ETSI ETR 310 ed.1 (1996-08)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-avgust-1998
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Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Traffic capacity and spectrum
requirements for multi-system and multi-service DECT applications co-existing in a
common frequency band
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETR 310 Edition 1
ICS:
33.070.30 'LJLWDOQHL]EROMãDQH Digital Enhanced Cordless
EUH]YUYLþQHWHOHNRPXQLNDFLMH Telecommunications (DECT)
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2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

ETSI ETR 310
TECHNICAL August 1996
REPORT
Source: ETSI TC-RES Reference: DTR/RES-03077
ICS: 33.020, 33.060.50
Key words: DECT, traffic
Radio Equipment and Systems (RES);
Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT);
Traffic capacity and spectrum requirements for multi-system
and multi-service DECT applications co-existing in a
common frequency band
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ETSI Secretariat
Postal address: F-06921 Sophia Antipolis CEDEX - FRANCE
Office address: 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne - FRANCE
X.400: c=fr, a=atlas, p=etsi, s=secretariat - Internet: secretariat@etsi.fr
Tel.: +33 92 94 42 00 - Fax: +33 93 65 47 16
Copyright Notification: No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the
foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1996. All rights reserved.

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ETR 310: August 1996
Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation and publication of this document, errors in content,
typographical or otherwise, may occur. If you have comments concerning its accuracy, please write to
"ETSI Editing and Committee Support Dept." at the address shown on the title page.

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ETR 310: August 1996
Contents
Foreword .7
1 Scope .9
2 References.9
3 Definitions and abbreviations .11
3.1 Definitions .11
3.2 Abbreviations .15
4 Introduction to DECT services and applications .16
5 Principles for providing required traffic capacity and link quality on a common spectrum
allocation .17
5.1 A new concept: the local load on the spectrum .17
5.2 Dynamic Channel Selection (DCS).18
5.2.1 Spectrum efficiency of DECT compared with a system using FCA .19
5.2.2 Spectrum efficiency due to multi-operator multi-application coexistence on
a common allocation .19
5.2.2.1 Residential base station applications.19
5.2.2.2 Office base station applications.20
5.2.2.3 Public outdoor systems.20
5.2.2.4 Summary on multi-operator multi-application coexistence
on a common allocation.21
5.2.2.4.1 Conclusion for the case with speech
and estimated emerging data services.22
5.2.2.4.2 Conclusion for the case with mainly
speech services .23
5.3 Increase traffic by denser infra structure, C/I limited capacity .23
5.4 Increasing link quality without increasing the load on the spectrum .24
5.5 Means for adjusting to emerging growth of traffic (subscribers).24
6 DECT applications - scenarios.25
6.1 Residential application .25
6.2 Office/factory application.25
6.2.1 Large companies in a business centre.26
6.2.2 Large companies in industrial zones.26
6.2.3 Small/medium size companies.26
6.3 Public pedestrian application .26
6.4 RLL application .27
6.4.1 Rural area - range requirements .27
6.4.1.1 Special provisions for single link ranges beyond 5 km .28
6.4.2 Urban area - traffic capacity requirements mainly for speech services.28
6.5 Summary of traffic requirements .28
7 ISDN, data and multimedia applications .29
7.1 ISDN services .29
7.2 Data services in general .30
8 Multi-system and multi-service DECT applications coexistence analysis for speech services and
emerging increase of data related services .31
8.1 Interference between residential systems .31
8.2 Interference between residential systems and other applications .31
8.3 Interference between office systems .31
8.4 Interference between office and public pedestrian street systems.32
8.5 Interference between office and RLL systems.33

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ETR 310: August 1996
8.6 Interference between public pedestrian systems . 33
8.7 Interference between RLL systems. 34
8.7.1 Spectrum requirements for RLL applications . 35
8.8 Interference between public pedestrian systems and RLL systems . 35
8.8.1 Spectrum load for a system consisting of DASs and WRSs (CRFPs) . 36
8.9 Interference from public systems to private users . 37
8.10 Summary on coexistence and spectrum requirements. 37
9 Conclusion on spectrum requirements for different scenarios . 39
10 Recommendation on procedures for economic handling of hot spots and emerging traffic
increase . 39
10.1 Monitoring. 40
10.2 Adjustment of the infrastructure . 40
10.3 Frame synchronization. 40
10.4 Maximum traffic load at RFPs. 41
10.5 Sharing infrastructure. 41
10.6 Carrier back-off . 42
Annex A: Simulation results . 43
A.1 Simulations of WPBX office systems . 43
A.1.1 Simulation scenario. 43
A.1.2 Simulation results. 44
A.1.2.1 Capacity in large office landscapes with soft partitioning . 45
A.1.2.2 Interference to and from offices. 45
A.2 Simulations of public street public pedestrian systems . 47
A.2.1 Simulation scenario. 47
A.2.2 Simulation results. 48
A.3 Simulations of above rooftop RLL systems . 49
A.3.1 Simulation scenario’s . 49
A.3.1.1 Basic scenario . 49
A.3.1.2 Additional scenario’s. 51
A.3.2 Simulation results. 52
A.3.2.1 Basic capacity simulation results. 52
A.3.2.2 Capacity and carrier availability . 52
A.3.2.3 Synchronization . 53
A.3.2.4 Directional versus omni-directional antennas. 54
A.3.2.5 Sensitivity to C/I performance. 54
A.3.2.6 Effect of cell size on the capacity. 55
A.3.2.7 Multi-operator scenarios . 55
A.3.2.7.1 Coexistence of DAS systems with very different cell sizes. 56
A.3.3 Conclusions. 58
A.4 Simulations of below rooftop RLL systems and other RLL systems. 58
A.5 Coexistence between above rooftop RLL systems and a public pedestrian street system. 58
A.5.1 Simulation scenario . 59
A.5.2 Simulation results. 59
A.5.2.1 Interference from the RLL system to the public pedestrian system. 59
A.5.2.2 Interference from the public pedestrian system to the RLL system. 59
A.5.2.3 Conclusions . 60
A.5.2.3.1 Spectrum load for a system consisting of DASs and
WRSs (CRFPs). 60
A.6 The impact of WRSs on infrastructure cost and spectrum utilization. 61
A.6.1 Examples of scenarios with WRS type CRFP . 62
A.6.2 Examples of scenarios with WRS type REP. 63

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ETR 310: August 1996
Annex B: Coexistence on a common spectrum allocation with evolutions and derivatives (PWT) of
DECT .64
Annex C: The concepts of traffic capacity and efficient use of the spectrum.65
C.1 General.65
C.2 The relation between infra structure cost and spectrum efficiency .65
C.3 Maximizing the application dependent spectrum efficiency .65
C.3.1 Directional gain antennas .65
C.3.2 Frame synchronization.66
C.3.2.1 Synchronization between RFPs within a DECT system (FP).66
C.3.2.2 Intersystem synchronization.66
C.3.3 Application of WRS.66
Annex D: Comparison with systems using fixed channel selection.67
D.1 Public pedestrian outdoor suburban application .67
D.1.1 Traffic when using the same total number of access channels as DECT .67
D.1.2 Total number of access channels required for the same traffic per base.67
D.1.3 Summary tables.67
D.2 Office multi-floor applications.68
Annex E: DECT instant DCS procedures.69
E.1 Summary of some DECT procedures providing the high traffic capacity and the maintenance of
a high quality radio link.69
E.2 Detailed description of the DECT instant DCS procedures and features.70
E.2.1 Instant DCS or CDCS .70
E.2.2 Dynamic selection of control channels .70
E.2.3 The broadcast paging and system information.72
E.2.4 Dynamic selection of traffic channels and maintenance of the radio link .72
E.2.5 MC/TDMA/TDD simple radio multichannel base station .73
E.2.6 Antenna base station diversity .73
E.2.7 Traffic capacity.74
E.2.8 Inter system synchronization due to TDMA and TDD.74
History.75

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Foreword
This ETSI Technical Report (ETR) has been produced by the Radio Equipment and Systems (RES)
Technical Committee of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI).
ETRs are informative documents resulting from ETSI studies which are not appropriate for European
Telecommunication Standard (ETS) or Interim European Telecommunication Standard (I-ETS) status. An
ETR may be used to publish material which is either of an informative nature, relating to the use or the
application of ETSs or I-ETSs, or which is immature and not yet suitable for formal adoption as an ETS or
an I-ETS.
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ETR 310: August 1996
1 Scope
This ETSI Technical Report (ETR) describes the traffic capacity and the spectrum requirements for multi-
system and multi-service Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT) applications coexisting
on a common frequency band. Configurations for typical DECT applications, and relevant mixes of these,
including residential, office, public and Radio in the Local Loop (RLL) applications, are defined and the
traffic capacity is analysed, mainly by advanced simulations. These results are used together with relevant
deployment scenarios to estimate spectrum requirements for reliable services, specifically for a public
multi-operator licensing regime. Recommendations are given on conflict solving rules that conserve the
high spectrum efficiency gain of shared spectrum while maintaining control of the service quality in one’s
own system. These recommendations cover synchronization, directional gain antennas, traffic limits per
DECT Radio Fixed Part (RFP), use of Wireless Relay Stations (WRSs), different rules for private and
public operators and procedures needed for timely local adjustments where and when the local traffic
increases.
2 References
For the purposes of this ETR, the following references apply:
[1] ETS 300 175-1: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI); Part 1:
Overview".
[2] ETS 300 175-2: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI); Part 2: Physical
Layer".
[3] ETS 300 175-3: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI); Part 3: Medium
Access Control (MAC) layer".
[4] ETS 300 175-4: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI); Part 4: Data
Link Control (DLC) layer".
[5] ETS 300 175-5: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI); Part 5: Network
(NWK) layer".
[6] ETS 300 175-6: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI); Part 6:
Identities and addressing".
[7] ETS 300 175-7: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI); Part 7: Security
features".
[8] ETS 300 175-8: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI); Part 8: Speech
coding and transmission".
[9] ETS 300 175-9: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Common Interface (CI); Part 9: Public
Access Profile (PAP)".
[10] ETS 300 444: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Generic Access Profile (GAP)”.
[11] TBR 6: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications (DECT); General terminal attachment requirements".

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ETR 310: August 1996
[12] ETS 300 765-1: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Radio in the Local Loop (RLL) Access
Profile (RAP); Part 1: Basic telephony services”.
[13] ETS 300 765-2, "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital Enhanced
Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Radio in the Local Loop (RLL) Access
Profile (RAP); Part 2: Advanced telephony services”.
[14] ETR 178: "Radio Equipment and System (RES); Digital European Cordless
Telecommunications (DECT); A high level guide to the DECT standardization”.
[15] ETR 246: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital European Cordless
Telecommunications (DECT); Application of DECT Wireless Relay Station
(WRS)”.
[16] ETS 300 700: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital European
Cordless Telecommunications (DECT); Wireless Relay Station (WRS)”.
[17] ETR 308: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications (DECT); Services, facilities and configurations for DECT in
the local loop".
[18] Proceedings of the IEEE 44th Vehicular Technology Conference, (Stockholm
June 4-7 1994), Åkerberg, Brouwer, van de Berg, Jager: “DECT technology in
the local loop”.
[19] TIA/T1 JTC(AIR)/95.02.02-012R1: “TAG 3 (PACS) Radio Channel System
Report”.
[20] TIA/EIA-662: “Personal Wireless Telecommunications - Interoperability
Standard (PWT)”.
[21] TIA/EIA-696, “Personal Wireless Telecommunications Enhanced -
Interoperability Standard (PWT-E)”.
[22] ETR 042: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Digital European Cordless
Telecommunications (DECT); A Guide to DECT features that influence the
traffic capacity and the maintenance of high radio link transmission quality,
including the results of simulations".
[23] ETR 139: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Radio in the Local Loop
(RLL)".
[24] 91/263/EEC: “Council Directive of 29 April 1991 on the approximation of the
laws of the Member States concerning telecommunications terminal equipment,
including the mutual recognition of their conformity” (Terminal Directive).
[25] 91/287/EEC: "Council Directive of 3 June 1991 on the frequency band to be
designated for the coordinated introduction of digital European cordless
telecommunications (DECT) into the Community”.
[26] 91/288/EEC: "Council Directive of 3 June 1991 on the coordinated introduction
of digital European cordless telecommunications (DECT) into the Community".
[27] TBR 22: "Radio Equipment and Systems (RES); Attachment requirements for
terminal equipment for Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)
Generic Access Profile (GAP) applications".
[28] 90/388/EEC: "Council Directive of 28 June 1990 on competition in the markets
for telecommunications services".

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3 Definitions and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of this ETR, the following definitions apply:
antenna diversity: Implies that the RFP for each bearer independently can select different antenna
properties such as gain, polarization, coverage patterns, and other features that may effect the practical
coverage. A typical example is space diversity, provided by two vertically polarized antennas separated by
10 cm to 20 cm.
bearer: See Medium Access Control (MAC) bearer or bearer service.
broadcast: A simplex point-to-multipoint mode of transmission.
NOTE 1: The transmitter may disregard the presence or absence of receivers.
call: All of the Network (NWK) layer processes involved in one NWK layer peer-to-peer association.
NOTE 2: Call may sometimes be used to refer to processes of all layers, since lower layer
processes are implicitly required.
cell: The domain served by a single antenna(e) system (including a leaky feeder) of one Fixed Part (FP).
NOTE 3: A cell may include more than one source of radiated Radio Frequency (RF) energy
(i.e. more than one radio end point).
centrex: An implementation of a private telecommunication network exchange that is not located on the
premises of the private network operator. It may be co-located with, or physically a part of a public
exchange.
channel: See physical channel.
cluster: A logical grouping of one or more cells between which bearer handover is possible. A Cluster
Control Function (CCF) controls one cluster.
NOTE 4: Internal handover to a cell which is not part of the same cluster can only be done by
connection handover.
Cordless Radio Fixed Part (CRFP): A WRS that provides independent bearer control to a PT and FT for
relayed connections.
coverage area: The area over which reliable communication can be established and maintained.
double-simplex bearer: The use of two simplex bearers operating in the same direction on two physical
channels. These pairs of channels always use the same RF carrier and always use evenly spaced slots
(i.e. separated by 0,5 Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) frame).
A double-simplex bearer only exists as part of a multibearer MAC connection.
down-link: Transmission in the direction FT to PT.
duplex bearer: The use of two simplex bearers operating in opposite directions on two physical channels.
These pairs of channels always use the same RF carrier and always use evenly spaced slots (i.e.
separated by 0,5 TDMA frame).
End System (ES): A logical grouping that contains application processes and supports
telecommunication services.
NOTE 5: From the OSI point of view, end systems are considered as sources and sinks of
information.
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ETR 310: August 1996
external handover: The process of switching a call in progress from one FP to another FP.
Fixed Part (DECT Fixed Part) (FP): A physical grouping that contains all of the elements in the DECT
network between the local network and the DECT air interface.
NOTE 6: A DECT FP contains the logical elements of at least one FT, plus additional
implementation specific elements.
Fixed radio Termination (FT): A logical group of functions that contains all of the DECT processes and
procedures on the fixed side of the DECT air interface.
NOTE 7: A FT only includes elements that are defined in ETS 300 175, parts 1 to 8 [1] to [8].
This includes radio transmission elements (layer 1) together with a selection of layer 2
and layer 3 elements.
frame: See TDMA frame or DLC frame.
full slot (slot): One 24th of a TDMA frame which is used to support one physical channel.
guard space: The nominal interval between the end of a radio transmission in a given slot, and the start
of a radio transmission in the next successive slot.
NOTE 8: This interval is included at the end of every slot, in order to prevent adjacent
transmissions from overlapping even when they originate with slightly different timing
references (e.g. from different radio end points).
half slot: of a TDMA frame which is used to support one physical channel.
handover: The process of switching a call in progress from one physical channel to another physical
channel. These processes can be internal (see internal handover) or external (see external handover).
NOTE 9: There are two physical forms of handover, intracell handover and inter-cell handover.
Intracell handover is always internal, inter-cell handover can be internal or external.
incoming call: A call received at a Portable Part (PP).
inter-cell handover: The switching of a call in progress from one cell to another cell.
internal handover: Handover processes that are completely internal to one FT. Internal handover
reconnects the call at the lower layers, while maintaining the call at the NWK layer.
NOTE 10: The lower layer reconnection can either be at the DLC layer (see connection handover)
or at the MAC layer (see bearer handover).
interoperability: The capability of FPs and PPs, that enable a PP to obtain access to teleservices in more
than one location area and/or from more than one operator (more than one service provider).
InterWorking Unit (IWU): A unit that is used to interconnect subnetworks.
NOTE 11: The IWU will contain the InterWorking Functions (IWF) necessary to support the
required subnetwork interworking.
intracell handover: The switching of a call in progress from one physical channel of one cell to another
physical channel of the same cell.
multiframe: A repeating sequence of 16 successive TDMA frames, that allows low rate or sporadic
information to be multiplexed (e.g. basic system information or paging).
network (telecommunication network): All the means of providing telecommunication services between
a number of locations where the services are accessed via equipment attached to the network.

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ETR 310: August 1996
operator (DECT operator): The individual or entity who or which is responsible for operation of one or
more DECT FPs.
NOTE 12: The term does not imply any legal or regulatory conditions, nor does it imply any
aspects of ownership.
outgoing call: A call originating from a PP.
paging: The process of broadcasting a message from a DECT FP to one or more DECT PPs.
NOTE 13: Different types of paging message are possible. For example, the {Request paging}
message orders the recipient to respond with a call set-up attempt.
paging area: The domain in which the PP will be paged as a part of incoming call establishment.
NOTE 14: In general, the paging area will be equal to the Temporary Portable User Identity
(TPUI) domain, since the TPUI is used for paging.
Portable Part (DECT Portable Part) (PP): A physical grouping that contains all elements between the
user and the DECT air interface. PP is a generic term that may describe one or several physical pieces.
NOTE 15: A DECT PP is logically divided into one PT plus one or more portable applications.
Portable radio Termination (PT): A logical group of functions that contains all of the DECT processes
and procedures on the portable side of the DECT air interface.
NOTE 16: A PT only includes elements that are defined in ETS 300 175, parts 1 to 8 [1] to [8].
This includes radio transmission elements (layer 1) together with a selection of layer 2
and layer 3 elements.
private: An attribute indicating that the application of the so qualified term, e.g. a network, an equipment,
a service, is offered to, or is in the interest of, a determined set of users.
NOTE 17: The term does not include any legal or regulatory aspects, nor does it indicate any
aspects of ownership.
public: An attribute indicating that the application of the so qualified term, e.g. a network, an equipment, a
service, is offered to, or is in the interest of, the general public.
NOTE 18: The term does not include any legal or regulatory aspects, nor does it indicate any
aspects of ownership.
Public Access Profile (PAP): A defined part of this ETS, i.e. ETS 300 175-9 [9] that ensures
interoperability between FPs and PPs for public access services.
public access service: A service that provides access to a public network for the general public.
NOTE 19: The term does not imply any legal or regulatory aspect, nor does it imply any aspects
of ownership.
radio channel: No defined meaning. See RF channel or physical channel.
Radio Fixed Part (RFP): One physical sub-group of a FP that contains all the Repeater Parts (REPs)
(one or more) that are connected to a single system of antennas.
Repeater Part (REP) : A WRS that relays information within the half frame time interval.
RF carrier (carrier): The centre frequency occupied by one DECT transmission.
RF channel: The nominal range of frequencies (RF spectrum) allocated to the DECT transmissions of a
single RF carrier.
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ETR 310: August 1996
service provider (telecommunications service provider): The individual, or entity, who, or which,
interfaces to the customer in providing telecommunications service.
NOTE 20: The term does not imply any legal or regulatory conditions, nor does it indicate whether
public service or private service is provided.
NOTE 21: The term service provider is also used with a different meaning in the ISO/OSI layered
model.
simplex bearer: A simplex bearer is the MAC layer service that is created using one physical channel.
See also duplex bearer and double simplex bearer.
subscriber (customer): The natural person, or the juristic person who has subscribed to
telecommunication services, and is, therefore, responsible for payment.
TDMA frame: A time-division multiplex of 10 ms duration containing 24 successive full slots. A TDMA
frame starts with the first bit period of full slot 0 and ends with the last bit period of full slot 23.
telecommunication: Any transmission and/or emission and/or reception of signals representing signs,
writing, images, and sounds or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic
systems.
teleservice: A type of telecommunication service that provides the complete capability, including terminal
equipment functions, for communication between users, according to protocols that are established by
agreement.
up link: Transmission in the direction PT to FT.
user (of a telecommunication network): A person or machine delegated by a subscriber (by a
customer) to use the services, and/or facilities, of a telecommunication network.
Wireless Relay Station (WRS): A physical grouping that combines elements of both PTs and FTs to
relay information on a physical channel from one DECT termination to a physical channel to another
DECT termination.
NOTE 22: The DECT termination can be a PT or an FT or another WRS.

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ETR 310: August 1996
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of this ETR, the following abbreviations apply:
C/I Carrier to Interference ratio
CDCS Continuous Dynamic Channel Selection
CRFP Cordless Radio Fixed Part
CTA Cordless Terminal Adaptor
DAS DECT Access Site
DCS Dynamic Channel Selection
DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications
E Erlangs
FCA Fixed Channel Allocation
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access
FP Fixed Part
FPLMTS Future Public Land Mobile Telephone System
GFSK Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying
GoS Grade of Service
GPS Global Positioning System
LOS Line Of Sight
NLOS Near Line Of Sight
O&M Operations and Maintenance
PABX Private Automatic Branch Exchange
PCS Personal Communications Systems
PP Portable Part
REP Repeater Part
RFP Radio Fixed Part
RLL Radio in the Local Loop
TDD Time Division Duplex
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
UMTS Universal Mobile Telephone System
WPBX Wireless PABX
WRS Wireless Relay Station
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4 Introduction to DECT services and applications
DECT is a general radio access technology for short range wireless telecommunications. It is a high
capacity, picocellular digital technology, for cell radii ranging from about 10 m to 5 km depending on
application and environment. It provides telephony quality voice services, and a broad range of data
services, including ISDN. It can be effectively implemented as a simple residential cordless telephone or
as a systems providing all telephone services in a city centre. Together with DECT/GSM/DCS 1800
interworking and dual (triple) mode handsets, evolving products will provide 3rd generation mobile radio
services. Figure 1 gives a high level graphic overview of DECT services and applications. Protected
asymmetric links with bit rates beyond 552 kbit/s are possible if needed, for example by having multiple
radio circuits in a subscriber unit.
M ultim edia RLL
552 kbit/s ISD N 2B + D
E volving products
ISDN 2B + D V.34
6 data profiles High speed packet data
LAN
X.25
P resent products
True PC S (Spring 1996)
Large office
Interworking with
system s
GSM /DCS 1800 and
dual-m ode handsets
Public Pedestrian depends Cost effective Sm all office
on network solutions and residential system s
PCS: Personal Communications Systems
Figure 1: Graphic high level overview of DECT services and applications
The aim of the DECT standardization has been to develop a modern and complete common harmonized
standard (see note) within the area of cordless telecommunications.
NOTE: Harmonized standards are those prepared and adopted on a European basis, with any
conflicting national standards withdrawn.
The DECT standardization effort has received substantial legal and financial support by the European
Commission (EC). The CEPT European wide allocation of the frequency band 1 880 -1 900 MHz, has
been reinforced by the Council Directive 91/287/EEC [25], stating that “DECT shall have priority and be
protected in the designated band (1 880 -1 900 MHz)” and “recognizing that, subject to system
development of DECT, additional frequency spectrum may be required”.
For rapid introduction on European wide basis, this directive and the Council Recommendation
91/288/EEC [26] refers to the EEC Terminal Directive, 91/263/EEC [24] for mutual recognition between
countries of conformity. For this purpose Common Technical Regulations, CTRs, have been established
for DECT relating to harmonized DECT standards, TBRs and ETSs. Approval to a CTR gives access to a
single European market through a simplified legal procedure.

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The Council Directive 91/288/EEC [26] recommends that the DECT standard should meet user
requirements for residential, business, public and RLL applications. The standard should also provide
compatibility and multiple access rights to allow a single handset to access several types of systems and
services, e.g. a residential system, a business system and one or more public systems. The public
applications should be able to support full intersystem European roaming of DECT handsets. The DECT
standard provides these features. Of special importance is the Generic Access Interoperability Profile,
GAP, and the related TBR 22 [27], which define common mobility and interoperability requirements for
private and public DECT speech services. For a more comprehensive overview of the DECT
standardization. see ETR 178 [14].
The European Commission has elaborated a draft amendment of Directive 90/388/EEC [28] on
competition in the market for telecommunications services. This draft Directive defines DECT as an
important alternative to the wired PSTN/ISDN network access. In addition, all Member States are to grant
licences for public DECT systems, and any restriction on the combination of DECT with other mobile
technologies are to be withdrawn.
The deregulation of fixed services will also speed up fixed-mobile convergence in service offerings from
operators. The different DECT interoperability profile standards are designed to facilitate provision of
mixtures of fixed and mobile services through a single infrastructure. See subclause A.5.2.3.1 and
examples in ETR 308 [17].
The DECT instant or Continuos Dynamic Channel Selection (CDCS) provides effective coexistence of
uncoordinated installations of private and public systems on the common designated DECT frequency
band, and avoids any need for traditional frequency planning. This ETR describes configurations for
typical DECT applications and relevant mixes of these, including residential, office, public and RLL
applications, and the traffic capacity is analysed, mainly by advanced simulations. These results are used
together with relevant deployment scenarios to estimate spectrum requirements for reliable services,
specifically for a public multi-operator licensing regime. Recommendations are given on conflict solving
rules that conserves the high spectrum efficiency gain of shared spectrum while maintaining control of the
service quality in one’s own system. These recommendations cover synchronization, directional gain
antennas, traffic limits per DECT RFP, use of WRS, different rules for private and public operators, and
procedures needed for timely local adjustments where and when the local traffic increases.
5 Principles for providing required traffic capacity and link quality on a
common spectrum allocation
The key DECT features and principles that provide a required traffic capacity and link quality are
described below.
The earlier ETSI technical report, ETR 042 [22], describes the fundamental aspects of DECT for providing
a required traffic capacity and link quality. It is recommended to read clauses 1 to 3 of ETR 042 [22] for a
fuller understanding of these fundamentals. The simulation results presented below in this document, are
more complete and more accurate than the results of ETR 042 [22], since more complete simulation tools
have been available for the more recent simulations.
5.1 A new concept: the local load on the spectrum
This ETR introduces a new concept, the ‘local load on the spectrum’. This concept has been a very useful
tool to estimate the local interference potential of different DECT system deployments. The local load on
the spectrum from one system is defined as the number of different full-slot duplex (or equivalent) access
channels that this system on average occupies in a specific local area. For simplicity we have expressed
the local load on the spectrum in Erlangs (E). A local load of N E means that N different full-slot duplex
access channels in average are occupied in a specific local area. The total local load shall be related to
the local load that can be carried by the allocated spectrum. 10 carriers, as available within the frequency
band 1 880 -1 900 MHz, provides 120 full-slot duplex access channels. This means that there are 120
local trunks available in the ether. The Erlang B traffic formula shows that 120 trunks can carry 100 E
average traffic for about 0,5 % blocking probability. Therefore, for 10 DECT carriers, the total local load
always has to be less than 100 E. We call these 100 E the local loadable traffic. A local area may be
defined as the area in which a traffic channel typically can not be reused. It must be understood that for
example for above roof top RLL systems sectorized antennas decrease the size of the above roof top
local areas, and that large obstacles like houses create separate local areas below roof top level.

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ETR 310: August 1996
Since this ETR deals with spectrum requirements, the high capacity Carrier to Interference ratio (C/I)
limited scenarios are relevant, but not the range limited or device trunk limited scenarios. Trunk limitation
can however be a means to limit the local load on the spectrum from a single system. This ETR does not
contain any detailed range calculations for different propagation models. The ETR 139 [23] contains some
scenarios and range calculations these are partly re-used below.
Many of the results in ETR 042 [22] are trunk limited by the maximum 12 access channels per single radio
RFP. It is very important to differentiate between device (RFP) trunk limi
...