ETSI TR 101 994-2 V1.1.2 (2008-03)

ETSI TR 101 994-2 V1.1.2 (2008-03)
Technical Report

Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using
Ultra Wide Band technology (UWB);
Part 2: Ground- and Wall- Probing Radar applications;
System Reference Document

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2 ETSI TR 101 994-2 V1.1.2 (2008-03)



Reference
RTR/ERM-RM-025-2-1
Keywords
radar, radio, short range, spread spectrum,
SRDOC, testing, UWB
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3 ETSI TR 101 994-2 V1.1.2 (2008-03)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights.4
Foreword.4
Introduction .4
1 Scope.6
2 References.6
2.1 Normative references.6
2.2 Informative references.7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations .7
3.1 Definitions.7
3.2 Symbols.7
3.3 Abbreviations.8
4 Executive summary.8
4.1 Status of the present document.8
4.2 Market information.9
4.3 Technical system description .9
5 Current regulations.9
6 Main conclusions.9
7 Expected ECC actions.9
Annex A: Detailed market information .10
A.1 Range of applications .10
A.2 Market size and value.13
A.3 Traffic evaluation .14
Annex B: Technical information .15
B.1 Detailed technical description .15
B.2 Technical justification for spectrum.16
B.3 Bandwidth requirement.17
B.4 Radiation limits .17
Annex C: Expected compatibility issues .20
C.1 Coexistence issues.20
C.2 Current ITU allocations.20
C.3 Sharing issues.20
History .21

ETSI

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4 ETSI TR 101 994-2 V1.1.2 (2008-03)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM).
The present document is part 2 of a multi-part deliverable covering Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical
characteristics for SRD equipment using Ultra Wide Band technology (UWB), as identified below:
Part 1: "Communications applications";
Part 2: "Ground- and Wall- Probing Radar applications; System Reference Document".
Introduction
Ultra Wide Band is a new emerging SRD technology with potential benefits for security applications, consumers and
businesses. There are at least three separate groups of probing radar applications:
- Ground Probing Radars (GPR);
- Wall Probing Radars (WPR); and
- Through-Wall Probing Radars (TWPR).
The emphasis in the present document is clearly put on the commercial use of Ground Probing Radars and Wall Probing
Radars. The market information and figures in annex A of the present document apply only to GPR and WPR.
Ground Probing Radars or also named Ground Penetrating Radars, as both terms are accepted and used internationally,
operate only when in contact with or within close proximity of the ground for the purpose of detecting or obtaining the
images of buried objects. Wall-Probing Radars or also named Wall Penetrating Radars, are designed to detect the
location of objects contained within a wall. This includes examining a concrete structure, e.g. the side of a bridge or the
wall of a mine.
Commercial application of UWB technology for Ground Probing Radars and Wall Probing Radars are expected to
operate between 30 MHz and 12,4 GHz with a very high bandwidth and a very low radiated power density. In addition,
some applications for e.g. glacier sounding or usage in hydrogeology additionally use frequencies down to 1 MHz.
Through-Wall Probing Radar applications are only included in the present document as a matter of completeness. These
are normally only considered for military agencies and governmental services usage. Through-Wall Probing Radars can
detect the location or movement of persons or objects that are located on the other side of a structure such as a wall.
Possible commercial use of this application or its usage by the public is not described and addressed in the present
document. Therefore, Through-Wall Radars should be recognized as a unique class of device distinct from GPR/WPR.
For Through-Wall Probing Radars (TWPR) the band of operation is from 3,1 GHz to 10,6 GHz. Post-911, there are also
some low-frequency TWPR activities which are not addressed in the present document as it is believed that this work is
being undertaken under military regime.
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5 ETSI TR 101 994-2 V1.1.2 (2008-03)
In addition, GPRs are also used in underground excavations, mines and drill holes where leakage of signal into the air is
virtually impossible. Higher powers for equipment which intended use is not to be operated in the open air can be
beneficial. This should also be taken into account.
The present report includes necessary information to support the co-operation under the MoU between ETSI and the
Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) of the European Conference of Post and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT) for amending the ERC Recommendation 70-03 [1].
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6 ETSI TR 101 994-2 V1.1.2 (2008-03)
1 Scope
The present document provides information on the intended applications, the technical parameters and the radio
spectrum requirements for UWB Ground- and Wall Probing Radar equipment operating in the frequency band from
30 MHz to 12,4 GHz. It describes Ground Probing (GPR) and Wall Probing (WPR) systems that are used in survey and
detection applications. These applications require wide frequency bandwidths that cannot be provided by alternative
technologies and/or at spot frequencies.
The scope is limited to radars operated as short range devices (because of their usage and design), in which the system
is in close proximity to the materials being investigated. It does not include radars operated from aircraft or spacecraft
which may sometimes be referred to as GPRs but do not fall into the category of short range devices.
The radar applications in the present document are not intended for communications purposes. Their intended usage
excludes radiation into the free space, unlike for UWB communications equipment.
Additional information is given in the following annexes:
• annex A: detailed market information;
• annex B: technical information;
• annex C: expected compatibility issues.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
For online referenced documents, information sufficient to identify and locate the source shall be provided. Preferably,
the primary source of the referenced document should be cited, in order to ensure traceability. Furthermore, the
reference should, as far as possible, remain valid for the expected life of the document. The reference shall include the
method of access to the referenced document and the full network address, with the same punctuation and use of upper
case and lower case letters.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
Not applicable.
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7 ETSI TR 101 994-2 V1.1.2 (2008-03)
2.2 Informative references
[1] CEPT/ERC Recommendation 70-03: "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)".
[2] ITU-R SG1 TG1-8 Report from the 1st meeting of ITU-R SG1 TG 1-8,
Geneva 21-24 January 2003 (Document 1-8/047).
[3] FCC 03-03: "Revision of Part 15 of the Commission's Rules Regarding UWB Transmission
Systems".
[4] CENELEC EN 55022 (1998): "Limits and methods of measurement of radio disturbance
characteristics of information technology equipment".
[5] ITU-R Radio Regulations.
[6] Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-personnel
Mines and on their Destruction, available via http://www.mineaction.org/.
[7] CISPR/I/105/CDV: "EMC of information technology, multimedia equipment and receivers", date
of circulation 2004-04-30, closing date for voting 2004-10-01.
[8] CISPR/I/106/CDV: "EMC of information technology, multimedia equipment and receivers", date
of circulation 2004-04-23, closing date for voting 2004-09-24.
[9] CISPR 16-1-1: "Specification for radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus and
methods - Part 1-1: Radio disturbance and immunity measuring apparatus - Measuring apparatus".
[10] ETSI EN 302 065: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short
Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band technology (UWB) for communications purposes".
[11] ETSI EN 302 066: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Short
Range Devices (SRD) using Ultra Wide Band technology (UWB) for purposes other than
communications".
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
deactivation switch: function of the equipment which deactivates the equipment when normal use is interrupted
range resolution: ability to resolve two targets at different ranges
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
c velocity of light in a vacuum
δR Range resolution
δt time interval between the arrival of two signals from targets separated in range by δR

E relative dielectric constant of earth materials
R
T pulse rise time
P
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8 ETSI TR 101 994-2 V1.1.2 (2008-03)
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
A/D Analogue to Digital Converter
APMBC Antipersonnel Mine Ban Convention
BW Bandwidth
CEPT European Conference of Post and Telecommunications Administrations
dB decibel
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
Euro-GPR The European GPR Association
GPR Ground Probing Radar, Ground Penetrating Radar, Sub-surface Radar or Ground Radar
ISM Industrial, Scientific and Medical
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
SRD Short Range Device
TEM Transverse Electromagnetic wave
TWPR Through-Wall Probing Radar
UWB Ultra Wide Band
VHF Very High Frequency
WPR Wall Probing Radar
4 Executive summary
The present document provides a basis for a general, non-individual, licensing arrangement for probing radar systems,
replacing the system of temporary or experimental licences that has been in use in parts of Europe for many years.
Despite the restriction that these licences have placed upon the development of such systems, they are now
internationally used for a wide range of applications where information about objects is not readily obtainable by other
means. Apart from reducing risk and accidents, GPR often has a pivotal role in the economic direction of major
infrastructure projects. It also has a major potential role in areas like detection of anti-personnel mines.
The objective of designers and operators of radar equipment is to direct signals into earth materials and not to allow
radiation into the air where reflections cause unwanted responses. The required signals necessarily demand a high
bandwidth to provide sufficient depth resolution. Earth materials act as low pass filters and in order to maximize the
information from the ground, equipment are designed and selected to match local ground conditions. This leads to a
wide variation in equipment bandwidth.
Given the similarity in bandwidth and the unwanted nature of radiations into the air, the present document proposes that
a general EMC standard should be used to specify the radiation from GPR and other probing radar systems. This
essentially follows the situation that has been carefully implemented and monitored in the UK by the
Radiocommunications Agency/OFCOM and the European GPR Association (Euro-GPR).
GPR and other probing radar equipment does not communicate any information via the radar signal to any other
equipment, therefore no protocol communications standard is required for all probing radars.
Market information, technical information including the required spectrum, and a discussion of compatibility issues are
presented in the annexes of the present document.
4.1 Status of the present document
Draft version 1.1.1_1.0.1, prepared by ERM TG31A, was discussed at ERM RM # 27. The preliminary draft
V1.1.1_1.0.4 was forwarded to the ECC for information. An ERM-RM approval by correspondence was initiated.
th
Comments received during part of the ERM-RM initial collection of comments (until July 15 , 2004) were discussed at
th
ERM TG31A#8bis meeting, July 6 , 2004. The version 1.1.1_2.0.8 was approved by ERM-RM and forwarded to
ECC-TG3.
The present document was amended by ERM#33 in November 2007.
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9 ETSI TR 101 994-2 V1.1.2 (2008-03)
4.2 Market information
For detailed market information, see annex A.
4.3 Technical system description
For detailed technical UWB information, see annex B.
5 Current regulations
There are no current regulations permitting the operation of UWB in Europe.
Article No. 4.4 of the Radio Regulations [5] has been relied upon by national administrations (and CEPT as well) in
many contexts to authorize applications not conforming with the Table of Frequency Allocations in the Radio
Regulations (e.g. Short Range Devices which are operated in ISM frequency bands). UWB equipment, as described in
the present document, might also be operated under Article RR No. 4.4.
The status of radio licensing of GPR within Europe is highly variable between different member states. This has been a
major hindrance to the EC's investment in GPR for anti-personnel mine detection.
In the UK GPRs operate on a temporary use licence and temporary arrangements negotiated by the European GPR
Association (Euro-GPR) for its members. These were implemented on the basis of allowing limited and supervized use
while working out a more regular arrangement.
The U.S.A has specified radiation limits for Through-Wall Probing Radars in FCC 03-03 [3].
6 Main conclusions
The systems described in the present document have a major role to play in security and sustainability of life, including
civil engineering, environmental management and anti-personnel mine detection.
These systems are diverse because of the range of applications. In particular the GPR systems do not readily fit into
established radio licensing requirements.
The users of GPR and WPR are normally professional service providers, scientists, and engineers.
7 Expected ECC actions
Mandate M/329 covering UWB calling for completion of Harmonized Standards for UWB by the end of the year 2004
was received by ETSI. ETSI accepted this mandate (see EN 302 065 [10] and EN 302 066 [11]).
Therefore, ETSI requests ECC to consider the present document, which includes necessary information to support the
co-operation under the MoU between ETSI and the Electronic Communications Committee (ECC) of the European
Conference of Post and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) for amending the
CEPT Recommendation 70-03 [1].
Therefore, ETSI asks CEPT-ECC to perform the relevant studies to determine whether the emissions described in the
present document are appropriate to protect all the other radio services and to provide the practical measures to ensure
the protection of all other radio services in the band from 30 MHz to 12,4 GHz.
ETSI believes that procedures for administrating and ensuring adherence to regulations should be kept minimal both for
the regulator as well as for the users of GPR and WPR. A possible way of managing proper use is to mandate that user
training occur and/or to limit usage to trained/professional providers.
It should be stressed that the present document contains information not yet considered in the currently on-going
co-existence studies within CEPT-ECC spectrum engineering project team SE24.
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10 ETSI TR 101 994-2 V1.1.2 (2008-03)
Annex A:
Detailed market information
A.1 Range of applications
The use of GPR has grown exponentially since the early 1980's, and the technology is now central to security and
sustainability aspects of civil engineering, environmental management and humanitarian mine clearance and for
purposes associated with, for example, law enforcement, fire fighting , emergency rescue, scientific research,
commercial mining and construction.
The total value of surveys using GPR may seem relatively low in comparison with other users of the radio spectrum, but
the impact of the technique in safety critical applications, and the impact of investigations on the planning and
execution of very high value construction and development projects should be considered.
Advanced systems, often linked to radionavigation systems data, enable unrivalled options for inspection and
assessment of major infrastructure such as highways, bridges, railways, tunnels and airports. The technique delivers
safety, technical, economic, environmental, and humanitarian benefits. A number of example applications are
summarized below.
Highway inspection
Applications include:
• Determining highway pavement construction type and thickness.
• Mapping defects such as voids, moisture or cracking.
• Quality assurance on construction projects, such as checking the effectiveness of new sustainable practices
such as pavement material recycling and soil stabilization, which greatly reduce energy use and landfill
demand.
This information is widely used by government agencies, local authorities, and the consultants responsible for
highways. At least 10 000 km of highway are surveyed per year within Europe. Surveys can be conducted from vehicles
driven at a traffic speed that does not disrupt traffic flows and does not require road closures. Such closures are required
for alternative methods such as core drilling and are known to multiply the risk of road traffic accidents by a factor
of 10. Other key benefits are:
• Effective targeting of funding for maintenance and repair.
• More accurate analysis of other test data.
• Reduced waste of construction materials: accurate knowledge of existing materials enables selection of what to
leave intact, what to remove, and what to overlay.
• Reduced damage to the structure, such as that caused by core drilling or "trial holes".
• Determination of materials suitable for recycling.
Airport runway inspection
Applications include:
• Recording runway and taxiway pavement construction type and thickness.
• Mapping defects such as voids, moisture, or cracking.
• Targeting funding for maintenance and repair.
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11 ETSI TR 101 994-2 V1.1.2 (2008-03)
This information is used at airports throughout the world to provide similar deliverables to highway inspection. Key
benefits of this method in comparison with alternative methods are:
• The ability to complete the inspection of a runway in a short overnight closure with minimal disruption to
airport operators.
• The very low risk of foreign object debris that presents a major safety hazard to airport operators.
Utility management
Applications include:
• Mapping buried utility cables, pipes and ducts.
• Measuring the depth to buried utilities.
This application is in widespread use and is frequently specified in major construction contracts (e.g. Dublin light rail
scheme, London Paddington Station redevelopment). GPR is the only method that can trace both conductive
(e.g. metal) and non-conductive (e.g. plastic) utilities. Key benefits are:
• Improved health and safety and minimal disruption by reducing accidental damage to power and gas lines.
• Better cost control by better planning and reduced delays.
• Less damage than alternative methods, such as "trial holes", which damage roads and delay traffic.
• Enables "trenchless technology" methods for laying new utilities without trenching. This non-disruptive and
sustainable practice requires reliable knowledge of existing utilities in order to avoid hitting them.
Rail
Applications include:
• Surveys of track bed to determine ballast thickness and condition.
• Embankment studies including safety critical rapid response surveys after landslips.
• Investigation of rail structures such as buildings, bridges and tunnels.
GPR is widely specified and used by Europe's rail operators to provide construction and condition information. The
modernization of the UK West Coast mainline for example involved investigation of more than 300 sites. There is
growing pressure within the industry to reduce downtime and to reduce the need for people working on the track. Key
benefits are:
• Improved health and safety by reducing the need for people working on the track digging "trial holes" etc.
• Better project planning and consequent cost saving by improved knowledge of site conditions.
Humanitarian and military landmine detection
Applications include:
• Detection of anti-personnel and anti-tank mines for humanitarian purposes.
• Detection of mines for military purposes.
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GPR is the most effective technique for detecting landmines, and manufacturers are developing high-resolution
equipment in order to satisfy the demands of the Antipersonnel Mine Ban Convention (APMBC) [6] which calls for all
existing minefields to be cleared within 10 years. It is estimated that between 65 million and 110 million landmines are
laid in 67 countries, and the European Commission is probably the world's biggest donor for mine clearance. Key
benefits are:
• Detection of the plastic case and explosive rather than the relatively small metal fuse which is targeted by
other methods.
• Better differentiation between landmines and fragments of benign metal such as shrapnel in the ground.
• Military benefits of improved mobility and safety to the armies of Europe who face the prospect of operating
in mined areas.
Geophysical applications
Applications include:
• Mapping subsurface voids such as former mine or caves.
• Tracing foundations and other obstructions in the ground.
• Tracing washout from pipes.
• Profiling ground layers.
GPR is one of a number of geophysical methods widely used for ground investigation to a relatively shallow
(pred
...