ETSI TR 102 601 V1.1.1 (2007-12)

ETSI TR 102 601 V1.1.1 (2007-12)
Technical Report

Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
System reference document;
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Equipment for Detecting Movement using
Ultra Wide Band (UWB) radar sensing technology;
Level Probing Radar (LPR)-sensor equipment
operating in the frequency bands 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz;
24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz; 57 GHz to 64 GHz and 75 GHz to 85 GHz

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2 ETSI TR 102 601 V1.1.1 (2007-12)



Reference
DTR/ERM-RM-254
Keywords
SRD, radar
ETSI
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3 ETSI TR 102 601 V1.1.1 (2007-12)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights.4
Foreword.4
Introduction .4
1 Scope.6
2 References.6
2.1 Informative references.7
3 Definitions and abbreviations.7
3.1 Definitions.7
3.2 Abbreviations.8
4 Comments on the System Reference Document .8
5 Executive summary.8
5.1 Background information.8
5.2 Market information.9
5.3 Radio Spectrum requirements and justification.9
5.4 Current Regulations.9
6 Foreseen limits in the Harmonized Standard.9
6.1 Radiated power (e.i.r.p.) in the LPR main lobe.10
6.2 Maximum Emission (e.i.r.p.) outside a defined half sphere area .10
6.3 Antenna considerations.11
7 Expected ETSI Actions .11
8 Requested ECC Actions .12
Annex A: Detailed market information .13
A.1 Range of applications .13
A.2 Expected market size and value .14
A.3 Deployment.15
Annex B: Detailed technical information.16
B.1 Detailed technical description .16
B.1.1 Principles.16
B.1.2 LPR Types.16
B.2 Technical justification for spectrum.17
B.2.1 Principle link budget considerations for LPR.17
B.2.2 Degradations factors.20
B.2.3 Influence of Turbulence .21
B.2.4 A conceptual test set-up .21
B.2.5 Bandwidth requirement.22
B.2.6 Measurement principle for the LPR limit values.23
B.2.7 Frequency mask.23
B.3 Installation requirements of Level Probing Radar (LPR) Equipment .23
Annex C: Expected sharing and compatibility issues .24
C.1 Current ITU allocations.24
C.2 Coexistence issues.24
C.3 Sharing issues.24
History .25

ETSI

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4 ETSI TR 102 601 V1.1.1 (2007-12)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM).
Introduction
The request for harmonized European spectrum for tank level probing radars (TLPR) as defined in TR 102 347 [4] has
resulted in an addition of identified frequencies for TLPR in CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 [1], annex 6. ETSI, in
parallel, has published the Harmonized European Standard EN 302 372 [2] for TLPR. ITU-R Recommendation
SM.1538 [3] also covers TLPR.
The present document covers the request for harmonized European spectrum for Level Probing Radar-sensors (LPR)
applications not installed in closed metallic or similar (e.g. concrete) enclosure structures. LPR use a similar technology
as TLPR, however due to the different installation conditions, different technical requirements are envisaged for the
Harmonized Standard.
Commercially, sales of LPR are currently limited due to lack of a Harmonized Standard and regulation. License exempt
European harmonized conditions for the availability and use of radio spectrum for LPR could lead to an increase of the
total addressable market for TLPR and LPR applications.
NOTE: From a regulatory point of view, TLPR may not be considered a subset of LPR. Since the majority of
radar level sensor products currently on the market are TLPR, and LPR is closely technology related,
TLPR are mentioned in the present document mainly for marketing clarifications (see annex A).
ETSI

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5 ETSI TR 102 601 V1.1.1 (2007-12)
Status of pre-approval draft
The present document has been created and approved by ERM_TG TLPR. The document has been revised and
approved by TG TLPR. It has been sent to ERM for approval.
Final approval for publication as ETSI Technical Report was achieved at ERM#33 (26-30 Nov. 2007).
Target version Pre-approval date version
(see note)
V1.1.1 a s m Date Description
V1.1.1 2.0.0 24 August 2007 Approved by ERM to send to
CEPT; result of one month
consultation between all
radio groups in ETSI; stable
and mature document
suitable for CEPT to use for
considerations and studies
V1.1.1 2.1.2 5 November 2007 Approved by TG TLPR and
send to ETSI ERM for
approval
V1.1.1 3.0.0 30 November 2007 Approved by ETSI ERM for
publication and for
transmission to CEPT,
RSCom, and TCAM
NOTE: See clause A.2 of EG 201 788 [12].

ETSI

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6 ETSI TR 102 601 V1.1.1 (2007-12)
1 Scope
The present document provides information on the intended applications, the technical parameters and the radio
spectrum requirements for LPR proposed to be operated in one or more of the following frequency bands:
• 6,0 GHz to 8,5 GHz;
• 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz;
• 57 GHz to 64 GHz; and
• 75 GHz to 85 GHz.
LPR covered by the present document are always installed in a fixed position and pointing downwards to achieve
maximum reflection. They use highly directive antennas and the antenna footprint can be defined accurately, i.e. the
area of their emissions is well defined, and any reflections outside of the area can be controlled to not exceed a
maximum limit by using Adaptive Power Control (APC).
The present document describes LPR devices that measure substance levels via short ranges with an accuracy in the
millimeter range. LPR use carrier-based Ultra Wide Band technology for this purpose.
The present document provides information to aid in the development of general, non-individual, preferably licence
exempt European harmonized conditions for the availability and use of radio spectrum for level probing radar (LPR)
sensor systems.
Additional information is given in the following annexes:
• Annex A: Detailed market information;
• Annex B: Detailed technical information;
• Annex C: Expected sharing and compatibility issues.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the purposes
of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
For online referenced documents, information sufficient to identify and locate the source shall be provided. Preferably,
the primary source of the referenced document should be cited, in order to ensure traceability. Furthermore, the
reference should, as far as possible, remain valid for the expected life of the document. The reference shall include the
method of access to the referenced document and the full network address, with the same punctuation and use of upper
case and lower case letters.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
ETSI

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7 ETSI TR 102 601 V1.1.1 (2007-12)
2.1 Informative references
[1] CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03: "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)".
[2] ETSI EN 302 372 (parts 1 and 2): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detection and Movement; Tanks Level
Probing Radar (TLPR) operating in the frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz and
77 GHz".
[3] ITU-R Recommendation SM.1538: "Technical and operating parameters and spectrum
requirements for short range radiocommunication devices".
[4] ETSI TR 102 347: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short
Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detecting Movement; Radio equipment operating around
e.g. 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz, 77 GHz; System Reference Document for Tank Level
Probing Radar (TLPR)".
[5] CEPT/ECC Report 64: "The protection requirements of radiocommunications systems below
10.6 GHz from generic UWB applications".
[6] CEPT/ECC Report 23: "Compatibility of automotive collision warning Short Range Radar
operating at 24 GHz with FS, EESS and Radio Astronomy".
[7] CEPT/ECC Report 56: "Compatibility of automotive collision warning Short Range Radar
operating at 79 GHz with radiocommunication services".
[8] CEPT/ERC Report 25: "The European table of frequency allocations and utilisations covering the
frequency range 9 kHz to 275 GHz" Lisboa January 2002 - Dublin 2003 - Turkey 2004 -
Copenhagen 2004 - Nice 2007.
[9] CEPT/ECC Report 114: "Compatibility studies between multiple GIGABIT wireless systems in
frequency range 57-66 GHz and other services and systems".
[10] EC/EFTA Mandate M/407: "Ultra-Wideband Equipment".
[11] Andrzej Kraszewski: "Microwave Aquametry" from IEE press 1994.
[12] ETSI EG 201 788 (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Guidance for drafting an ETSI System Reference Document".
3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
beat frequency: frequency difference between the transmitted and instantaneously received signal in FMCW
duty cycle: total accumulated transmitter activity time within one hour within any specific bandwidth of 1 MHz
FMCW radar: carrier- based radar system using a frequency modulated continuous wave
pulse radar: carrier- based radar system transmitting and receiving short RF pulses
range resolution: ability to resolve two targets at different ranges
ETSI

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8 ETSI TR 102 601 V1.1.1 (2007-12)
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
APC Adaptive Power Control
CEPT European Conference of Post and Telecommunications
dB decibel
dBc decibel relative to carrier power
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power
EC European Commission
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
ERC European Radiocommunications Committee
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
FMCW Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave
ITU International Telecommunications Union
LPR Level Probing Radar-sensor for use outside metallic and similar shielding tanks
LR Level Radar category including both LPR and TLPR
RF Radio Frequency
SRD Short Range Device
SRDoc System Reference Document
TLPR Tank Level Probing Radar-sensor
UWB Ultra Wide Band
4 Comments on the System Reference Document
No statements have been received on the present document after the ETSI ERM correspondence approval procedure.
5 Executive summary
5.1 Background information
LPRs are used in many industries concerned with process control to measure the amount of various substances (mostly
liquids or granulates). LPRs are used for a wide range of applications such as process control, custody transfer
measurement (government legal measurements), water and other liquid monitoring, spilling prevention and other
industrial applications. The main purposes of using LPRs are:
• to increase reliability by preventing accidents;
• to increase industrial efficiency, quality and process control;
• to improve environmental conditions in production processes.
LPRs are the preferred measurement tool to achieve the above goals for the following reasons:
• due to the requirement of having non- contact measurement means because of large level variations,
aggressive substances or extreme temperature/conditions;
• since other alternative solutions (e.g. ultra- sonic or optical) are too sensitive to contamination or other process
conditions;
• since metallic coating of enclosure structure is not possible (e.g. plastic or glass tanks) because of chemical
reactions by aggressive substances.
ETSI

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9 ETSI TR 102 601 V1.1.1 (2007-12)
5.2 Market information
There is already an established LPR market and certain level measurements cannot be performed by other means than
LPR.
LPR represent an industrial niche market and should not be considered as a mass market. They cannot be used for
communications purposes. An economic benefit results from the introduction of LPR devices in industrial processes.
From a marketing point of view, the Level Radar (LR) market consists of both LPR and TLPR. Sales of LPR are low at
this moment since certification is a major problem due to lack of both an appropriate harmonized standard and
regulation. Therefore, there is an increase of about 20 % of the total European addressable market for level probing
radars, if suitable European harmonized conditions for the availability and use of radio spectrum for LPR could be
found in Europe. A harmonized approach would greatly facilitate installation of LPR throughout Europe.
As Level Radar (LR) is a non-contacting level measurement technology, it has proven to be a robust, reliable and
accurate in many industrial environments. For this reason, Level Radar is replacing traditional contacting level
measurement technology at a rapid pace. The world wide market in 2005 for Level Radar was Euro 250 million and is
projected to grow to Euro 660 million by 2015 (approximately 450 000 units). It is expected that Europe comprises
40 % of the worldwide market. Additionally, LPR will be 10 % to 20 % of the total market. In 2015 the installed base of
LPR units covered by the present document is projected to be approximately 36 000 units.
Detailed market information is given in annex A.
5.3 Radio Spectrum requirements and justification
Currently, there are no European harmonized conditions for availability and use of radio spectrum for LPR. So far, LPR
have been operated under individual licence and notifications (article 6.4 of the R&TTE Directive).
The applications for LPR are very diverse. From a radar signal reflection point of view, it ranges from highly absorptive
low dielectric granulates to well reflective liquids such as water. The application circumstances vary from smooth
surfaces to very rough and scattering surfaces. Therefore, the wide variety of applications demands the use of several
frequency bands. From a radar sensor resolution and accuracy point, a wide frequency band is required. This results in
the request of use for LPR of the following frequency bands: 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz; 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz; 57 GHz to
64 GHz and 75 GHz to 85 GHz.
Detailed technical information is given in annex B.
5.4 Current Regulations
The current general position on the common spectrum designation for TLPR for countries within the CEPT is given by
CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 [1], annex 6. However, for LPR, no current European harmonized conditions for
availability and use of radio spectrum are in existence.
So far, LPR have been operated under individual licence and notifications which vary from country to country, if
possible at all in a specific country. So far, no reported cases of interference to other spectrum users are known.
6 Foreseen limits in the Harmonized Standard
Under all circumstances LPR-sensors are expected to be designed to meet the emission limits proposed in this clause
and to reduce the risk of interference with other spectrum users by use of Adaptive Power Control to match the highly
variable application circumstances and in essence always are pointed downwards. Additionally, the duty cycle is
extremely low, and an aggregation effect of LPR-sensors is unlikely.
ETSI

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10 ETSI TR 102 601 V1.1.1 (2007-12)
6.1 Radiated power (e.i.r.p.) in the LPR main lobe
The radiated power (e.i.r.p.) is defined as the downwards emitted power of the LPR including antenna gain. The limits
in table 6.1 for radiated power (e.i.r.p.) in the LPR main lobe (i.e. in front of the LPR antenna) are planned to be added
to the ETSI Harmonized Standard:
Table 6.1: Radiated peak and mean power limits in the LPR main lobe
Frequency band of operation Peak radiated power Mean radiated power
(see note 1) (e.i.r.p.) (see note 3) (mean e.i.r.p.) (see note 2)
6 GHz to 8,5 GHz +24 dBm +1 dBm
24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz +43 dBm +20 dBm
57 GHz to 64 GHz +43 dBm +23 dBm
75 GHz to 85 GHz +43 dBm +23 dBm
NOTE 1: -20 dBc bandwidth.
NOTE 2: The mean power is determined as the conducted power (dBm) as measured with a true RMS power
meter, (e.g. bolometer etc), during normal operating conditions. The measured value is corrected by
adding the LPR antenna peak gain (dB).
NOTE 3: The peak power is determined by adding the duty cycle factor 10 log (1/D ) to the measured mean
X
power value.

NOTE: Notes 2 and 3 in table 6.1 are assuming that the LPR is designed for use in petrochemical, chemical or gas
industry hazardous atmospheres. The design therefore meets an intrinsic safety specification which
includes a power supply made for very low currents only. In this case it is not possible to disable the duty
cycle of the equipment.
However, in cases where the hardware allows the duty cycle to be disabled (i.e. continuous transmitter
signal) the peak power can be measured with disabled duty cycle.
6.2 Maximum Emission (e.i.r.p.) outside a defined half sphere
area
Due to huge variations in the environment, it is envisaged that the Harmonized Standard will include requirements to
control the LPR emission levels by an Adaptive Power Control (APC) to avoid interference to other services and
applications. This concept allows for coexistence with radio services and applications by controlling the maximum
interference levels by using a geometry defined in figure 6.1 in combination of an adaptive power control.
The effective power level limits in the different bands that are needed for reliable radar operation with state of the art
technology are summarized in table 6.2.
Table 6.2: Proposed parameters outside the half sphere
Frequency band Maximum -3 dB
Adaptive Max Max. emission (power spectral
(-20 dB bandwidth) antenna beam- Power Duty density) outside the half sphere area
width Control cycle in 1 MHz bandwidth (mean e.i.r.p.)
(APC) (see note)
6 GHz to 8,5 GHz ± 15° Yes 0,5 % -41,3 dBm
24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz ±8° Yes 0,5 % -41,3 dBm
57 GHz to 64 GHz ±4° Yes 1 % -41,3 dBm
75 GHz to 85 GHz ±4° Yes 1 % -41,3 dBm
NOTE: The reference point for the limit includes:
a) The reflected power spectral density from the target.
b) Emitted side lobes through the virtual boundary see figure 6.1.

ETSI

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11 ETSI TR 102 601 V1.1.1 (2007-12)
These limits are based on the concept that LPRs are always installed in a fixed position and pointing in a downwards
direction maximizing operational reflection to the LPR while minimizing risk of interference in a horizontal direction.
The emission outside the half sphere area (both reflected power from the target and emitted side lobes) can be
controlled to not exceed a maximum emission (mean e.i.r.p.) power spectral density limit by using adaptive power
control (APC). The APC is controlled by the received energy within the total LPR receiver bandwidth.
A dynamic range for the APC should be at least 20 dB and incremental steps should be 5 dB or less.
The operational bandwidth of the LPR equipment is determined by the lowest and highest frequencies occupied by the
power envelope where the output power falls to -20 dB below the maximum power.
Figure 6.1 illustrates test geometry of the half sphere concept.

Half sphere observation
boundary. Outside this
3 m
half sphere the
proposed limits apply.
R
LPR Transmitter
Half sphere space
3 m
where emission higher
than the proposed
limits may occur.
Reflecting surface of
the target material
measured by the LPR.

Figure 6.1: Half sphere concept
The radius, R, of the dome (half sphere area) in figure 6.1 is determined by the following:
R = 3m + 3m
3m is considered to include the far field condition in most cases. For special cases the far field condition can be
assessed to determine measurement tolerances. A measurement distance of 3 m is a distance commonly used in similar
test set-ups and is easy to implement in a test environment e.g. in an anechoic chamber.
6.3 Antenna considerations
The technical requirement is to meet the limit described in clause 6.2. It is generally known by industry that this can be
achieved by using a suitable antenna. Depending on the application this will result in different sidelobe attenuation. This
knowledge should be considered by the manufacturer when the antenna and the transmitter are designed to meet the
specified limits.
7 Expected ETSI Actions
ETSI ERM TG TLPR is going to create a new Harmonized European Standard for LPR equipment, which is expected
to fall under mandate M/407 [10] for Harmonized European Standards for UWB. See also clause 6.
LPRs do not communicate any information via the radar signal to any other equipment; therefore no protocol
communications standard is required for these systems.
ETSI

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12 ETSI TR 102 601 V1.1.1 (2007-12)
8 Requested ECC Actions
Harmonized European conditions for the availability and use of the radio spectrum for preferably license free operation
for LPR (in for example CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03 [1], annex 6) by the middle of 2008 are requested. The
desired frequency bands are listed in clause 1. It would also be helpful to know if any restrictive conditions
(e.g. geographical restrictions for use) are foreseen.
The present document describes the spectrum request for Leve
...