ETSI TR 102 495-7 V1.1.1 (2010-03)

ETSI TR 102 495-7 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
Technical Report

Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
System Reference Document; Short Range Devices (SRD);
Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using
Ultra Wide Band Sensor technology (UWB);
Part 7: Location tracking and sensor applications for
automotive and transportation environments operating in the
frequency bands from 3,1 GHz to 4,8 GHz and 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz

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2 ETSI TR 102 495-7 V1.1.1 (2010-03)



Reference
DTR/ERM-RM-044-7
Keywords
radar, radio, short range, SRDoc, testing, UWB
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3 ETSI TR 102 495-7 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 8
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Definitions . 9
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.3 Abbreviations . 9
4 Comments on the System Reference Document . 10
5 Executive summary . 10
5.1 Background information . 10
5.2 Application technical summary and market information . 10
5.2.1 Category A: Location tracking in public transportation (road and rail vehicles) . 10
5.2.2 Category B: Location tracking and positioning in the automotive environment . 11
5.2.3 Category C: Sensing in the automotive environment . 12
5.3 Radio spectrum requirements and justification . 12
6 Current regulations . 13
7 Proposed regulations . 13
8 Requested ECC and EC actions . 14
9 Expected ETSI actions . 14
Annex A: Detailed market information . 15
A.1 Range of applications . 15
A.2 Market size and value . 15
A.2.1 Market potential for BIBO based EFM as envisaged under category A . 15
A.2.2 Market potential for Automotive Positioning Systems as envisaged under category B . 16
A.2.3 Market potential for Automotive Sensor Systems as envisaged under category C . 16
A.3 Traffic evaluation . 17
Annex B: Detailed Technical information . 18
B.1 Detailed technical description . 18
B.1.1 Public Transportation Systems . 18
B.1.1.1 Status of development of electronic fare management systems based on automatic detection of user
media . 18
B.1.1.2 Summary description . 21
B.1.2 Category B: Automotive Location Positioning Systems . 22
B.1.2.1 "Keying Application" . 22
B.1.2.2 Personal Car Communication System. 23
B.1.2.3 UWB tracking function for a car finding application (e.g. in a parking area) . 23
B.1.3 Category C: Automotive Sensor Systems . 24
B.1.3.1 Communication between truck and trailer . 24
B.1.3.2 Inside Vehicle Command and Control Communications . 25
B.1.3.3 Engine compartment . 25
B.1.3.4 Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS) . 26
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4 ETSI TR 102 495-7 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
B.2 Technical justification for spectrum . 29
B.2.1 Technical justification for proposed power levels . 29
B.2.1.1 Category A: Location tracking in public transportation (road and rail vehicles) . 29
B.2.1.2 Category B/C: Location tracking, positioning, and sensing in the automotive environment . 30
B.2.2 Technical justification for bandwidth . 31
B.2.2.1 Category A . 32
B.2.2.2 Category B . 32
B.2.2.3 Category C . 33
Annex C: Expected compatibility issues . 34
C.1 Coexistence issues . 34
C.2 Current ITU allocations . 34
C.3 Sharing issues . 34
C.3.1 Sharing issues for Public Transportation Systems . 34
C.3.2 Sharing issues for Automotive Location Systems . 35
C.3.3 Sharing issues for Automotive Sensor Systems . 35
C.3.3.1 Smart tire system . 35
Annex D: Bibliography . 36
History . 37

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5 ETSI TR 102 495-7 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM).
The present document is part 7 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using Ultra Wide Band
technology (UWB) as identified below:
Part 1: "Building material analysis and classification applications operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz
to 8 GHz";
Part 2: "Object Discrimination and Characterization (ODC) applications for power tool devices operating in the
frequency band of 2,2 GHz to 8,5 GHz";
Part 3: "Location tracking applications type 1 operating in the frequency band from 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz for
indoor, portable and mobile outdoor applications";
Part 4: "Object Identification for Surveillance applications (OIS) operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz
to 8,5 GHz";
Part 5: "Location tracking applications type 2 operating in the frequency bands from 3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz and
from 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz for person and object tracking and industrial applications";
Part 6: Void.
Part 7: "Location tracking and sensor applications for automotive and transportation environments
operating in the frequency bands from 3,1 GHz to 4,8 GHz and 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz".
Introduction
Ultra Wide Band (UWB) radio technology enables a new generation of location tracking and sensor devices and opens
new markets with a variety of innovative applications. UWB radio location and sensor devices with an operating
bandwidth of several hundreds of MHz up to several GHz allow tens of centimetre-level accuracy, real-time localization
and positioning even in the presence of severe multipath effects caused by walls, furniture or any other harsh radio
propagation environments.
It is a viable positioning and sensor technology that meets industrial requirements in the following markets:
1) Healthcare.
2) Workplace/Smart Office.
3) Public buildings.
4) Security.
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6 ETSI TR 102 495-7 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
5) Defence training.
6) Entertainment.
7) Logistics, warehouses.
8) Manufacturing assembly lines.
9) Road and rail vehicles sensor networks.
10) Public transportation.
The purpose of producing the present document is to lay a foundation for industry to quickly bring innovative and
useful products to the market.
Status of pre-approval draft
The present document has been created by ERM TG31C. It has undergone ETSI internal consultation. Final approval
for publication as ETSI Technical Report is given at ERM#37 (March 2009).
Target version Pre-approval date version
(see note)
V1.1.1 a s m Date Description
th
V1.1.1 0.0.7 Approved by TG31C and sent to ETSI
15 October 2008
ERM for consultation and subsequent
approval.
th
V1.1.1 0.0.8 Document updated during ERM#36.
4 November 2008
V1.1.1 0.0.9 7 November 2008 ETSI internal enquiry version resulting
from ERM#36.
V1.1.1 0.0.10 10 November 2008 Clean version of v1.1.1_0.0.9 for ETSI
internal enquiry.
V1.1.1 0.0.11 10 December 2008 Resolution of the internal ETSI
consultation at the TG31c#18 meeting.
V1.1.1 0.0.12 5 January 2009 Clean version of V1.1.1_0.0.11 including
a few minor editorials.
V1.1.1 0.0.13 16 January 2009 Editorial improvement of version
V1.1.1_0.0.12.
V1.1.1 0.0.14 16 January 2009 Clean version of V1.1.1_0.0.13 with a few
comments left in.
V1.1.1 0.0.15 21 January 2009 Comments left in from V0.0.14 resolved
in this version.
NOTE: See clause A.2 of EG 201 788 [i.12].

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7 ETSI TR 102 495-7 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
1 Scope
The present document covers a system description and the corresponding spectrum requirements for devices using
UWB radio technology operating in the frequency range from 3,1 GHz to 4,8 GHz and from 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz which
are in automotive or public transportation environments (e.g. installed in road and rail vehicles).
The operating radio link distance is limited typically to a maximum of about 30 meters, whereby some application
scenarios show challenging operating conditions which impose the requirements stated in the present document.
Some applications described in the present document will enhance the safety of the passengers, but these applications
are not safety critical.
UWB based applications under the scope of the present document typically rely on small, cost and energy effective,
lightweight tags/sensors which are attached inside or outside the vehicle, to objects or parts of the vehicle to be
monitored, or are explicitly carried by passengers. They may also form an integral part of portable electronic equipment
carried by passengers (such as future generation mobile phones equipped with an additional UWB air interface).
They are connected to one or more "reference stations", also in the scope of the present document, placed inside the
vehicle, which collect the data and communicate, when needed, via a UWB signal to the tags/sensors.
The present document includes necessary information to support the co-operation between ETSI and the Electronic
Communications Committee (ECC) of the European Conference of Post and Telecommunications Administrations
(CEPT), including:
• Detailed market information (annex A).
• Technical information (annex B).
• Expected compatibility issues (annex C).
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
Not applicable.
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8 ETSI TR 102 495-7 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not essential to the use of the present document but they assist the user with
regard to a particular subject area. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
[i.1] CEPT/ERC Report 25: "The European table of frequency allocations and utilizations in the
frequency range 9 kHz to 3 000 GHz" Lisboa 02- Dublin 03- Kusadasi 04- Copenhagen 04- Nice
07- Baku 08.
[i.2] ECC/DEC/(06)04 of 24 March 2006 on the harmonized conditions for devices using Ultra-
Wideband (UWB) technology in bands below 10.6 GHz.
[i.3] ECC/DEC/(06)04 of 24 March 2006 amended 6 July 2007 at Constanta on the harmonized
conditions for devices using Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology in bands below 10.6 GHz
(2007/131/EC) amended 6 July 2007.
[i.4] Commission Decision 2007/131/EC of 21 February 2007 on allowing the use of the radio
spectrum for equipment using ultra-wideband technology in a harmonized manner in the
Community.
[i.5] ECC/DEC/(06)12 (December 2006): Draft update approved by ECC TG3 in October 2008.
[i.6] EC Mandate M/407: "Standardization mandate forwarded to CEN/CENELEC/ETSI for
harmonized standards covering ultra-wideband equipment".
[i.7] IEEE 802.15.4a: "Standard for Information Technology - Telecommunications and information
exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - specific requirement Part
15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications for Low-
Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs)".
[i.8] Standard ECMA-368 (December 2008): "High Rate Ultra Wideband PHY and MAC Standard;
rd
3 edition".
rd
[i.9] Standard ECMA-369 (December 2008): "MAC-PHY Interface for ECMA-368; 3 edition".
[i.10] ISO/IEC FCD 14443-1 (Revision): "Identification cards - Contactless integrated circuit(s) cards -
Proximity integrated circuit(s) cards - Part 1: Physical characteristics".
NOTE: Available for all parts at: http://wg8.de/sd1.html#14443.
[i.11] Department of Transportation National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 49 CFR Part 571:
(Docket No. NHTSA 2000-8572), RIN 2127-AI3, "Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards; Tire
Pressure Monitoring Systems; Controls and Displays".
[i.12] ETSI EG 201 788: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Guidance
for drafting an ETSI System Reference document (SRdoc)".
[i.13] DfT Research Database Project: Be-In Be-Out Payment Systems for Public transport.
NOTE: Available at: http://www.dft.gov.uk/rmd/project.asp?intProjectID=12490.
[i.14] ETSI TR 102 495-3: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System
Reference Document; Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical Characteristics for SRD equipment
using Ultra-Wideband Sensor Technology (UWB); Part 3: Location tracking applications type 1
operating in the frequency band from 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz for indoor, portable and mobile outdoor
applications".
[i.15] ETSI TR 102 495-4: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System
Reference Document; Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics for SRD equipment
using Ultra Wide Band Sensor technology (UWB); Part 4: Object Identification for Surveillance
applications (OIS) operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8,5 GHz".
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9 ETSI TR 102 495-7 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
[i.16] ETSI TR 102 495-5: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System
Reference Document; Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics for SRD equipment
using Ultra Wide Band Sensor technology (UWB); Part 5: Location tracking applications type 2
operating in the frequency bands from 3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz and from 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz for person
and object tracking and industrial applications".
[i.17] ITU-R Radio Regulations Edition of 2008.
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
activity factor: reflects the effective transmission time ratio
range resolution: ability to resolve two targets at different ranges
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
dBm deciBel relative to 1 mW
c velocity of light in a vacuum
δR range resolution or multipath rejection resolution
T pulse width
P
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
2D/3D Two Dimensional/Three Dimensional
BIBO Be-In-Be-Out person/tag positioning system
CAN Controller Area Network
CEPT Conference Europeenne des Administrations de Postes et des Telecommunications
DAA Detect and Avoid
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
ECU Electronic Control Unit
EFM Electronic Fare Management
ERC European Radiocommunications Committee
ERM Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
ETSC European Transport Safety Council's
GPS Global Positioning System
HDR-LT High Data Rate Location Tracking
ITU International Telecommunication Union
LAN Local Area Network
LDC Low Duty Cycle
LDR Low Data Rate
LDR-LT Low Data Rate - Location Tracking
LIN Local Interconnect Network
MB-OFDM MultiBand OFDM
NHTSA National Highway Traffic Safety Administration
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
PAN Personal Area Network
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PSD Power Spectral Density
RF Radio Frequency
RKE Remote Keyless Entry
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10 ETSI TR 102 495-7 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
SRD Short Range Device
TPC Transmit Power Control
TPMS Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems
UWB Ultra Wide Band
UWB-RT Ultra Wide Band Radio Technology
4 Comments on the System Reference Document
Void.
5 Executive summary
5.1 Background information
The growing demand for UWB based applications installed in road and rail vehicles covered in the present document
are grouped into three categories according to the commonalities in the spectral usage requirements resulting from
specific application scenarios. All three categories belong to the automotive or public transportation environments.
They are listed in table 1 and shortly summarized in clause 5.2.
Table 1: Overview of location tracking and sensor applications for automotive
and public transportation environments
category application short description frequency
A Location Tracking in Location positioning datagrams are exchanged through one 3,1 GHz to 4,8 GHz,
a public or more of the reference stations mounted inside the vehicle 6,0 GHz to 8,5 GHz
transportation at convenient locations, with mobile tags carried by
environment passengers and/or luggage. The typical range of radio
operation is 1 m to 30 m. Environmental conditions can be
challenging in selected cases. All cases need to be covered
with high reliability.
B Location Tracking in Location tracking datagrams are exchanged between a 3,1 GHz to 4,8 GHz,
the automotive base station located inside the vehicle and corresponding 6,0 GHz to 8,5 GHz
environment mobile tags and/or the vehicle key.
C Sensing in the Telemetry datagrams are exchanged in a vehicle mounted 3,1 GHz to 4,8 GHz,
automotive sensor network. 6,0 GHz to 8,5 GHz
environment

5.2 Application technical summary and market information
The implementation of new UWB applications in transportation environments requires new spectrum for the defined
categories as further described in the following clauses.
5.2.1 Category A: Location tracking in public transportation (road and rail
vehicles)
In various European countries public transportation network operators are currently looking for Electronic Fare
Management (EFM) systems based on the Be-In-Be-Out (BIBO) principle. Be-In-Be-Out systems determine
automatically if a person is inside a transportation means and are more accepted than any check-in-check-out
technology in public transportation. It is a basic element of future Electronic Fare Management Systems.
BIBO systems can be realized in an optimal way applying UWB radio-based, accurate, real-time, automatic positioning.
Small mobile tags operating as transceivers are attached to the objects to be monitored or are carried by humans in
clothing or inside luggage. A network of reference stations is inside the vehicle and suitably covers the internal area.
The network communicates with the tags. Typically, the range between a tag and a reference station will be from 1 m to
30 m, depending on the public transportation vehicle size and geometry.
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11 ETSI TR 102 495-7 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
By analysing tag-related radio link parameter(s), e.g. the time-of-arrival and/or angle-of-arrival of the radio signal
relative to the known reference stations, the 2D/3D position of the tag(s) can be found. Data can be transmitted
containing information derived by the tags.
The main application, EFM systems based on the BIBO principle, needs to exchange data telegrams and identify the
location of mobile tag(s) in or around the public transportation vehicles. The base stations (or so called anchor nodes)
are placed inside the vehicle. The system is basically communicating to exchange location datagrams with some minor
additional information for example about tag identity.
Two UWB specific technological options are still being considered: LDR-LT based on pulsed transmissions (similar to
standardized IEEE 802.15.4a [i.7]) as well as HDR-LT based on MB-OFDM (similar to standardized
ECMA-368 [i.8] and ECMA-369 [i.9]). The communication is controlled by a cluster head and thus will happen
subsequently with the tag devices (usually up to several tens of devices per cluster head coverage area). However, this
happens only in certain time intervals and at different geographic positions as the transportation system operates mainly
if customers occupy
...