – Relation between the parts of the IEC 62657 series

– 8 – IEC 62657-3:2022 © IEC 2022
INDUSTRIAL NETWORKS –
COEXISTENCE OF WIRELESS SYSTEMS –

Part 3: Formal description of the automated coexistence
management and application guidance

1 Scope
This part of IEC 62657 specifies a general model approach for automated coexistence
management and provides application guidance. This document provides the usage of related
parameters and interfaces to establish and to maintain functions for automatic coexistence
management. This document specifies an abstract description of the system elements,
properties, interfaces and relationships between influencing parameters and characteristic
parameters specified in IEC 62657-1 and IEC 62657-2.
NOTE IEC 62657-4 specifies the central coordination point approach as one example of the usage of the formal
description of this document.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies.
For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any
amendments) applies.
IEC 61784-3, Industrial communication networks – Profiles – Part 3: Functional safety
fieldbuses – General rules and profile definitions
IEC 62657-1, Industrial communication networks – Wireless communication networks – Part 1:
Wireless communication requirements and spectrum considerations
IEC 62657-2:— , Industrial networks – Coexistence of wireless systems – Part 2: Coexistence
management
IEC 62657-4:— , Industrial networks – Coexistence of wireless systems – Part 4: Coexistence
management with central coordination of wireless applications
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
3.1 General
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
____________
Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: IEC FDIS 62657-2:2022.
Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: IEC FDIS 62657-4:2022.

3.2 Terms and definitions specific for this document
3.2.1
dependability
ability to perform as and when required
Note 1 to entry: Dependability includes availability, reliability, recoverability, maintainability, and maintenance
support performance, and, in some cases, other characteristics such as durability, safety and security.
Note 2 to entry: Dependability is used as a collective term for the time-related quality characteristics of an item.
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-192:2015, 192-01-22]
3.2.2
industrial automation system
set of interrelated industrial automation applications
3.2.3
logical link
relationship between logical endpoints of local automation functions of a distributed automation
system
3.2.4
message
information which is transmitted in one or several packets from a sender to one or more
receivers
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-821:2017, 821-11-29]
3.2.5
message loss ratio
ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the number of messages not delivered divided by the total
number of messages during a time interval T, where the number of messages not delivered is
the difference between the number of messages arriving at the ingress flow point and the
number of messages delivered at the egress flow point in a point-to-point connection
3.2.6
reliability
reliability of an item
ability of an item to perform a required function under stated conditions for a specified period
of time
[SOURCE: IEC 60050-603:1986, 603-05-01]
3.3 Terms and definitions given in IEC 62657-2
For ease of understanding, the most important terms from IEC 62657-2 used within this
document are listed but the definitions are not repeated in the list.
– active environmental influence
– application communication requirements
– area of operation
– automated collaborative coexistence management
– automation application
– channel number
– coexistence
– coexistence management
– 10 – IEC 62657-3:2022 © IEC 2022
– coexistence manager
– collaborative coexistence management
– communication availability
– communication load
– cut-off frequency
– device
– distance between wireless devices
– distributed automation system
– duty cycle
– electromagnetic interference
– frequency band
– frequency bandwidth
– frequency channel
– industrial automation application, see automation application
– industrial communication network
– industrial, scientific and medical application
– infrastructure device
– interference
– intervisibility
– life-cycle
– line of sight (LOS)
– lower cut-off frequency
– modulation
– natural environmental condition
– network
– network topology
– non-line of sight (NLOS)
– observation time
– obstructed line of sight (OLOS)
– packet
– passive environmental influence
– performance requirements
– physical link
– plant
– power spectral density
– radio channel
– radio environment
– reference interface
– regional radio regulation
– relative movement
– transfer interval
– transmitter sequence
– update time
– upper cut-off frequency
– wireless application
– wireless communication
– wireless communication application
– wireless communication solution
– wireless communication system
– wireless device
– wireless solution
– wireless technology or standard
3.4 Abbreviated terms
BNC Bayonet Neill–Concelman
CCP Central coordination point
DAA Detect and avoid
EMI Electromagnetic interference
GNSS Global navigation satellite system
I/O Input and output
IA Industrial automation
ISM industrial, scientific and medical application
LBT listen before talk
LOS Line of sight
M Motor
NLOS Non-line of sight
OLOS Obstructed line of sight
P95 Percentile
PCB printed circuit board
PLC programmable logic controller
PSD Power spectral density
RED Radio equipment directive
RF Radio frequency
SIL Safety integrity level
XML Exchangeable mark-up language
4 Automated collaborative coexistence management
4.1 Motivation
Wireless communication systems for industrial automation applications should adopt a
coexistence management process that can be maintained along the life cycle of the automation
application. Coexistence management parameters are formally specified in order to enable
formal description of the coexistence management process. This formal description is the
fundament for a dependable use of wireless communication systems during the life cycle of the
automation application especially if a collaborative coexistence management is to be used.
According to IEC 62657-2, automated collaborative coexistence management is a form of
coexistence management that is supported by software tools with defined interfaces between
the tool and the wireless communication systems. The term collaborative indicates that all
wireless systems involved provide the necessary information and can be influenced with regard
to the overall objective of the automation applications.

– 12 – IEC 62657-3:2022 © IEC 2022
This document specifies the system elements, properties, interfaces and relationships between
influencing parameters and characteristic parameters specified in IEC 62657-1 and
IEC 62657-2. It describes the relevant parameters to be used for profile specification. Since a
profile specification is the abstraction of many different individual use cases, the parameters
used for this purpose are abstracted as well.
This document can be used to contribute to national and regional regulations. It does not exempt
devices from conforming to all requirements of national and regional regulations.
4.2 Application scenarios
4.2.1 General
Automated collaborative coexistence management is intended to provide an analysis of the
coexistence state that fluctuates in real time and autonomously implements the solution to
stabilize the operation of wireless applications. It has the following functions:
– discovering solutions to coexistence problems;
– optimizing coexistence management plan;
– supporting robust and flexible wireless applications even in dynamic fluctuation in the radio
environment;
– supporting rapid implementation for new industrial wireless applications;
– optimizing a solution by identifying the cause of trouble from a large combination of
coexistence management parameters.
It makes possible to provide efficient work process for maintaining the wireless system.
Automated coexistence management offers the following various benefits:
• reduction or elimination of interferences leading to unplanned downtimes;
• reduction or avoidance of laborious, cost-intensive and time-consuming fault elimination;
• reduction of efforts and time for introduce new wireless applications.
Subclause 4.2 describes typical application scenarios in the automated collaborative
coexistence management in the entire plant life-cycle.
4.2.2 Establishing wireless industrial automation
4.2.2.1 General
There are two types of projects being conducted for building an industrial automation
application. One is a green field project, another one is a brown field project. From the
coexistence management perspective, application scenarios applied with automated
collaborative coexistence management for those two types of projects are described in 4.2.2.
4.2.2.2 Green field projects
Green field projects are newly construct plants from scratch.
Wireless communication solutions are planned and engineered according to the application
communication requirements. The wireless system and device related influencing parameters
are stored for the use in the automated coexistence management. For the assessment of
propagation conditions, of relevant interferences, and of the effects of these interferences, the
radio environment is investigated using for example network analyzers or spectrum sensing
tools. The environment related influencing parameters, for example radio signals, frequencies,
duty cycles and their fluctuations are recorded and stored into the database of the collaborative
coexistence manager. This information can also be used to configure new wireless applications
appropriately.
Investigations using collaborative coexistence management under laboratory conditions can
also be useful to prepare the implementation of a wireless solution in cases where the target
environment is not yet available (for example during the construction of a new production hall).
4.2.2.3 Brown field projects
Brownfield projects are carried out on land that has previously been developed and used for a
manufacturing or processing operation. The new wireless solution shall be integrated into the
available implementation.
During the planning, engineering and implementation of a new wireless solution in brown field
projects, the collision risks and already allocated spectrum are to be analyzed. Depending on
the application communication requirements, it is possible that existing solutions are to be
reconfigured. The values of the influencing parameters shall be included into the
implementations for collaborative coexistence management.
4.2.3 Operation and maintenance of wireless industrial automation
4.2.3.1 General
In the plant operation of wireless automation applications, collaborative coexistence manager
monitors to assess the condition of coexistence continuously. The maintenance works of
wireless industrial automation specified in 4.2.3 could be conducted effectively utilizing the
collaborative coexistence management.
4.2.3.2 Degradation of existence state
When the coexistence state function is getting down to an unaccepted level (see IEC 62657-
4:—, Figure 3), the maintenance phase of coexistence management is initiated to reestablish
the coexistence state. Collaborative coexistence management should compute and reallocate
spectrum resources based on the level of related performance parameters to achieve again the
coexistence state.
4.2.3.3 Reconfiguration of wireless communication system
A reconfiguration of a wireless communication system will be launched depending on the needs
of the automation application. Application requirements change, then for example wireless
devices could be added or removed, devices could move or data traffic volume could change.
Reconfiguration is also valuable when the coexistence state is influenced and fluctuates due to
the changing of radio propagation environment. In these cases, collaborative coexistence
management will contribute to minimize risks and work processes to maintain the wireless
industrial automation.
If there are wireless applications already active containing wireless solutions of critical
application classes (for example classes of functional safety or mission critical control
applications), then the collaborative coexistence management should not modify spectrum
resources for the wireless solutions of critical application classes to minimize risks in the
operation of a plant.
4.2.3.4 Troubleshooting
Collaborative coexistence management is recording performance parameters and
characterized parameters of wireless industrial automation continuously. It contributes to
analyze cause and mechanism of fault. Then collaborative coexistence management
reconfigures spectrum resources such as frequency, channels, transmitting time, network
topology based on the cause of fault.

– 14 – IEC 62657-3:2022 © IEC 2022
4.2.4 Controlled / not controlled areas
For coexistence management in industrial automation applications, the geographical area of a
plant may need to be divided into controlled and uncontrollable/public areas. In controlled areas,
the coexistence state of all managed devices is tracked through collaborative coexistence
management.
Collaborative coexistence management also monitors radio spectrum in uncontrolled areas to
identify potential risks for wireless communication systems in controlled areas. It contributes to
stable operation of wireless communication systems in industrial automation applications.
4.2.5 Device with/without mitigation techniques
Collaborative coexistence management reads related parameters for mitigation technique from
a managed wireless device such as a power control level, time slot allocation, frequency
selection, listen before talk (LBT), detect and avoid (DAA). Then, those parameters are
configured to optimize coexistence state under the compliance to the regional radio regulation
by collaborative coexistence management.
In case of building the low-cost battery powered wireless devices applying to non-critical
applications, the mitigation techniques might not be implemented. The reason is that the
mechanism needs computing power which decreases the battery lifetime.
Collaborative coexistence management utilizes both, devices with mitigation and without
mitigation in the same plant floor. It provides minimal impact on mutual interference through the
allocation of spectrum resources in frequency, time and spatial domains.
4.2.6 Fixed, moving, or rotating devices
The distance between wireless devices determines the fading, an important property of the
radio frequency channel. It depends on the position of the wireless devices, which is mainly
determined by the automation application.
In general, fixed devices are intended for continuous monitoring and control in automation
applications. Some devices are located in a multipath environment such as a pipe jungle. Some
of these devices can be used for critical applications. To meet the requirements of their
automation application, the collaborative coexistence management prioritizes the allocation of
spectrum resources for these devices.
In the case of moving or rotating wireless devices, the distance for wireless communication can
vary dynamically. For these devices, the trajectory of the movement is of importance.
Collaborative coexistence management tracks the range of variation of the associated
coexistence parameters during movement. This tracked data is used to calculate resource
allocation.
4.2.7 Temporary installed devices
Temporary measurement wireless devices for the purpose of process analysis and
troubleshooting have tremendous advantages. Collaborative coexistence management
allocates spectrum resources for those devices. In this context, the primary users of the
frequency spectrum, i.e. the existing wireless communication solutions, are taken into account
in order to avoid a negative impact.

5 Method for coexistence description
5.1 Area under consideration
Industrial automation systems may consist of spatially distributed automation functions (for
example detecting, measuring, control functions) forming an application as depicted in Figure 2.
Wireless communication functions of a wireless communication system shall be designed to
ensure the cooperation of the application functions for an optimal operation of the physical
processes.
Figure 2 – Requirement profile of a spatially distributed automation system covered
by a capability profile of a wireless communication solution
The spatial distribution of automation functions results from the spatially distributed nature of a
physical system. The physical system and its environment also determine the requirements for
the wireless communications solution. These requirements are described using a requirement
profile.
A requirement profile is the set of required values of a defined set of parameters. The defined
set of parameters comprises performance and dependability parameters (characteristic
parameters) and parameters that describe the conditions (influencing parameters), that means
the application and the environment (see IEC 62657-2:—, Clause 6.). The set of promised
values for this parameter set as well as for the parameters of the wireless communication
solution form the capability profile. The decisions whether a wireless communication solution
meets the requirements of an automation application can be supported by the comparison of
requirement profile and capability profile. Figure 2 shows graphically an example that a
requirement profile of a spatially distributed automation system is covered by the capability
profile of a wireless communication solution.
The requirement profile is the maximum the user is requesting and thus the most challenging
demand for the wireless communication system (worst case scenario). The capability profile is
the minimum capability that is promised for the wireless communication system under given
conditions.
– 16 – IEC 62657-3:2022 © IEC 2022
The actual values of the parameter set are ranging between these two states. The actual values
of the parameters may vary around a mean value. Thus, resilient systems can be designed.
However, when an agreed limit is exceeded, then the related wireless communication
application transits to the fail-state. The wireless coexistence is harmed, and the wireless
coexistence state is set to false.
Wireless coexistence management is recommended when more than one wireless
communication solution is used in a plant, when EMI is expected or when ISM applications
could interfere.
Despite the mutual impacts of the wireless solutions, the actual values of the parameters shall
not violate the required values. This means that coexistence management orientates itself on
the requirement profiles of the applications and can use the degrees of freedom of the capability
profiles (for example frequency channel, band width, coding scheme, propagation direction) to
maintain the coexistence state. With each newly installed wireless solution, the degrees of
freedom of the capability profiles are decreasing. If one capability profile no longer covers the
requirement profile of the application, the capacity to use wireless communication in this plant
is exhausted.
In summary, the individual parameter values that describe the state of coexistence have three
aspects:
a) required value to be coexistent,
b) promised value to be coexistent,
c) actual value of coexistence state.
Clause 5 specifies the method for describing coexistence using two models:
– wireless coexistence model in 5.2;
– wireless industrial automation model in 5.3, 5.4 and 5.5;
and the concept of profiles in 5.6.
5.2 Wireless coexistence model
5.2.1 General
The used model is in line with ISO/IEC 19505-1, particularly the class-diagram pattern with its
attributes and relationships. The class and attribute names are constructed by capitalized
concatenated words.
5.2.2 Class CoexistenceSystem
The coexistence system class, named CoexistenceSystem, is composed by two classes, see
Figure 3. The class WirelessIndustrialAutomation represents the object of coexistence
management. The class CoexistenceManagementSystem represents the system that
implements the measures for planning, maintaining and restoring the state of coexistence.
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