ETSI TR 103 181-2 V1.1.1 (2014-06)

TECHNICAL REPORT
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band (UWB);
Transmission characteristics
Part 2: UWB mitigation techniques

2 ETSI TR 103 181-2 V1.1.1 (2014-06)

Reference
DTR/ERM-TGUWB-007-2
Keywords
DAA, radar, radio, SRD, testing, UWB
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3 ETSI TR 103 181-2 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 10
3.1 Definitions . 10
3.2 Symbols . 11
3.3 Abbreviations . 12
4 Overview of UWB Applications and Regulation in ECC/EC . 13
4.1 Summary of UWB application defined in Europe . 13
4.2 Summary of mitigation techniques allowed for UWB applications . 16
5 Active Mitigation Techniques . 18
5.1 Listen Before Talk (LBT) . 19
5.1.1 General description . 19
5.1.2 Technical parameters and implementation in ECC/EC regulation . 19
5.1.2.1 Building material analysis (BMA) . 19
5.1.2.2 Material Sensing devices other than BMA (e.g. ODC) . 22
5.2 Detect and Avoid (DAA) . 25
5.2.1 General description . 25
5.2.2 Technical parameters and implementation in ECC/EC regulation . 30
5.2.2.1 Non-specific applications . 30
5.2.2.2 Location tracking type 1 (LT1) . 30
5.2.2.3 Location tracking type 2 (LT2) . 30
5.2.2.4 Location Application for emergency Services (LAES) . 31
5.2.2.5 Automotive and Railway . 31
5.3 Total (or Transmitter) Power Control (TPC) . 31
5.3.1 General description . 31
5.3.2 Technical parameters and implementation in ECC/EC regulation . 32
5.3.2.1 Material Sensing Devices other than BMA (fixed installations only) . 32
5.3.2.2 Level probing radars . 33
5.3.2.3 Automotive and railway . 33
5.4 Difference between DAA and TPC . 34
6 Passive Mitigation Techniques . 36
6.1 Low Duty Cycle (LDC) . 36
6.1.1 General description . 36
6.1.2 Technical parameters and implementation in ECC/EC regulation . 37
6.1.2.1 Generic UWB usage . 37
6.1.2.2 Location tracking equipment . 38
6.1.2.3 Automotive and railway vehicles . 38
6.1.2.4 Material Sensing Devices other than BMA . 38
6.1.2.5 Tank level probing radar . 39
6.1.2.6 Level Probing Radars . 39
6.1.2.7 Trading LDC against transmitted power . 40
6.2 Radiation pattern mitigations . 41
6.2.1 Total Radiated Power (TRP) . 41
6.2.1.1 General description . 41
6.2.1.2 Technical parameters and implementation in ECC/EC regulation . 43
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4 ETSI TR 103 181-2 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
6.2.1.2.1 Material Sensing Devices other than BMA, non-fixed installations . 43
6.2.1.2.2 Building Material Analysis . 43
6.2.2 Restrictions on angular sectors of radiation . 44
6.2.2.1 General description . 44
6.2.2.2 Technical parameters and implementation in ECC/EC regulation . 44
6.2.2.2.1 Automotive and railway . 44
6.2.2.2.2 Location Tracking Type 2 (LT2, fixed outdoor installation only) . 46
6.2.2.2.3 Material Sensing Devices (fixed installations only) . 46
6.2.3 Shielding . 48
6.2.3.1 General description . 48
6.2.3.2 Technical parameters and implementation in ECC/EC regulation . 48
6.2.3.2.1 Tank Level Probing Radars (LPR) . 48
6.2.3.2.2 Automotive and Railway . 48
Annex A: Quantitative analysis for the technique of trading LDC against transmitted power . 52
A.1 Executive summary . 52
A.2 Introduction: trading LDC against transmitted power . 53
A.3 Basic assumptions . 54
A.3.1 Definitions and terms . 54
A.3.2 Analyzed scenarios . 54
A.4 Single interferer scenario analysis . 55
A.4.1 Fundamental remarks: benefits implied by a linear trading of duty cycle against transmitted power . 55
A.4.2 High level description of the mathematical model used for evaluating LDC trading versus P in the
tx
single interferer scenario . 59
A.4.3 Simulations results of trading LDC against TX power in single interferer scenario . 60
A.4.4 Conclusion about single interferer scenario . 62
A.5 Aggregated scenario analysis . 63
A.5.1 Introduction . 63
A.5.2 High level description of the mathematical model used for evaluating LDC versus P trading in the
tx
aggregated interferer scenario . 65
A.5.3 Simulation results and analysis in high density scenario (grid) . 66
A.5.4 Simulation results and analysis in lower density scenario (rings) . 67
A.5.5 Conclusions for aggregated interferer scenario . 69
Annex B: Details on the mathematical models used for the evaluation of trading LDC against
transmitted power . 70
B.1 Mathematical model for the single interferer scenario . 70
B.1.1 Model of interference between a single jammer transmission and a generic victim service . 70
B.1.2 Validation of the model: matching and comparison with results of JRC report . 71
B.2 Mathematical model for the aggregated scenario . 75
B.2.1 Criterion for the evaluation of the trading of PSD against the LDC in an aggregated scenario . 75
B.2.1 High density and low density aggregated scenarios . 77
History . 79

ETSI
5 ETSI TR 103 181-2 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM).
The present document is part 2 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band (UWB); Transmission characteristics, as identified
below:
Part 1: "Signal characteristics";
Part 2: "UWB mitigation techniques".
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "may not", "need", "need not", "will",
"will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms
for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
Ultra Wideband technology (UWB) provides a very flexible technology for many fields of applications, like sensors,
radars, short range telecommunications, etc.
The main characteristic of an UWB transmission is its very high bandwidth (greater than 50 MHz in ECC countries),
combined with the capability to generating signals with reduced power consumption at the transmitter. This enables a
variety of new applications, such that low power is required with very high bandwidth.
Due to its very large bandwidth, an UWB application should limit emissions in other bands, which may interfere with
other applications. Therefore trade-offs between the transmitter power levels required by the intended UWB application
and the low level of emissions that may be received by potential victim applications, without jeopardizing them, needs
to be carefully assessed.
A way for increasing flexibility in designing UWB application, allowing higher power level of transmitted power and
preventing at the same time harmful interference on other bands, are the so called mitigation techniques.
A mitigation technique is a limitation imposed over specific transmissions characteristics (e.g. duty cycle, special rules
for accessing the medium, limitation of the radiated pattern within specific angular sectors, etc.), under which adoption
the transmission may be enabled or the transmitted power levels may be increased.
ETSI
6 ETSI TR 103 181-2 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
There are two different kinds of usage of mitigation techniques in EU standards: a mitigation may be imposed as a
mandatory requirement or it may be allowed as an optional requirement. When a mitigation is used as a mandatory
requirement, a device is allowed to operate only if it adopts that mitigation; when a mitigation is used as an optional
requirement, devices using the mitigation are allowed to increase the emitted power limits with respect to devices not
using any mitigation. In UWB standards there are examples of both these usage.
In the present document a summary of the mitigation techniques allowed for UWB, classified by kinds of application
and range of frequency, is presented.
The present document presents a summary of the different UWB applications covered by current ETSI standards. Then,
starting from this summary, the different mitigation techniques are described and for each of the listed applications, the
related technical parameters implemented in ETSI standards or EC and ECC regulations are reported.
ETSI
7 ETSI TR 103 181-2 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
1 Scope
The present document summarizes the requirements for different mitigation techniques adopted by Ultra Wide Band
(UWB) applications.
Covered mitigation techniques are Listen Before Talk (LBT), Detect and Avoid (DAA), Transmitter Power Control
(TPC), Low Duty Cycle (LDC), Radiation Power Limitation like Total Radiated Power limits (TRP), Exterior Limit,
restrictions on e.i.r.p. over predefined angular sectors and shielding.
Additional information is given in the following annexes:
• Quantitative analysis for the technique of trading LDC against transmitted power (Annex A).
• Details on the mathematical models used for the evaluation of trading LDC against transmitted power
(Annex B).
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] EU Commission Decision 2009/343/EC 21 April 2009 amending Decision 2007/131/EC on
allowing the use of the radio spectrum for equipment using ultra-wideband technology in a
harmonised manner in the Community.
[i.2] EU Commission Decision 2007/131/EC of 21 February 2007 on allowing the use of the radio
spectrum for equipment using ultra-wideband technology in a harmonized manner in the
Community.
[i.3] ECC Decision of 24 March 2006 on the harmonized conditions for devices using Ultra-Wideband
(UWB) technology in bands below 10.6 GHz, amended 9 December 2011 (ECC/DEC/(06)04).
[i.4] ECC Decision of 30 March 2007 on Building Material Analysis (BMA) devices using UWB
technology (ECC/DEC/(07)01).
[i.5] ECC Report 064: "The protection requirements of radiocommunications systems below 10.6 GHz
from generic UWB applications", Helsinki, February 2005.
ETSI
8 ETSI TR 103 181-2 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
[i.6] ECC Report 120: "Technical requirements for UWB DAA (Detect and Avoid) devices to ensure
the protection of radiolocation services in the bands 3.1 - 3.4 GHz and 8.5 - 9 GHz and BWA
terminals in the band 3.4 - 4.2 GHz", Kristiansand, June 2008.
[i.7] ECC Report 123: "The impact of object discrimination and characterization (ODC) applications
using ultra-wideband (UWB) technology on radio services", Vilnius, September 2008.
[i.8] ECC Report 170: "Specific UWB applications in the bands 3.4 - 4.8 GHz and 6 - 8.5 GHz
Location Tracking Applications for Emergency Services (LAES), location tracking applications
type 2 (LT2) and location tracking and sensor Applications for automotive and transportation
environments (LTA)", Tallinn, October, 2011.
[i.9] CEPT Report 010: Report from CEPT to the European Commission in response to the Mandate on
UWB Specific Applications, Final Report on July 2006.
[i.10] CEPT Report 009: Report from CEPT to the European Commission in response to the Mandate on
Harmonise radio spectrum use for Ultra-Wideband Systems in the European Union, Final Report
on 28 October 2005.
[i.11] CEPT Report 45: Report from CEPT to the European Commission in response to the Fifth
Mandate to CEPT on ultra-wideband technology to clarify the technical parameters in view of a
potential update of Commission Decision 2007/131/EC, Final Report on 28 October 2005.
[i.12] ETSI TS 102 883 (V1.1.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band (UWB); Measurement Techniques".
[i.13] ETSI TS 103 060 (V1.1.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM);Short Range Devices (SRD);Method for a harmonized definition of Duty Cycle Template
(DCT) transmission as a passive mitigation technique used by short range devices and related
conformance test methods".
[i.14] ETSI TS 102 754 (V1.3.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics of Detect And Avoid (DAA) mitigation
techniques for SRD equipment using Ultra Wideband (UWB) technology".
[i.15] ETSI TR 103 181-1 (V1.1.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band (UWB);Transmission characteristics
Part 1: Signal characteristics".
[i.16] ETSI TR 103 086 (V1.1.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD); Conformance test procedure for the exterior limit tests in
EN 302 065-3 UWB applications in the ground based vehicle environment".
[i.17] ETSI TR 102 495-1 (V1.1.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using Ultra Wide Band
Sensor technology (UWB); System Reference Document Part 1: Building material analysis and
classification applications operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8 GHz".
[i.18] ETSI TR 102 495-2 (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using Ultra Wide Band
Sensor technology (UWB); System Reference Document; Part 2: Object Discrimination and
Characterization (ODC) applications for power tool devices operating in the frequency band of
2,2 GHz to 8,5 GHz".
[i.19] ETSI EN 302 435 (parts 1 and 2) (V.1.3.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using
Ultra WideBand technology (UWB); Building Material Analysis and Classification equipment
applications operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8,5 GHz".
[i.20] ETSI EN 302 066 (parts 1 and 2) (V.1.3.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Ground- and Wall- Probing Radar applications (GPR/WPR) imaging systems".
ETSI
9 ETSI TR 103 181-2 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
[i.21] ETSI EN 302 498 (parts 1 and 2) (V.1.1.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using
Ultra WideBand technology (UWB); Object Discrimination and Characterization Applications for
power tool devices operating in the requency band from 2,2 GHz to 8,5 GHz".
[i.22] ETSI EN 300 328 (V.1.8.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Wideband transmission systems; Data transmission equipment operating in the 2,4 GHz ISM band
and using wide band modulation techniques; Harmonized EN covering the essential requirements
of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive".
[i.23] ETSI EN 302 065-1 (V.1.3.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band technology (UWB); Harmonized EN
covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive; Part 1: Requirements
for Generic UWB applications".
[i.24] ETSI EN 302 065-2 (V.1.1.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band technology (UWB); Harmonized EN
covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive; Part 2: Requirements
for UWB location tracking".
[i.25] ETSI EN 302 065-3 (V.1.1.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band technology (UWB); Harmonized EN
covering the essential requirements of article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive; Part 3: Requirements
for UWB devices for road and rail vehicles".
[i.26] ETSI EN 302 729 (all parts) (V1.1.2): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the
frequency ranges 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz, 57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to
85 GHz".
[i.27] ETSI EN 302 372 (all parts) (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Equipment for Detection and Movement; Tanks Level
Probing Radar (TLPR) operating in the frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz and
77 GHz".
[i.28] Recommendation ITU-R P.526-10: "Propagation by diffraction".
[i.29] Recommendation ITU-R P 679-1: "Propagation data required for the design of broadcasting-
satellite systems".
[i.30] Recommendation ITU-R RA 769-2: "Protection criteria used for radio astronomical
measurements".
[i.31] ECC TG3#18-18R0: "Flexible DAA mechanism based on "isolation criteria" between victim
service and UWB devices", ECC TG3 Meeting 18, Mainz, March 2007.
[i.32] "Report on Radio Frequency Compatibility Measurements between UWB LDC Devices and
Mobile WiMAX (IEEE 802.16e ‐2005) BWA Systems", JRC, Ispra, July 26 ‐27, 2010.
[i.33] "Mobile WiMAX - Part I: A Technical Overview and Performance Evaluation", August 2006, The
WiMAX Forum.
[i.34] "Assessment of compatibility between Ultra WideBand devices and selected federal systems",
NTIA special publication, L. K. Brunson et Alt., January 2001.
[i.35] "Propagation of Ultra Wideband Signals in Automotive Environment", Ching-Ping Wang and
Wen-Jiao Liao, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan.
[i.36] "UWB screening attenuation measurements of cars", study by IPSC of JRC and ETSI TG31C on
the measurements of the screening attenuation of cars in the frequency range between 0,85 GHz
and 11 GHz, Joaquim Fortuny-Guasch, IPSC, October 2006.
[i.37] ETSI EN 302 500, Parts 1 and 2 (V.2.1.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra WideBand (UWB) technology; Location
Tracking equipment operating in the frequency range from 6 GHz to 9 GHz.
ETSI
10 ETSI TR 103 181-2 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
[i.38] ECC Reports 094: "Technical requirements for UWB LDC devices to ensure the protection of
FWA System", Nicosia, December 2006.
[i.39] ECC Reports 175: "Co-existence study considering UWB applications inside aircraft and existing
radio services in the frequency bands from 3.1 GHz to 4.8 GHz and from 6.0 GHz to 8.5 GHz",
March 2012.
[i.40] ECC Reports 139: "Impact of level probing radars using Ultra-Wideband technology on
radiocommunications services", Rottach-Egern, February 2010.
[i.41] CEPT report 17: "Report from CEPT to the European Commission in response to the Mandate to:
identify the conditions relating to the ha rmonised introduction in the European Union of radio
applications based on ultra-wideband (UWB) technology", 30 March 2007.
[i.42] R&TTE Directive: Directive 1999/5/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 9 March
1999 on radio equipment and telecommunications terminal equipment and the mutual recognition
of their conformity.
[i.43] ISO/IEC 7498-1: "Information technology -- Open Systems Interconnection -- Basic Reference
Model: The Basic Model".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following definitions apply:
absolute transmission availability ratio (Q ): for a victim link, this is the ratio between the sum of all time window
aa
where the aggregated interference level is below a predefined threshold, and a predefined observation time,
irrespectively of the windows duration
active mitigation technique: mitigation technique based on some measurement or feedback from the channel or the
operating environment where the transmitting device is operating
detect and avoid: active mitigation technique consisting in listening potential victim service in the transmission
channel and, if any potential victim is detected, reducing the transmitted power accordingly
equivalent isotropically radiated power (e.i.r.p.): product of the power supplied to the antenna and the antenna gain
in a given direction relative to an isotropic antenna (absolute or isotropic gain) (RR 1.161)
interferer or interfering link: link or service affected from interference coming from the device intended to be
subjected to mitigation
jammer or jamming link: device intended to be subjected to mitigation, potentially affecting any victim link
linear trading (of e.i.r.p. levels versus LDC limits): passive mitigation technique consisting in limiting the product of
duty cycle and e.i.r.p. power levels, provided that e.i.r.p. and LDC are within certain defined boundaries
listen before talk: active mitigation technique consisting in listening potential victim service in the transmission
channel before initiating a transmission and, if any potential victim is detected, avoid the transmission until the channel
is free
(low) duty cycle: ratio of T and T : (L)DC = T / T = T /(T + T )
on period on period on on off
NOTE: The duty cycle is conventionally referred as "low" duty cycle in case of small values (typically lower than
10 %).
maximum mean e.i.r.p. spectral density: average power per unit bandwidth (centred on that frequency) radiated in the
direction of the maximum level under the specified conditions of measurement
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11 ETSI TR 103 181-2 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
maximum peak e.i.r.p.: peak power specified as e.i.r.p. contained within a predefined bandwidth (typically 50MHz in
UWB standards), at the frequency at which the highest mean radiated power occurs, radiated in the direction of the
maximum level under the specified conditions of measurement
mitigation technique: technique of controlling radiated power of a transmitting device, having the goal to reduce
harmful interferences against potential victim services or applications operating in the same bandwidth of the
transmitting device
minimum guard distance: distance between a jammer and a victim link such that the signal to interference ratio is
sufficiently high to guarantee a reliable quality of link for victim transmission
passive mitigation technique: mitigation technique based on some a priori knowledge of the channel, the interferer
transmitter, and the potential victim service or application to be protected
Quality of Service (QoS): objective indication of the quality of a communication link, based on the measurement of
different parameters relevant to the connection performances
EXAMPLES: Service response time, signal-to-noise ratio, crosstalk, echo, interrupts, frequency response,
loudness levels, packet error rate, etc.
quality of service management: adaptive policy implemented by a link management layer, having the goal to
maximize the quality of service depending on the communication link status
EXAMPLES: Increasing coding and reducing throughput when transmission occurs in noisy channels, etc.
pulse: transmitted signal having the minimum duration (T ) such to occupying the intended UWB bandwidth
pulse
NOTE: In case of non-pulsed UWB transmission, this definition does not apply.
pulse repetition time: for a pulsed transmission, this is the time interval between two consecutive pulses
relative transmission availability ratio (Q ): for a victim link, this is the ratio between the sum of all time window
ar
where the aggregated interference level is below a predefined threshold, and a predefined observation time, such that
selected windows must have a duration not lower than a minimum required time equal to T
guard
signal to interferer ratio: ratio between the average power of a frame to be received by the victim link and the power
of jamming transmission, computed at victim receiver side
transmitter power control: active mitigation technique consisting in determining, by means of some feedbacks from
the environment where the device is operating, whether the application requires transmitting its maximum power or
transmitter power may be reduced
trading linearl(ly) in dB (of e.i.r.p. levels versus LDC limits): See linear trading.
victim link (or service): See interferer link.
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
D the duty cycle due to the application
U
D duty cycle due to the modulation
X
LDC duty cycle of the jamming link
J
LDC duty cycle of the victim link
V
PLPC probability of losing a colliding packets
EXAMPLE: The probability that a single packet from a possible victim service, colliding against an interferer
or jamming packet, gets lost at the victim receiver side.
PoC Probability of Collision between signals of a victim service and signals of an interfering or
jamming transmitter
P transmitter power by an intended device
tx
T inter-frame spacing between two consecutive frames of the victim communication service
IFS
T sum of Tframe and T : T = T + T
DD IFS DD frame IFS
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12 ETSI TR 103 181-2 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
T frame duration of the victim communication service
frame
T minimum interval seen by the victim receiver such that the interferer signal stay below Vguard,
guard
and a satisfactory quality of transmission for the victim service is guaranteed
T any predefined observation time for an intended phenomenon
obs
T silent period between two consecutive UWB Ton periods. In case of pulsed UWB devices, in
off
general T >> PRT
off
T sum of T and T : T = T + T
period on off period on off
T UWB pulse duration. For an UWB pulsed transmission, this is the duration of a single UWB pulse
pulse
NOTE: In case of non-pulsed UWB transmission, this parameter does not applyT duration of an UWB frame. In
on
case of pulsed UWB devices, in general T >> T . For UWB applications other than communication
on pulse
links, T is the uninterrupted transmission time required by the UWB application to radiate into the air a
on
meaningful uninterrupted information slot.
Q any parameter between Q or Q
a aa ar
Q absolute transmission availability ratio
aa
Q relative transmission availability ratio
ar
V aggregate level of many interferer signals
aggregate
V interferer signal level threshold at victim receiver to be complied in order to guarantee satisfactory
guard
quality of transmission for the victim service
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AF Activity Factor
APC Adaptive Power Control or Automatic Power Control
BER Bit Error Rate
BMA Building Material Analysis
BW BandWidth
BWA Broadband Wireless Access
CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
CMS Cabin Management System
DAA Detect And Avoid
dc direct current
DC Duty Cycle
DCT Duty Cycle Template
DEC Decision of Electronics Comminications Committee
DUT Device Under Test
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
FCC Federal Communications Commission
GPR Ground Probing Radar
ISM Industrial Scientific and Medical band
JRC Joint Research Centre
LAES Location tracking Application for Emergency and disaster Situations
LBT Listen Before Talk
LDC Low Duty Cycle
LoS Line of Sight
LPR Level Probing Radar
LT1 Location Tracking type 1
LT2 Location Tracking type 2
LTT Location Tracking for automotive & Transportation environment
MSS Mobile Satellite Services
MU Medium Utilization
NIM Non Interference Mode
NTIA National Telecommunications and Information Administration
ODC Object Discrimination and Characterization
OIS Object Identification and Surveillance
PER Performance
PHY Physical Layer, as described in Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model
ETSI
13 ETSI TR 103 181-2 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
NOTE: ISO/IEC 7498-1 [i.43].
PLPC probability of losing a colliding packets
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PRI Pulse Repetition Interval
PRT Pulse Repetition Time
PSD Power Spectral Density
QoS Quality of Service
R&TTE Radio and Telecommunications Terminal Equipment
RAM Random Access Memory
RAS Radio Astronomy Service
RF Radio Frequency
RSSI Received Signal Strength Indication
Rx Receiver or received
SIR Signal to Interfere Ratio
SRD Short Range Device
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TGUWB Task Grooup Ultra-WideBand
TLPR Tank Level Probing Radar
TPC Transmit Power Control or Total Power Control
TPR Tanks Probing Radars
TRP Total Radiated Power
Tx Transmitter or Transmitted
UDP User Datagram Protocol
UE User Equipment
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunication System
UWB Ultra WideBand
WPR Wall Probing Radar
WRC World Radiocommunication Conference
4 Overview of UWB Applications and Regulation in
ECC/EC
4.1 Summary of UWB application defined in Europe
Ultra-wideBand technology is mainly related to sensor applications, specifically functions such as radars, ranging and
location tracking devices, and/or their related communications. Applications using UWB in Europe, described in ETSI
and ECC documents, are summarized in Table 1.
ETSI
14 ETSI TR 103 181-2 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
Table 1: Overview of UWB applications,
as resulting from ETSI standards and current EU regulations
Type of Description
application
Generic
• Non-specific, generic consumer applications
Location & • Localization of object in a range gate
Tracking
• Tracking of target movements within the detection range
• Sensor tracking technology for mass market applications
• Indoor tracking applications covered by FCC regulation and ECC UWB decision
• Localization of persons and objects in emergency areas
Automotive &
• Sensing or communication application, intended for usage related to road and rail vehicles,
railway
and namely:
o stand-alone radio equipment with or without its own control provisions, mounted in road
or rail vehicles.
o plug-in radio devices intended for use with, or within, a variety of host systems, e.g.
personal computers, etc.
o plug-in radio devices intended for use within combined equipment, e.g. modems,
access points, etc.
o equipment for the communication inside and outside of road and rail vehicles.
o equipment for the localization of devices inside and outside of road and rail vehicles,
e.g. hand-held devices.
Concrete • Imaging systems based on field disturbance sensors, designed to operate only in close
inspections &
proximity or even in contact with the ground or wall or other concrete structures, for the
imaging purpose of detecting or obtaining images of buried objects or determining the physical
properties within the structure. The energy from these sensors is intentionally directed into
the material to be analyzed, such to absorb the majority of the signal transmitted by the
sensor
Material sensing
• Devices enabling radio determination application designed to detect the location of objects
devices, fixed or
within a structure or to determine the physical properties of a material. This may include
mobile localization of hidden targets in constructions e.g. pipes, holes, wires for increased safety
while e.g. drilling, construction testing, or characterization of material, e.g. metal or plastic or
humidity, sensors which could be attached/integrated in tooling equipment and, and namely:
o Building Material Analysis (BMA), i.e. devices designed to detect the location of objects
within a building structure or to determine the physical properties of a building material.
o Object Discrimination and Charac
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