ETSI TR 103 542 V1.1.1 (2018-06)

ETSI TR 103 542 V1.1.1 (2018-06)






TECHNICAL REPORT
Environmental Engineering (EE);
Study on methods and metrics to
evaluate energy efficiency for future 5G systems

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2 ETSI TR 103 542 V1.1.1 (2018-06)



Reference
DTR/EE-EEPS31
Keywords
5G, energy efficiency, energy management, KPI,
metrics, mobile, radio
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3 ETSI TR 103 542 V1.1.1 (2018-06)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Modal verbs terminology . 4
Executive summary . 4
1 Scope . 5
2 References . 5
2.1 Normative references . 5
2.2 Informative references . 5
3 Definitions and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Definitions . 7
3.2 Abbreviations . 7
4 Introduction of 5G systems . 9
4.1 The 5G systems . 9
4.2 The standardization of 5G . 11
4.3 Specific aspects of 5G that impact EE . 11
5 Energy efficiency metrics and methods for existent mobile systems . 12
5.1 General . 12
5.2 Introduction of work on energy management in STF516 . 14
6 State of the art approaches . 15
6.1 3GPP RAN . 15
6.2 3GPP SA . 15
6.3 Other references . 17
7 Proposed metrics for 5G energy efficiency . 18
7.1 Metrics for 5G "first phase" (Release 15). 18
7.2 Metrics for 5G "future phases" (Release 16 and beyond). 19
8 Future work . 20
History . 21


ETSI

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4 ETSI TR 103 542 V1.1.1 (2018-06)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Executive summary
The present document analyses the impacts that the introduction of the new mobile system "5G" will bring to the
Energy Efficiency methods and metrics as already standardized for the legacy systems. The report is a first view on this
topic towards the future developments that will be carried on in next years, to properly amend the current standards.


ETSI

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5 ETSI TR 103 542 V1.1.1 (2018-06)
1 Scope
The present document analyses the energy efficiency issues for the future 5G systems, object of standardization in
3GPP and ITU and foreseen to be available from 2018 in various countries. The focus is about methods and metrics to
measure energy efficiency in 5G systems, considering the degree of stability of the systems known so far and the
experience of the legacy systems and the related measurement procedures.
In this approach, the present document will rely on the existing standards for legacy radio systems, especially ETSI
ES 202 706 [i.1] and [i.2] for single base station measurements in a laboratory environment and ETSI ES 203 228 [i.3]
for access network aggregate measurements of energy efficiency. These standards are currently studying 2G, 3G and
4G energy efficiency topics. Moreover, the present document considers also the state of the art in 5G energy efficiency
studies to elaborate a first view on 5G, to be further agreed for the possible future development towards a new standard
of Energy Efficiency evaluation for 5G future systems.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI ES 202 706-1: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Metrics and measurement method for
energy efficiency of wireless access network equipment; Part 1: Power Consumption - Static
Measurement Method".
[i.2] ETSI ES 202 706-2: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Metrics and Measurement Method for
Energy Efficiency of Wireless Access Network Equipment; Part 2: Energy Efficiency - dynamic
measurement method".
[i.3] ETSI ES 203 228: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Assessment of mobile network energy
efficiency".
[i.4] ETSI TR 138 913: "5G; Study on Scenarios and Requirements for Next Generation Access
Technologies (3GPP TR 38.913 Release 14)".
[i.5] 3GPP TR 21.866: "Technical Specification Group Services and System Aspects; Study on Energy
Efficiency Aspects of 3GPP Standards (Release 14)".
[i.6] ITU-R IMT-2020.TECH PERF REQ: "Minimum requirements related to technical performance
for IMT-2020 radio interface(s)".
[i.7] Recommendation ITU-R M.2083-0: "IMT-Vision - Framework and overall objectives of the future
development of IMT for 2020 and beyond".
[i.8] ITU-T Technical Paper Series L: "Study on methods and metrics to evaluate energy efficiency for
future 5G systems".
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6 ETSI TR 103 542 V1.1.1 (2018-06)
[i.9] ETSI EN 305 174-2: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Broadband
Deployment and Lifecycle Resource Management; Part 2: ICT Sites".
[i.10] ETSI EN 305 200-1: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Energy
management; Operational infrastructures; Global KPIs; Part 1: General requirements".
[i.11] ETSI EN 305 200-2-1: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Energy
management; Operational infrastructures; Global KPIs; Part 2: Specific requirements; Sub-part 1:
ICT Sites".
[i.12] ETSI EN 305 200-3: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Energy
management; Operational infrastructures; Global KPIs; Part 3: ICT Sites; Sub-part 1: DCEM".
[i.13] ETSI EN 303 470: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Energy Efficiency measurement
methodology and metrics for Servers".
[i.14] ETSI EN 305 200-2-2: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Energy
management; Operational infrastructures; Global KPIs; Part 2: Specific requirements; Sub-part 2:
Fixed broadband access networks".
[i.15] ETSI ES 205 200-2-4: "Integrated broadband cable telecommunication networks (CABLE);
Energy management; Global KPIs; Operational infrastructures; Part 2: Specific requirements; Sub-
part 4: Cable Access Networks".
[i.16] ETSI EN 305 200-2-3: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Energy
management; Operational infrastructures; Global KPIs; Part 2: Specific requirements; Sub-part 3:
Mobile broadband access networks".
[i.17] ETSI EN 303 472: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Energy Efficiency measurement
methodology and metrics for RAN equipment".
[i.18] ETSI EN 305 174-5-1: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Broadband
Deployment and Lifecycle Resource Management; Part 5: Customer network infrastructures; Sub-
part 1: Homes (single-tenant)".
[i.19] ETSI EN 305 174-1: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Broadband
Deployment and Lifecycle Resource Management; Part 1: Overview, common and generic
aspects".
[i.20] ETSI EN 303 471: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Energy Efficiency measurement
methodology and metrics for Network Function Virtualization (NFV)".
[i.21] ETSI EN 305 174-8: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Broadband
Deployment and Lifecycle Resource Management; Part 8: Management of end of life of ICT
equipment (ICT waste/end of life)".
[i.22] METIS-II Deliverable D2.1: "Requirement analysis and design approaches for 5G air interface".
NOTE: Available at https://www.metis2020.com/wp-content/uploads/deliverables/METIS_D2.1_v1.pdf.
[i.23] METIS-II Deliverable D2.3: "Components of a new air interface - building blocks and
performance".
NOTE: Available at https://www.metis2020.com/wp-content/uploads/deliverables/METIS_D2.3_v1.pdf.
[i.24] Recommendation ITU-R M.2083: "IMT Vision - Framework and overall objectives of the future
development of IMT for 2020 and beyond".
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3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
backhaul equipment: equipment used to connect base stations to the core network, or to other BSs (like X2 in LTE)
Base Station (BS): network component which serves one cell or more cells and interfaces the user terminal (through air
interface) and a radio access network infrastructure
distributed RBS: BS architecture which contains radio heads (RRH) close to the antenna element and a central element
connecting BS to network infrastructure
Energy Efficiency (EE): relation between the useful output and energy/power consumption
energy saving feature: feature which contributes to decreasing the energy consumption compared to the case when the
feature is not implemented
integrated BS: BS architecture in which all BS elements are located close to each other for example in one or two
cabinets
Mobile Network (MN): set of equipment from the radio access network or sub-network that are relevant for the
assessment of energy efficiency
mobile network coverage energy efficiency: ratio between the area covered by the network in the Mobile Network
under investigation and the energy consumption
mobile network data energy efficiency: ratio between the performance indicator based on Data Volume and the
energy consumption when assessed during the same time frame
mobile network energy consumption: overall energy consumption of equipment included in the MN under
investigation
mobile network energy efficiency: energy efficiency of a Mobile Network
Mobile Network Operator (MNO): operator that manages one or more Mobile Networks
mobile network operator penetration ratio: percentage of traffic served by an MNO in the area where it is active
mobile network performance delivered: performance indicator of the MN under investigation, defined as the data
volume delivered by the mobile network under investigation during the time frame of the energy consumption
assessment
power consumption: power consumed by a device to achieve an intended application performance
Radio Access Network (RAN): telecommunications network in which the access to the network (connection between
user terminal and network) is implemented without the use of wires and that is part of GERAN, UTRAN or E-UTRA
networks defined by 3GPP
telecommunication network: network operated under a license granted by a national telecommunications authority,
which provides telecommunications between Network Termination Points (NTPs)
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
3GPP 3G (mobile) Partnership Project
AMF core Access and mobility Management Function
BH BackHaul
BS Base Station
BW BandWidth
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CoA Coverage Area
CS Circuit Switched
DL Down Link
DP Dominant Penetration
DTX Discontinuous Transmission
DU Dense Urban
DV Data Volume
EC Energy Consumption
EDGE Enhanced Data rate GSM Evolution
EE Energy Efficiency
eMBB extreme/enhanced Mobile BroadBand
EMF Equipment Management Function
eNB E-UTRA BS
E-UTRA Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
GERAN GSM/EDGE Radio Access Network
GSM Global System for Mobile communication
GSMA GSM Association
HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPA High Speed Packet Access
HW HardWare
IAT Inter-Arrival Time
ICT Information Communications Technology
IMT International Mobile Telecommunications
IoT Internet of Things
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LCA Life Cycle Assessment
LTE Long Term Evolution
LTE-A LTE (Long Term Evolution)-Advanced
MDT Minimization of Drive Tests
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
MME Mobility Management Entity
mMTC massive Machine Type Communications
MN Mobile Network
MNO Mobile Network Operator
MP Minor Penetration
MTC Machine Type Communications
NDP Non Dominant Penetration
NFV Network Function Virtualization
NGMN Next Generation Mobile Networks
NR New Radio
O&M Operation & Maintenance
PDF Probability Distribution Function
PS Packet Switched
PSL Packet Switched Large packages dominating
PSS Packet Switched Small packages dominating
QoE Quality of Experience (end-user)
QoS Quality of Services
RAN Radio Access Network
RAT Radio Access Technology
RC Remote Controller
RF Radio Frequency
RNC Radio Network Controller
RRC Radio Resource Control
RRH Remote Radio Head
RU RUral
RX Receiver
SA Service and System Aspects
SCH Signalling CHannel
SI Site Infrastructure
SINR Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio
SME Session Management Entity
STF Specialist Task Force
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SU Sub Urban
SW SoftWare
TCH Traffic CHannel
TCO Total Cost of Ownership
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
NOTE: ACK, SYN and FIN are signalling in the TCP session.
TMA Tower Mounted Amplifier
TRX Transceiver
TX Transmitter
U Urban
UE User Equipment
UL UpLink
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
UN United Nations
URLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications
UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network
V2V Vehicle to Vehicle
V2X Vehicle to everything
VNF Virtualised Network Function
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access
WI Work Item
X2 Interface allowing interconnecting eNBs with each other
4 Introduction of 5G systems
4.1 The 5G systems
The world of mobile telecommunications experiences the introduction of a new system with the time frame of ten years
generally from one to the next. From 2G GSM systems in the 90 s to the 3G UMTS in the first decade of the XXI
century to the 4G LTE nowadays. Each time a new system is specified new services emerge and characterize such
system:
• GSM was considered as the standard for "voice everywhere";
• UMTS as a first introduction of "data" into a voice oriented approach;
• LTE as the massive explosion of data traffic everywhere.
In this context, the research community started working on 5G systems since many years already and the first question
that was raised was about the "main feature" of the new system. Three were the areas to which the new 5G system is
dedicated: "extreme/enhanced Mobile Broadband" (eMBB) to further extend the data capacity and the user experienced
throughput of LTE in selected environments, "massive machine type communications" (mMTC) to connect an
extremely high number of equipment, "ultra-reliable and low latency communications" (URLLC) to ensure a dramatic
increase in reliability in all the connections. The usual representation of the new system is given by means of the
well-known triangle of 5G services.
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Figure 1
• eMBB: Today LTE offered capacity is already very high, but there are some services and some applications
that require even more traffic to be managed (4K videos, virtual reality, etc.) and some specific environments
(offices, shopping malls, very crowded events, etc.) where the existing capacity could become an issue. To
ensure the performance required by eMBB new modulation schemes and new spectrum allocations will be
adopted, together with Massive MIMO, network coding and new interference management solutions.
• mMTC: Even if the so-called "Internet of Things" is already a topic in current networks deployments, the new
system will bring a dramatic increase in the number of equipment connected and will play an essential role in
ensuring the proper connection among sensors and machines. In this area the so-called "vertical" industries
could play a significant role in extending the telecommunications market, especially in the automotive area
(V2V, V2X, connected cars and so on).
• URLLC: Previous systems did not consider reliability and safety in the transmissions as a prominent topic, but
now new applications and services, such as tele-surgery, road safety and industry automation could require a
huge effort in this area. This will open a significant challenge in the layout of the new system, that will have to
ensure the above services and also and meanwhile a significant reduction in the latency of the transmission. To
ensure this, the so-called "network slicing" will be probably introduced, enabling different networks
implementations according to the different services and requirements.
In this context, the 5G system will then represent at the same time an evolution of the current legacy systems and a
revolution to satisfy the new needs of the innovative services offered by the inclusion of new "vertical" areas in the
telecommunications environment. Also in the present document this two-facets aspect of 5G is reflected in a time-wise
approach, that will start with a "Release 15" new system, essentially based on an evolution of LTE, and a "Release 16"
that will take care of the new vertical services and applications.
Both steps in 5G will be managed having in mind a set of requirements and KPIs to be satisfied (see in particular ETSI
TR 138 913 [i.4] also described in clause 4.1 of the present document) and Energy Efficiency is among those, from the
very beginning of the 5G introduction. This is because this new system by its own nature represents a challenge in terms
of both offered traffic and energy consumed to provide it, as well as a complete reshaping of the traditional mobile radio
access concept and layout.
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4.2 The standardization of 5G
The general standardization roadmap for the 5G systems worldwide is schematically represented in figure 2.

Figure 2
4.3 Specific aspects of 5G that impact EE
5G introduces several new services and solutions which will have a profound impact on energy consumption and energy
efficiency. Key factors impacting EE:
• Higher data rates.
• Lower latency.
• IoT and the related low data rate services.
• Carrier aggregation and multiple connectivity.
• Massive MIMO.
• Multilevel sleep modes.
• Explicitly includes hooks to help cloudification and virtualization.
• Network slicing for different applications.
Higher data rates are provided with wider BW radios (at > 6 GHz bands). At the lower frequency, the available
spectrum is limited and > 20 MHz continuous spectrum rarely available for one operator. Higher data rates are thus
achieved by further carrier aggregation (dual connectivity already available in 4G/5G). The need to operate multiple
radio equipment or very wideband equipment for different spectrum increases energy consumption. However, carrier
aggregation over a wider spectrum reduces fast fading losses and dual connectivity to multiple sites reduces interference
especially at the cell boarder. The network energy consumption in the field (as described in ETSI ES 203 228 [i.3])
might be therefore lower than the sum of the equipment energy consumption measured in the laboratory (as described in
ETSI ES 202 706 [i.1] and [i.2]). This causes a significant challenge to predict actual total network energy consumption
in the field based on equipment energy consumption measurements in the laboratory and assumptions or modelling of
technical environment (rectifier, back-up system, cooling, lighting, etc.) energy consumption.
5G will provide a wide range of services with different minimum latency requirements. A lower latency requirement
impacts the multilevel sleep modes for base stations. This has an impact on energy consumption.
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Massive MIMO and antenna beam steering solutions require many parallel TRXs, increasing power consumption
compared to current equipment because of the additional HW overhead for the TRXs and baseband processing. On the
other hand, this will improve the overall link budget, reduce interference and thereby reduce the required transmit
power and improve throughput efficiency. The overall network energy efficiency gain for such configurations has to be
accessed.
Again, further challenges are set to estimate actual network energy consumption based on equipment measurements in
the laboratory. Power consumption measurements of MIMO systems are more complex because of the many possible
configurations.
5G will also include more MIMO solutions in user equipment. This will increase UE energy consumption but can
significantly degrease BS transmit power, especially for high DL data rates. The impact of UE performance has so far
been neglected in the network EE discussion.
5G will also include functions that facilitate cloudification and virtualization of mobile networks. For example:
• Introduction of stateless functionalities in RAN and core such as stickiness in EMF.
• Itemization of functions such as the MME split into AMF and SME, which simplifies the implementation of
network slicing by enabling a greater distribution of functionalities.
Cell-wise and complete BS sleep modes have been implemented in many legacy networks to improve overall network
EE. However, the effectiveness of these sleep modes is limited by the basic network management and control
specifications of current generations. 5G will be the first cellular system were equipment sleep modes are build-in from
the very beginning.
Unlike previous cellular generations, 5G will not consist of one single network technology but will comprise several
inter-operational networks to provide the different services based on actual need. The energy for these networks might
be not necessarily be payed from one specific operator, but could be distributed (for example local area cellular
offloading, which reduces energy consumption of the operator but increase energy consumption of the home device
owner).
5 Energy efficiency metrics and methods for existent
mobile systems
5.1 General
ETSI ES 203 228 [i.3] is currently available in the version 1.2.1 (April 2017).
ETSI ES 203 228 [i.3] aimes to define the topology and level of analysis to assess the energy efficiency of mobile
networks, with focus on the radio access part of the mobile networks, and namely the radio base stations, backhauling
systems, radio controllers and other infrastructure radio site equipment.
The covered technologies are GSM, UM
...