IEC 62097:2009

IEC 62097 ®
Edition 1.0 2009-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Hydraulic machines, radial and axial – Performance conversion method from
model to prototype
Machines hydrauliques, radiales et axiales – Méthode de conversion des
performances du modèle au prototype

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IEC 62097 ®
Edition 1.0 2009-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Hydraulic machines, radial and axial – Performance conversion method from
model to prototype
Machines hydrauliques, radiales et axiales – Méthode de conversion des
performances du modèle au prototype

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
XC
CODE PRIX
ICS 27.140 ISBN 978-2-88910-619-6
– 2 – 62097 © IEC:2009
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.5

INTRODUCTION.7

1 Scope.9

2 Normative references .9

3 Terms, definitions, symbols and units .9

3.1 System of units .9

3.2 List of terms .9

3.2.1 Subscripts’ list .9
3.2.2 Terms, definitions, symbols and units .10
4 Scale-effect formula .13
4.1 General .13
4.1.1 Scalable losses .13
4.1.2 Basic formulae of the scale effect on hydrodynamic friction losses .15
4.2 Specific hydraulic energy efficiency.17
4.2.1 Step-up formula.17
4.2.2 Roughness of model and prototype.19
4.2.3 Direct step-up for a whole turbine .22
4.3 Power efficiency (disc friction).23
4.3.1 Step-up formula.23
4.3.2 Roughness of model and prototype.23
4.4 Volumetric efficiency .24
5 Standardized values of scalable losses and pertinent parameters .24
5.1 General .24
5.2 Specific speed.25
5.3 Parameters for specific hydraulic energy efficiency step-up.25
5.4 Parameters for power efficiency (disc friction) step-up.26
6 Calculation of prototype performance .27
6.1 General .27
6.2 Hydraulic efficiency .27
6.3 Specific hydraulic energy .28
6.4 Discharge.28
6.5 Torque .29

6.6 Power.29
6.7 Required input data .30
7 Calculation procedure.31
Annex A (informative) Basic formulae and their approximation.33
Annex B (informative) Scale effect on specific hydraulic energy losses of radial flow
machines .43
Annex C (informative) Scale effect on specific hydraulic energy losses of axial flow
machines [10] .63
Annex D (informative) Scale effect on disc friction loss .70
Annex E (informative) Leakage loss evaluation for non homologous seals .76
Bibliography.83

Figure 1 – Basic concept for step-up considering surface roughness .16

62097 © IEC:2009 – 3 –
Figure 2 – IEC criteria of surface roughness given in Tables 1 and 2 .20

Figure 3 – Francis Runner blade and fillets .21

Figure 4 – Runner blade axial flow.22

Figure 5 – Guide vanes.22

Figure 6 – Calculation steps of step-up values.32

Figure A.1 – Flux diagram for a turbine .34

Figure A.2 – Flux diagram for a pump .35

Figure B.1 – Loss coefficient versus Reynolds number and surface roughness .44

Figure B.2 – Different characteristics of λ in transition zone.45
Figure B.3 – Representative dimensions of component passages .48
Figure B.4 – Relative scalable hydraulic energy loss in each component of Francis
turbine .54
Figure B.5 – Relative scalable hydraulic energy loss in each component of pump-
turbine in turbine operation .55
Figure B.6 – Relative scalable hydraulic energy loss in each component of pump-
turbine in pump operation .56
Figure B.7 – κ and κ in each component of Francis turbine.57
uCO dCO
Figure B.8 – κ and κ in each component of pump-turbine in turbine operation.58

uCO dCO
Figure B.9 – κ and κ in each component of pump-turbine in pump operation .59
uCO dCO
Figure B.10 – d and d for Francis turbine .60
ECOref Eref
Figure B.11 – d and d for pump-turbine in turbine operation .61

ECOref Eref
Figure B.12 – d and d for pump-turbine in pump-operation .62

ECOref Eref
Figure C.1 – δ for Kaplan turbines .66
Eref
Figure D.1 – Disc friction loss ratio δ .72
Tref
Figure D.2 – Dimension factor κ .74
T
Figure D.3 – Disc friction loss index d .75
Tref
Figure E.1 – Examples of typical design of runner seals (crown side) .78
Figure E.2 – Examples of typical design of runner seals (band side) .79

Table 1 – Maximum recommended prototype runner roughness for new turbines (μm).21
Table 2 – Maximum recommended prototype guide vane roughness for new turbines
(μm).22

Table 3 – Permissible deviation of the geometry of model seals from the prototype .24
Table 4 – Scalable loss index d and velocity factor κ for Francis turbines.25

ECOref uCO
Table 5 – Scalable loss index d and velocity index κ for pump-turbines in
ECOref uCO
turbine operation.26
Table 6 – Scalable loss index d and velocity index κ for pump-turbines
...