ETSI ETR 273-1-1 ed.1 (1998-02)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
PSIST ETR 273-1-1:1999
01-april-1999
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ElectroMagnetic Compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); Improvement of
radiated methods of measurement (using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding
measurement uncertainties; Part 1: Uncertainties in the measuremement of mobile radio
equipment characteristics; Sub-part 1: Introduction
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ETR 273-1-1 Edition 1
ICS:
33.060.01 Radijske komunikacije na Radiocommunications in
splošno general
33.100.01 Elektromagnetna združljivost Electromagnetic compatibility
na splošno in general
PSIST ETR 273-1-1:1999 en
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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PSIST ETR 273-1-1:1999

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PSIST ETR 273-1-1:1999
ETSI ETR 273-1-1
TECHNICAL February 1998
REPORT
Source: ERM Reference: DTR/ERM-RP01-018-1-1
ICS: 33.020
Key words: Analogue, data, measurement uncertainty, mobile, radio, testing
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Improvement of radiated methods of
measurement (using test sites) and
evaluation of the corresponding
measurement uncertainties;
Part 1: Uncertainties in the measurement
of mobile radio equipment characteristics;
Sub-part 1: Introduction
ETSI
European Telecommunications Standards Institute
ETSI Secretariat
Postal address: F-06921 Sophia-Antipolis CEDEX - FRANCE
Office address: 650 Route des Lucioles - Sophia Antipolis - Valbonne - FRANCE
X.400: c=fr, a=atlas, p=etsi, s=secretariat - Internet: secretariat@etsi.fr
Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00 - Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16
Copyright Notification: No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the
foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 1998. All rights reserved.

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ETR 273-1-1: February 1998
Whilst every care has been taken in the preparation and publication of this document, errors in content,
typographical or otherwise, may occur. If you have comments concerning its accuracy, please write to
"ETSI Editing and Committee Support Dept." at the address shown on the title page.

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Contents
Foreword .9
Introduction.9
1 Scope.11
2 References .11
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations .12
3.1 Definitions.12
3.2 Symbols .16
3.3 Abbreviations .18
4 Introduction to measurement uncertainty.19
4.1 Background to measurement uncertainty.19
4.1.1 Commonly used terms .19
4.1.2 Assessment of upper and lower uncertainty bounds .20
4.1.3 Combination of rectangular distributions.21
4.1.4 Main contributors to uncertainty .23
4.1.5 Other contributors.23
4.2 Evaluation of individual uncertainty components.24
4.2.1 Evaluation of type A uncertainties.24
4.2.2 Evaluation of type B uncertainties.25
4.2.3 Influence quantity uncertainties .26
4.3 Methods of evaluation of overall measurement uncertainty.26
4.4 Summary.27
4.5 Overview of the approach of this ETR.27
5 Analysis of measurement uncertainty.27
5.1 The BIPM method .28
5.1.1 Type A uncertainties and their evaluation.28
5.1.2 Type B uncertainties and their evaluation.28
5.2 Combining individual standard uncertainties in different units.29
5.3 Calculation of the expanded uncertainty limits (Student's t-distribution).31
5.4 Combining standard uncertainties of different parameters, where their influence on each
other is dependant on the EUT (influence quantities).31
5.5 Estimate of standard uncertainty of randomness.32
5.6 Summary of the recommended approach .34
6 Examples of uncertainty calculations specific to radio equipment .34
6.1 Mismatch.34
6.2 Attenuation measurement.35
6.3 Calculation involving a dependency function .37
6.4 Measurement of carrier power .39
6.4.1 Measurement set-up.39
6.4.2 Method of measurement .39
6.4.3 Power meter and sensor module .39
6.4.4 Attenuator and cabling network.40
6.4.4.1 Reference measurement .41
6.4.4.2 The cable and the 10 dB power attenuator.42
6.4.4.3 The 20 dB attenuator .43
6.4.4.4 Instrumentation.44
6.4.4.5 Power and temperature influences .45
6.4.4.6 Collecting terms.45

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6.4.5 Mismatch during measurement.45
6.4.6 Influence quantities .46
6.4.7 Random.47
6.4.8 Expanded uncertainty.47
6.5 Uncertainty calculation for measurement of a receiver (Third order intermodulation).48
6.5.1 Noise behaviour in different receiver configurations.48
6.5.3 Interference immunity measurements .50
6.5.4 Blocking and spurious response measurements.50
6.5.5 Third order intermodulation.50
6.5.5.1 Measurement of third order intermodulation.51
6.5.5.2 Uncertainties involved in the measurement.52
6.5.5.2.1 Signal level uncertainty of the two
unwanted signals .52
6.5.5.2.2 Signal level uncertainty of the wanted
signal.53
6.5.5.3 Analogue speech (SINAD) measurement uncertainty.53
6.5.5.4 BER and message acceptance measurement uncertainty.53
6.5.5.5 Other methods of measuring third order intermodulation.54
6.6 Uncertainty in measuring continuous bit streams.54
6.6.1 General.54
6.6.2 Statistics involved in the measurement.54
6.6.3 Calculation of uncertainty limits when the distribution characterizing the
combined standard uncertainty cannot be assumed to be a Normal
distribution.56
6.6.4 BER dependency functions.58
6.6.4.1 Coherent data communications.59
6.6.4.2 Coherent data communications (direct modulation) .59
6.6.4.3 Coherent data communications (subcarrier modulation).60
6.6.4.4 Non coherent data communication .61
6.6.4.5 Non coherent data communications (direct modulation) .61
6.6.4.6 Non coherent data communications (subcarrier
modulation).63
6.6.5 Effect of BER on the RF level uncertainty .64
6.6.5.1 BER at a specified RF level .64
6.7 Uncertainty in measuring messages .67
6.7.1 General.67
6.7.2 Statistics involved in the measurement.67
6.7.3 Analysis of the situation where the up down method results in a shift
between two levels .68
6.7.4 Detailed example of uncertainty in measuring messages.69
7 Theory of test sites.72
7.1 Introduction.72
7.1.1 Basic concepts.72
7.2 Radiated fields .72
7.2.1 Fields radiated by an isotropic radiator.72
7.2.2 Directivity implications on the ideal radiator.73
7.2.3 The nature of the fields around a source of finite size.73
2
7.2.3.1 Derivation of the far-field distance (2d /l)).76
2
7.2.4 Reception in the far-field (2(d + d ) /G)).77
1 2
7.2.5 Choice of physical antenna for the "ideal" model.79
7.3 Ideal radiating sources.79
7.3.1 Electric current element.79
7.3.2 Magnetic current element .80
7.4 Theoretical analysis of the dipole .81
7.5 Model of the ideal test site .82
7.6 Ideal practical test sites .83
7.6.1 Anechoic chamber .83
7.6.2 Anechoic chamber with a ground plane.86
7.6.3 Open area test site.91

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7.6.4 Striplines.92
7.7 Verification.93
7.7.1 Introduction.93
7.7.1.1 Anechoic chamber.95
7.7.1.2 Anechoic chamber with a ground plane and open area test
site .96
max max
7.7.1.3 Improvements to the formulae for E and E .99
DH DV
7.7.1.4 Mutual coupling.100
7.8 The nature of the testing field on free field test sites.102
7.8.1 Fields in an anechoic chamber.102
7.8.1.1 Practical uniform field testing .103
7.8.1.2 Sensitivity considerations.104
7.8.1.3 Appreciable size source.104
7.8.1.4 Minimum separation distance.105
7.8.1.5 Summary.105
7.8.2 Fields over a ground plane .106
8 Practical test sites .108
8.1 Introduction.108
8.1.1 Test types.108
8.2 Test sites.109
8.2.1 Description of an anechoic chamber.109
8.2.2 Description of an anechoic chamber with a ground plane .111
8.2.3 Description of an open area test site.112
8.2.4 Description of striplines.113
8.3 Facility components their effects.115
8.3.1 Effects of the metal shielding.115
8.3.1.1 Resonances .115
8.3.1.2 Imaging of antennas (or an EUT).116
8.3.2 Effects of the radio absorbing materials .116
8.3.2.1 Introduction .116
8.3.2.2 Pyramidal absorbers.117
8.3.2.3 Wedge absorbers .119
8.3.2.4 Ferrite tiles.119
8.3.2.5 Ferrite grids.120
8.3.2.6 Urethane/ferrite hybrids.120
8.3.2.7 Floor absorbers .120
8.3.2.8 Performance comparison.121
8.3.2.9 Reflection in an anechoic chamber.122
8.3.2.10 Reflections in an anechoic chamber with a ground plane .125
8.3.2.11 Mutual coupling due to imaging in the absorbing material.125
8.3.2.12 Extraneous reflections.125
8.3.3 Effects of the ground plane.126
8.3.3.1 Coatings.127
8.3.3.2 Reflections from the ground plane .127
8.3.3.3 Mutual coupling to the ground plane.129
8.3.4 Other effects.133
8.3.4.1 Range length and measurement distance.133
8.3.4.2 Minimum far-field distance .134
8.3.4.2.1 Measurment distances.134
8.3.4.3 Antenna mast, turntable and mounting fixtures.140
8.3.4.4 Test antenna height limitations .142
8.3.4.5 Test antenna cabling .142
8.3.4.6 EUT supply and control cabling .143
8.3.4.7 Positioning of the EUT and antennas.143
8.3.5 Effects of the stripline .144
8.3.5.1 Mutual coupling.144
8.3.5.2 Characteristic impedance of the line .145
8.3.5.3 Non-planar nature of the field distribution .145
8.3.5.4 Field strength measurement.145

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8.3.5.5 Correction factor for the size of EUT.146
8.3.5.6 Influence of site effects.146
9 Constructional aspects.147
9.1 Introduction.147
9.2 Open area test site.148
9.2.1 Site surveys and site location.148
9.2.1.1 Detection system sensitivity .149
9.2.1.2 Site survey procedure.150
9.2.1.3 Example of a site survey.152
9.2.2 Extraneous reflections.153
9.3 Anechoic chamber (with and without a ground plane).155
9.3.1 Basic shielded enclosure parameters .155
9.3.2 Basic shielded enclosure resonances .156
9.3.3 Waveguide type propagation modes.156
9.3.4 Earthing arrangements.157
9.3.5 Skin depth.157
9.3.6 Shielding effectiveness.159
9.4 Striplines.162
9.4.1 Open 2-plate stripline test cell.162
9.5 Miscellaneous.163
9.5.1 Long term stability .163
9.5.2 Power supplies.165
9.5.3 Ancillary equipment.166
10 Test equipment.166
10.1 Introduction.166
10.2 Cables.167
10.2.1 Cable attenuation.168
10.2.2 Cable coupling.169
10.2.3 Cable shielding .170
10.2.4 Transfer impedance.170
10.2.5 Improving cable performance with ferrite beads .174
10.2.5.1 Impedance .174
10.2.6 Equipment interconnection (mismatch).176
10.3 Signal generator.177
10.4 Attenuators .178
10.4.1 Attenuators used in test site verification procedures .178
10.4.2 Attenuators used in test methods.178
10.4.3 Other insertion losses .178
10.5 Antennas.179
10.5.1 Antenna factor.179
10.5.2 Gain .180
10.5.3 Tuning.180
10.5.4 Polarization .181
10.5.5 Phase centre.181
10.5.6 Input impedance .182
10.5.7 Temperature .182
10.5.8 Nearfield .182
10.5.9 Farfield .182
10.5.10 Non-uniform field pattern .182
10.5.11 Mutual coupling to the surroundings.184
10.6 Spectrum analyser and measuring receiver.184
10.6.1 Detector characteristics .186
10.6.2 Measurement bandwidth .187
10.6.3 Receiver sensitivity .189
10.6.4 Measurement automation .190
10.6.5 Power measuring receiver.191
10.7 EUT.192
10.7.1 Battery operated EUTs .193

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10.8 Frequency counter.194
10.9 Salty man/salty-lite and test fixtures.194
10.10 Site factors .195
10.11 Random uncertainty.195
10.12 Miscellaneous .195
10.12.1 Personnel.195
10.12.2 Procedures .196
10.12.3 Methods .196
10.12.4 Specifications.198
History .199

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Foreword
This ETSI Technical Report (ETR) has been produced by the Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM) Technical Committee of the European Telecommunications Standards Institute
(ETSI).
ETRs are informative documents resulting from ETSI studies which are not appropriate for European
Telecommunication Standard (ETS) or Interim European Telecommunication Standard (I-ETS) status. An
ETR may be used to publish material which is either of an informative nature, relating to the use or the
application of ETSs or I-ETSs, or which is immature and not yet suitable for formal adoption as an ETS or
an I-ETS.
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part Technical Report (ETR) covering Electromagnetic
compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM) Improvement of radiated methods of measurement
(using test sites) and evaluation of the corresponding measurement uncertainties, as identified below:
Part 1-1: "Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics;
Sub-part 1: Introduction";
Part 1-2: "Uncertainties in the measurement of mobile radio equipment characteristics; Sub-part 2:
Examples and annexes";
Part 2: "Anechoic chamber";
Part 3: "Anechoic chamber with a ground plane";
Part 4: "Open area test site";
Part 5: "Striplines";
Part 6: "Test fixtures";
Part 7: "Artificial human beings".
Introduction
The current-day accuracy of radiated tests on radio equipment leaves something to be desired. It is
believed that currently some measurements can be subject to as much as –15 dB uncertainty. This means
that a manufacturer with an equipment which is marginal as far as, for example, spurious emission levels
are concerned, could possibly send a test item to a number of test houses in the certain knowledge that
one of them will pass it. As an illustration of the existing accuracy, a test house invited to participate in
Round Robin tests organized as part of this project, whilst declining the invitation to take part, volunteered
the information that they could measure within –10 dB and they had the results to prove it (i.e. they were
proud that they could achieve that accuracy).
NOTE:–10 dB means that for a transmitter with nominal 1 W carrier power level, a measured
level anywhere between 100 mW and 10 W could be achieved.
In some cases engineers claim uncertainties of lower magnitude i.e. 2 or 3 dB. An examination of the
breakdown of the information available showed that different take different components into account, i.e.
there was no standard list of which "what uncertainty components to include".

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