ETSI TS 103 786 V1.2.1 (2024-02)

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Environmental Engineering (EE);
Measurement method for energy efficiency
of wireless access network equipment;
Dynamic energy efficiency measurement method of
5G Base Station (BS)
2 ETSI TS 103 786 V1.2.1 (2024-02)

Reference
RTS/EE-EEPS61
Keywords
5G, base station, energy efficiency, KPI, NR
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ETSI
3 ETSI TS 103 786 V1.2.1 (2024-02)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Terms . 8
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.3 Abbreviations . 9
4 Assessment method . 10
5 Reference configurations and Measurement requirements . 10
5.1 Reference configurations . 10
5.2 Measurement and test equipment requirements . 11
5.3 BS Configuration . 12
5.4 Transmit Signal and RF output power . 12
5.5 UE Emulator requirements and settings . 12
5.6 Environmental conditions . 13
5.7 Power supply . 13
6 Dynamic energy efficiency assessment . 13
6.1 Overview energy efficiency . 13
6.2 Energy efficiency measurement . 14
6.2.1 Measurement lab setup . 14
6.2.2 UE distribution . 14
6.2.3 Data traffic model . 15
6.2.4 Test Time Definition . 16
6.2.5 Low traffic model . 16
6.2.6 Medium traffic model . 16
6.2.7 Busy-hour traffic model . 16
6.2.8 Power and Energy Consumption Measurement . 17
6.2.9 Energy Consumption measurement . 17
6.2.10 Base Station Energy Efficiency KPI . 18
6.2.11 UE quality of service KPI . 18
7 Uncertainty . 18
8 Measurement report . 19
Annex A (normative): Test reports . 20
A.1 General information to be reported . 20
A.2 Base Station (BS) energy efficiency report . 20
Annex B (normative): Reference parameters for NR system . 23
Annex C (normative): Data Traffic Model . 24
C.1 Data Traffic Model . 24
C.2 Measured data for BS Energy Efficiency KPI calculation . 24
Annex D (normative): Uncertainty assessment . 26
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4 ETSI TS 103 786 V1.2.1 (2024-02)
D.1 General requirements . 26
D.2 Components contributing to uncertainty . 27
D.2.1 Contribution of the measurement system . 27
D.2.1.1 Uncertainty Tree description. 27
D.2.1.2 Measurement equipment . 27
D.2.1.3 Attenuators, cables . 27
D.2.1.4 UE emulator . 27
D.2.1.5 Impact of environmental parameters. 27
D.2.1.6 Impact of path loss . 28
D.2.1.7 Data volume . 28
D.2.1.8 Variance of device under test . 28
D.3 Uncertainty assessment . 28
D.3.1 Combined and expanded uncertainties . 28
D.3.2 Cross correlation of uncertainty factors . 29
D.3.3 Maximum expanded uncertainty . 29
Annex E (informative): Bibliography . 30
History . 31

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5 ETSI TS 103 786 V1.2.1 (2024-02)
Intellectual Property Rights
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Foreword
This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Environmental Engineering (EE).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
Increasing of energy consumption and the related cost has been one of the key questions among the whole industry
depending on energy and specially in our context the telecom operators while energy consumption cost is one of the
main contributors to their OPEX. Despite the increasing of the OPEX, the environmental aspect in terms of CO2
emission has been one of the most debated subjects within global warming discussions. Energy efficiency is one of the
critical factors of the modern telecommunication systems.
In mobile telecom industry the energy consumption of the access network is the dominating part of a wireless telecom
network energy consumption. Therefore, the core network and the service network are not considered in the present
document. In a radio access network, the energy consumption of the Base Station is dominating.
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6 ETSI TS 103 786 V1.2.1 (2024-02)
In context of 5G, one is often talking about three classes of use cases: enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), massive
Machine-Type Communication (mMTC) and Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communication (URLLC). eMBB
corresponds to a more or less straightforward evolution of the mobile broadband services of today, enabling even larger
data volumes and further enhanced user experience, higher end-user data rates while mMTC and URLLC correspond to
services characterized by a massive number of devices and services with very low latency and extremely high reliability
respectively.
The present document defines the dynamic measurement method for evaluation energy efficiency of 5G radio Base
Stations with respect to only eMBB use case. Dynamic measurement method for evaluation energy efficiency of 5G
radio Base Stations with respect to mMTC and URLLC is subjected for further study and will be handled in the later
version of the present document. Due to the dynamic nature of eMBB service it may be very difficult or impossible to
show gains of some Base Station features that improve energy efficiency using static method [8] alone. Compared to
static method, the dynamic method strives to give more realistic estimates of Base Station's energy consumption and
energy efficiency.
BS energy efficiency under dynamic traffic load conditions: the BS capacity under dynamic traffic load provided within
a defined coverage area and the corresponding energy consumption are measured for given reference configurations.

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7 ETSI TS 103 786 V1.2.1 (2024-02)
1 Scope
The present document covers the following radio access technology:
• 5G NR
The methodology described in the present document is to measure Base Station dynamic energy efficiency. Within the
present document, it is referred to dynamic measurement.
The results based on dynamic measurements of the BS provide energy efficiency information for BS with dynamic
loads.
The present document covers only enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB) use case of 5G. Other use cases such as
massive Machine-Type Communication (mMTC) and Ultra-Reliable and Low-Latency Communication (URLLC) will
be subjected for future version of the present document.
Energy consumption of terminal (end-user) equipment is outside the scope of the present document however, how a
User Equipment (UE) affects a Base Station energy performance will be considered for further study.
The scope of the present document is not to set and define target values for the power consumption nor the energy
performance of equipment and neither for regulatory nor type approval purpose.
The results should only be used to assess and compare the energy efficiency of complete Base Stations.
Wide Area Base Stations are covered in the present document.
The present document only covers conducted testing, not OTA testing. In other words, the present document is
applicable to BS type 1-C and BS type 1-H (at TAB connectors).
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI EN 300 132-2: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input of
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) equipment; Part 2: -48 V Direct Current
(DC)".
[2] ETSI EN 300 132-1: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input to
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) equipment; Part 1: Alternating Current (AC)".
[3] ETSI EN 300 132-3: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Power supply interface at the input of
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) equipment; Part 3: Up to 400 V Direct Current
(DC)".
[4] ETSI TS 138 211: "5G; NR; Physical channels and modulation (3GPP TS 38.211)".
[5] ETSI TS 138 104: "5G; NR; Base Station (BS) radio transmission and reception
(3GPP TS 38.104)".
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8 ETSI TS 103 786 V1.2.1 (2024-02)
[6] ETSI TS 138 141-1: "5G; NR; Base Station (BS) conformance testing Part 1: Conducted
conformance testing (3GPP TS 38.141-1)".
[7] IEC/ISO Guide 98-3 or equivalent GUM:2008/JCGM 100:2008: "Evaluation of measurement data
- Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement".
[8] ETSI ES 202 706-1: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Metrics and measurement method for
energy efficiency of wireless access network equipment; Part 1: Power consumption - static
measurement method".
[9] ETSI ES 202 336-12: "Environmental Engineering (EE); Monitoring and control interface for
infrastructure equipment (power, cooling and building environment systems used in
telecommunication networks); Part 12: ICT equipment power, energy and environmental
parameters monitoring information model".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ISO/IEC 17025: "General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories".
[i.2] IEC 62018: "Power consumption of information technology equipment - Measurement methods".
NOTE: Equivalent to CENELEC EN 62018.
[i.3] Void.
[i.4] ETSI TR 138 901 (V17.0.0): "5G; Study on channel model for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz
(3GPP TR 38.901 version 17.0.0 Release 17)".
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
Base Station (BS): radio access network component which serves one or more radio cells and interfaces the user
terminal (through air interface) and a wireless network infrastructure
BS test control unit: unit which can be used to control and manage BS locally in a lab
busy-hour (load): period during which occurs the maximum total load in a given 24-hour period
distributed BS: BS architecture which contains remote radio heads (i.e. RRH) close to antenna element and a central
element connecting BS to network infrastructure
efficiency: relation between the useful output (telecom service, etc.) and energy consumption of the BS
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9 ETSI TS 103 786 V1.2.1 (2024-02)
Energy Efficiency: Relation between the useful output (telecom service, etc.) and energy consumption of the BS
NOTE: In more details, the ratio between the produced task or work and the consumed power for producing this
task or work over a time period is called energy efficiency. The task or work could be anything and in
telecommunication it can for example be the delivered bits to a User Equipment (UE). In this case the unit
could be for example [Mbits / kWh] or [bits / kWh] or [Mbits / Joules]. Since the electricity bills for
operators are normally presented in kWh and the work can be expressed as delivering Mbits to a user it
would be more convenient to express the unit as [Mbits / kWh].
integrated BS: BS architecture in which all BS elements are located close to each other; for example, in one single
cabinet
NOTE: The integrated BS architecture may include Tower Mount Amplifier (TMA) close to antenna.
low load: lowest generated traffic during the dynamic measurement period
medium load: load between the lowest and busy-hour load generated during the dynamic measurement period
power saving feature: software/hardware feature in a BS which contributes to decrease power consumption
static measurement: power consumption measurement performed with different radio resource configurations with
pre-defined and fixed load levels (ETSI ES 202 706-1 [8])
UE group: group of UEs whose path losses to the BS are identical
Wide Area Base Station: Base Station characterized by requirements derived from Macro Cell scenarios with a BS to
UE minimum coupling loss equals to 70 dB and a rated output power (PRAT) above 38 dBm
NOTE: For example, for NR this PRAT is the mean power level per carrier according to ETSI TS 138 104 [5].
3.2 Symbols
Void.
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AC Alternating Current
BS Base Station
BSEE Base Station Energy Efficiency
DC Direct Current
DL DownLink
DUT Device Under Test
eMBB enhanced Mobile BroadBand
GUM Guide to the expression of Uncertainty in Measurement
HW HardWare
KPI Key Performance Indicator
LTE Long Term Evolution
MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output
mMTC massive Machine-Type Communications
NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology
NR New Radio
NSA Non-StandAlone
OPEX Operating Expense
OTA Over The Air
PBCH Packet Broadcast Control Channel
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
PRAT Power RATed
PRB Physical Resource Block
PSS Primary Synchronizing Signal
RF Radio Frequency
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RMSI Remaining Minimum System Information
RRH Remote Radio Head
RX Receiver
SA StandAlone
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SIB System Information Block
SS Synchronization Signals
SSB Synchronization Signal Block
SSS Secondary Synchronizing Signal
SW SoftWare
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TDD Time Division Duplex
TMA Tower Mount Amplifier
TX Transmitter
UE User Equipment
UL UpLink
URLLC Ultra-Reliable Low-Latency Communication
4 Assessment method
The assessment method is covering the BS equipment dynamic energy efficiency for which the present document
defines reference BS equipment configurations and reference load levels to be used when measuring BS energy
efficiency.
The assessment procedure contains the following tasks:
1) Identification of equipment under test:
1.1 Identify BS basic parameters (table A.1 in annex A).
1.2 List BS configuration (annex A and annex B).
1.3 List traffic load(s) for measurements (annex C).
1.4 List of used power saving features and capacity enhancement features.
2) Energy efficiency measurement under dynamic load conditions, Measure BS equipment delivered task in
terms of bits and the consumed energy under required conditions (see clause 6).
3) Collect and report the energy efficiency measurement results.
5 Reference configurations and Measurement
requirements
5.1 Reference configurations
The BS equipment is a network component which serves a number of user equipment within a specific coverage area
over an air interface. A BS interfaces user equipment (through air interface) and a wireless network infrastructure.
Reference configurations are defined in annex B.
These configurations include integrated and distributed BS, mast head amplifiers, remote radio heads, RF feeder cables,
number of carriers, number of sectors, power range per sector, frequency range, diversity, MIMO.
The BS shall be tested with its intended commercially available configuration at temperatures defined in clause 5.6. It
shall be clearly reported in the measurement report if the BS cannot be operated without additional air-conditioning at
the defined temperatures.
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11 ETSI TS 103 786 V1.2.1 (2024-02)

Figure 1: Integrated BS model (Example)

Figure 2: Distributed BS model (Example)
5.2 Measurement and test equipment requirements
The measurement of the power consumption shall be performed by either measuring the power supply voltage and true
effective current in parallel and calculate the resulting power consumption (applicable only for DC) or with a wattmeter
(applicable for both AC and DC). The measurements can be performed by a variety of measurement equipment,
including power clamps, or power supplies with in-built power measurement capability.
All stand-alone measurement equipment such as power measurement instruments, shall be calibrated and shall have
data output interface to allow long term data recording and calculation of the complete power consumption over a
dedicated time.
The below requirements are not applied to any internal measurement mechanism build in a Base Station [9]. The below
requirements shall be applied to stand-alone equipment such as power measurement instrument.
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12 ETSI TS 103 786 V1.2.1 (2024-02)
The stand-alone measurement equipment shall comply with following attributes:
• Input power:
- Resolution: ≤ 10 mA; ≤ 100 mV; ≤ 100 mW.
- DC current: ±1 %.
- DC voltage: ±1 %.
- AC power: ±1 %:
 An available current crest factor of 5 or more.
 The test instrument shall have a bandwidth of at least 1 kHz.
NOTE: Additional information on accuracy can be found in IEC 62018 [i.2].
• RF output power accuracy: ±0,4 dB.
5.3 BS Configuration
The BS shall be tested under normal test conditions according to the information accompanying the equipment. The BS,
test configuration and mode of operation (baseband, control and RF part of the BS as well as the software and firmware)
shall represent the normal intended use and shall be recorded in the test report.
The BS shall be tested with its typical configuration. In case of multiple configurations, a configuration with 3 sectors
shall be used. Examples: a typical wide area BS configuration consists of three sectors and shall therefore be tested in a
three-sector configuration.
If a BS is designed for dual or single sector applications, it shall be tested in its designed configuration.
The connection to the simulator via the BS controller interface shall be an electrical or optical cable-based interface
(e.g. PCM, SDH, and Ethernet) which is commercially offered along with the applied BS configuration.
Additional power consuming features like battery loading shall be switched off.
The used power saving features and SW version shall be listed in the measurement report.
The measurement report shall state the configuration of the BS for example the type of RF signal combining (antenna
network combining, air combining or multi-carrier).
5.4 Transmit Signal and RF output power
The maximum RF transmit power that the Base Station under test is capable of, shall be reported.
The Base Station under test shall control the RF transmit signal to fulfil the traffic profiles as listed in annex B.
The power amplifier(s) of the BS shall support the same crest factor (peak to average ratio) and back-off as applied in
the commercial product.
All relevant requirements from 3GPP specifications for the 5G NR air-interface shall be fulfilled.
5.5 UE Emulator requirements and settings
UE power consumption is not considered in the present document. However, UE category and performance has a
significant impact on the Base Station energy efficiency. To assess energy efficiency of the BS, the UE capabilities
represented by the UE emulator shall be used as following:
• The UE emulator shall provide the total capacity (number of simultaneous UEs as defined in annex C,
maximum data rate, etc.) to load the BS per the test specifications
• The UE emulator shall be capable of supporting at least NR release 16
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13 ETSI TS 103 786 V1.2.1 (2024-02)
• Multiband radio interface support 400 MHz to 4 000 MHz
• Simulation capacity of 1 000 UE's
• Full stack E2E UE simulation
• Capability of Mobility simulation
• Fading simulation capability (according 3GPP models)
• Possibility to control every UE position (pathloss), data traffic, fading, etc., individually
• Logg
...