ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11)

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM);
Sustainable Digital Multiservice Cities;
Broadband Deployment and Energy Management;
Part 2: Multiservice Networking Infrastructure
and Associated Street Furniture;
Sub-part 1: General requirements

2 ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11)

Reference
DTS/ATTMSDMC-2
Keywords
digital, network, service, smart city, sustainability

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3 ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11)

Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Modal verbs terminology . 4
Executive summary . 4
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 6
3 Definition of terms and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Terms . 9
3.2 Abbreviations . 9
4 Multiservice digital infrastructure . 10
4.1 A shared digital infrastructure as core foundation . 10
4.2 Management of the various network cabling infrastructures of the city . 10
5 Digital services delivery through the urban assets . 13
5.1 Leveraging street furniture with digital technologies . 13
5.2 Usages of billboards, streetlamps, bollards and various poles, benches and picnic tables . 13
5.3 Usages of bus or tram stops, taxi stands and phone boxes . 14
5.4 Usages of post box and waste trash . 14
5.5 Usages of traffic signs and traffic lights . 15
5.6 Usages of fountains, public lavatories, watering troughs, street gutters, storm drains and fire hydrants . 15
5.7 Usages of memorials, statues, and public sculptures or art . 16
6 Technologies which leverage the digital sustainability of a city . 17
6.1 Spread efforts for the digital multiservice city . 17
7 Engineering of the urban assets (street furniture) . 18
7.1 Common engineering . 18
7.2 Engineering of billboard, streetlamp, bollard and various poles, bench and picnic table . 19
History . 23

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4 ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Access, Terminals, Transmission
and Multiplexing (ATTM).
The present document is part 2, sub-part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Sustainable Digital Multiservice Cities
(SDMC). Full details of the entire series can be found in part 1 [i.1].
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Executive summary
The main objectives of cities are to improve citizens' lives, local economy dynamics and to attract new residents and
enterprises to establish locally. Strong evolutions in the fixed and mobile Internet connectivity have impacted the
expectations and behaviours of the people and the enterprises they are working in.
Digital services have become an important part of the daily life, crossing many activities within the day. From
personalized morning news, through latest updates on the transportation schedule (bus, train, road traffic), the
operations at work or schools even up to shopping at the supermarket; the way people behave has greatly evolved. This
digital revolution has also entered the area of services and operations delivered by public services such as the city. To
adopt this evolution, the Information Communication Technology (ICT) platforms of the city services should be
rethought and changed from the silo strategy to an integrated approach. To achieve this goal, the ICT of the city should
rely on a unified digital multi services infrastructure that combines cable-based and wireless networks.
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5 ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11)
This digital multi services infrastructure is expected to be economic, safe, multi purposes and future proof to enable the
sustainability of the city with regard to its digital services strategy and roadmap.
Until now silo and vertical ICT have been mainly taken into consideration to deploy services. For a few years now,
various smart city efforts and initiatives suggest to strongly adopt a transversal approach in which services share a
common Internet Protocol (IP) network, co-operate between each other and furthermore enable third parties to leverage
the value offered by the power of data mining and big data processing.
A common and shared multi services architecture for the city's digital services is therefore needed to achieve the city's
goals and ambitions at a reasonable cost of ownership and of operation, in shorter time, while strongly taking into
consideration the eco efficiency of the different elements of the ICT deployments.
Introduction
Today digital life is leading major evolutions in the expectations that peoples and enterprises have towards the public
administrations. As the local representative and interface, the municipality is in front line. The boom of the mobile
Internet economy has created many new types of services which requires the city to evolve and adapt to such new
behaviours from their target audiences.
City parking or tourism attractiveness are two simple examples of such digital revolution. In both cases, one expects to
have access to digital services which respectively facilitate the discovery of an available parking place or to the
accessibility of local public transportation facility such as bus, tram and even city bikes.
These digital services have increased the requirements of the ICT infrastructures of the city and amplified the need for a
more sustainable Information Technology (IT) design. Smart digital city parking service requires sensors to be deployed
within the field, that their real-time status (busy of available parking place) are transmitted through a data network and
that a digital service leverage this information to be made available to the driver but also to the financial department in
case of the parking usage has to be charged.
Today many city applications are to be seen as island or silo application and have their own network, own software
platform and as a result different operations and maintenances. A common architecture will reduce this multiplication of
networks and software solutions while improving the economical and energy efficiently costs.
The present document contains information which covers topics such as physical network installation, network
transmission implementation, digital services deployments through efficient Next Generation Network (NGN).
The generic IP metropolitan network which is introduced suggests a multi layers design gathering the engineering best
practices that telecom service providers regularly follow when deploying a tier 2 telecommunication infrastructure.
Furthermore, the present document presents how urban asset and related street furniture can play a role in the
enhancement of the sustainability of the city. Through digital engineering, these urban assets can be promoted to a role
which provides additional services beyond their native one.

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6 ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11)
1 Scope
The present document details measures which may be taken to ease the deployment of smart new services and their
multiservice street furniture of digital multiservice city within the IP network of a single city or an association of cities
administratively clustered. Furthermore, the suggested measures will enable to engineer a reliable common networking
infrastructure which can improve the Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) for the public administration while improving the
energy efficiency of the overall deployment.
The present document also lists the requirements which have led to this common architecture.
Clause 4 presents a suggestion of an engineered digital multiservice city.
Clause 5 introduces the active role categorized urban assets can play in the delivery of digital services across the
territory of the city.
Clause 6 reviews the spread efforts within the standardization organizations for the digital multiservice city.
Clause 7 suggests both the common engineering required to transform an urban asset into an active network nodes of
the digital multiservice city while presenting a concrete illustration of network design for one of the categories.
This will enable the proper introduction and implementation of a new service, application or content within the city
digital portfolio on a unified energy efficient network, though it is not the goal of the present document to provide
detailed standardized solutions for network architecture.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TS 110 174-1: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Sustainable
Digital Multiservice Cities (SDMC); Broadband Deployment and Energy Management;
Part 1: Overview, common and generic aspects of societal and technical pillars for sustainability".
[i.2] ETSI TS 105 174-1: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Broadband
Deployment and Energy Management; Part 1: Overview, common and generic aspects".
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7 ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11)
[i.3] ETSI TR 105 174-4: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Broadband
Deployment - Energy Efficiency and Key Performance Indicators; Part 4: Access networks".
[i.4] ETSI TS 105 174-4-1: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Broadband
Deployment and Energy Management; Part 4: Access Networks; Sub-part 1: Fixed access
networks (excluding cable)".
[i.5] ETSI TS 102 973: "Access Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Network
Termination (NT) in Next Generation Network architectures".
[i.6] ETSI TR 103 375: "SmartM2M IoT Standards landscape and future evolutions".
[i.7] AIOTI Recommendations for future collaborative work in the context of the Internet of Things
Focus Area in Horizon 2020.
NOTE: Available at https://ec.europa.eu/digital-single-market/en/news/aioti-recommendations-future-
collaborative-work-context-internet-things-focus-area-horizon-2020.
[i.8] Light Fidelity TED Talk: "Wireless data from every light bulb".
NOTE: Available at http://www.ted.com/talks/harald_haas_wireless_data_from_every_light_bulb.
[i.9] IEEE 802.11™: "IEEE Standard for Information technology -- Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific
requirements -- Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications".
[i.10] IEEE 802.11s™: "IEEE Standard for Information Technology -- Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems--Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific
requirements -- Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
specifications Amendment 10: Mesh Networking".
[i.11] IEEE 802.15™: "Visible Light Communications (VLC)".
[i.12] IEEE 802.15.4™: "IEEE Standard for Information technology - Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems - Local and metropolitan area networks - Specific
requirements - Part 15.4: Wireless Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications for Low Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs)".
[i.13] IEEE 802.11ah™: "IEEE Draft Standard for Information Technology -- Telecommunications and
Information Exchange Between Systems-Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Specific
Requirements -- Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer
(PHY) Specifications: Amendment 2: Sub 1 GHz License Exempt Operation".
[i.14] IETF RFC 3031: "Multiprotocol Label Switching Architecture".
[i.15] IETF RFC 4761: "Virtual Private LAN Service Using Label Distribution Protocol (LDP)
Signaling".
[i.16] IETF RFC 4762: "Virtual Private LAN Service Using BGP for Auto-Discovery and Signaling".
[i.17] IEEE 802.3™: "Ethernet".
[i.18] IEEE 802.3az™: "IEEE Standard for Information technology -- Local and metropolitan area
networks -- Specific requirements -- Part 3: CSMA/CD Access Method and Physical Layer
Specifications -- Amendment 5: Media Access Control Parameters, Physical Layers, and
Management Parameters for Energy-Efficient Ethernet".
[i.19] IEEE 802.3ab™: "IEEE Standard for Information Technology -- Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems -- Local and Metropolitan Area Networks -- Part 3: Carrier
Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer
Specifications -- Physical Layer Parameters and Specifications for 1000 Mb/s Operation over
4 pair of Category 5 Balanced Copper Cabling, Type 1000BASE-T".
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[i.20] IEEE 802.3u™: "IEEE Standards for Local and Metropolitan Area Networks-Supplement --
Media Access Control (MAC) Parameters, Physical Layer, Medium Attachment Units and
Repeater for 100Mb/s Operation, Type 100BASE-T (clauses 21-30)".
[i.21] IEEE 802.3z™: " Media Access Control Parameters, Physical Layers, Repeater and Management
Parameters for 1,000 Mb/s Operation, Supplement to Information Technology -- Local and
Metropolitan Area Networks -- Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
(CSMA/CD) Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications".
[i.22] IEEE 802.3af™: " IEEEE Standard for Information Technology - Telecommunications and
Information Exchange Between Systems -- Local and Metropolitan Area Networks - Specific
Requirements -- Part 3: Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)
Access Method and Physical Layer Specifications -- Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Power Via
Media Dependent Interface (MDI)".
[i.23] IEEE 802.3at™: "IEEE Standard for Information technology -- Local and metropolitan area
networks -- Specific requirements -- Part 3: CSMA/CD Access Method and Physical Layer
Specifications -- Amendment 3: Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) Power via the Media Dependent
Interface (MDI) Enhancements".
[i.24] IEEE 802.1q™: "EEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks--Bridges and Bridged
Networks".
[i.25] Guide Pratique - Déploiement de la Boucle Locale Optique Mutualisée sur support aérien.
NOTE: Available at https://www.objectif-fibre.fr/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/121115-Guide-pratique-
BLOM.pdf.
[i.26] IETF RFC 1034: "Domain Names - Concepts and Facilities".
[i.27] IETF RFC 1035: "Domain Names - Implementation and Specification".
[i.28] UEFI Forum: "ACPI specification".
NOTE: Available at http://www.uefi.org/specifications.
[i.29] IETF RFC 2474: "Definition of the Differentiated Services Field (DS Field) in the IPv4 and IPv6
Headers".
[i.30] IETF RFC 2475: "An Architecture for Differentiated Services".
[i.31] Recommendation ITU-T G.9959: "Short range narrow-band digital radiocommunication
transceivers - PHY, MAC, SAR and LLC layer specifications".
[i.32] IEEE 802.1D™-2004: "IEEE Standard for Local and metropolitan area networks: Media Access
Control (MAC) Bridges".
[i.33] IEEE 802.11e™-2005: "IEEE Standard for Information technology -- Local and metropolitan area
networks -- Specific requirements -- Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and
Physical Layer (PHY) Specifications -- Amendment 8: Medium Access Control (MAC) Quality of
Service Enhancements".
[i.34] IEEE 802.11ad™-2012: "IEEE Standard for Information technology -- Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems--Local and metropolitan area networks--Specific
requirements -- Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications -- Amendment 3: Enhancements for Very High Throughput in the 60 GHz Band".
[i.35] IEEE 802.11ac™: "IEEE Standard for Information technology -- Telecommunications and
information exchange between systems -- Local and metropolitan area networks -- Specific
requirements -- Part 11: Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications -- Amendment 4: Enhancements for Very High Throughput for Operation in Bands
below 6 GHz".
[i.36] IEEE 802.3bv™: "IEEE Standard for Ethernet Amendment: Physical Layer Specifications and
Management Parameters for 1000 Mb/s Operation Over Plastic Optical Fiber".
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[i.37] 3GPP specifications.
NOTE: Available at http://www.3gpp.org/specifications/specifications.
3 Definition of terms and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
digital multiservice cities: cities using digital infrastructure which consists of a single unified high-speed networking
infrastructure that allows the ICT systems of the complete city services departments to interconnect seamlessly and
securely to each other
street furniture: collective term for objects and pieces of equipment (subcategory of the urban assets), installed on city
streets, city roads, and public areas under responsibility of the city for various purposes
NOTE: These objects and equipment belong to the wider terminology of the urban assets as named by cities.
urban asset: collective term to qualify the physical assets which belong to a city and which are located across its
territory, in streets, roads, public parks and associated urban constructions
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
ACPI Advance Configuration and Power Interface
AIOTI Alliance for the Internet of Things Innovation
NOTE: In particular AIOTI WG3 on IoT Standardization.
AP Access Point
ATTM Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CCTV Closed-Circuit TeleVision
DNS Domain Name Service
Gbit/s Giga bits per second
HMI Human Machine Interface
ICT Information and Communication Technology
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IEEE Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IIC Industrial Internet Consortium
IMT International Mobile Telecommunications
IoT Internet of Things
IP Internet Protocol
ISM Industrial, Scientific, and Medical
ISO International Organization for Standardization
ISP Internet Service Provider
IT Information Technology
ITU International Telecommunication Union
JTC Joint Technical Committee
Kbit/s Kilo bits per second
LAN Local Area Network
LP-LAN Low-Power Local-Area Network
LP-WAN Low-Power Wide-Area Network
LR-WPAN Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks
LSP Label Switch Path
M2M Machine to Machine
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MAC Media Access Control
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
MPLS Multiprotocol Label Switching
NFC Near Field Communication
NGN Next Generation Network
NT Network Termination
OASIS Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards
OCF Open Connectivity Foundation
oneM2M Partnership Project oneM2M launched by a number of SSOs including ETSI
ONVIF Open Network Video Interface Forum
OS Operating System
PoE Power over Ethernet
POF Plastic Optical Fiber
PSIA Physical Security Interoperability Alliance
QoS Quality of Services
RF Radio Frequency
RFC Request For Comments
SLA Service Level Agreement
SP Service Provider
SSID Service Set IDentifiers
STF Special Task Force
TR Technical Report
TxRx Transceiver equipment
UEFI Unified Extensible Firmware Interface
UHD Ultra High Definition
UTP Universal Twister Pair
VLAN Virtual Local Area Network
VLC Visible Light Communications
VPLS Virtual Private LAN Service
W3C World Wide Web Consortium
WAN Wide Area Network
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity
WiGig Wireless Gigabit
WMM Wi-Fi Multimedia
WSN Wireless Sensor Network
4 Multiservice digital infrastructure
4.1 A shared digital infrastructure as core foundation
The core foundation for a digital multiservice city is strongly tightened to the ability that the components of its ICT
systems have to interoperate. To achieve this goal, a city should install a shared communications infrastructure that will
allow the ICT systems of the complete services departments to interconnect seamlessly and securely to each other.
4.2 Management of the various network cabling infrastructures
of the city
Performant ICT requires the access to a high-speed network. To achieve the goal of an ubiquitous digital access the city
network backbone should span across the entire territory. When seen through the silos approach, the deployment of
such a broadband network architecture, mainly composed of optical fibre and most probably high-speed wireless point
to point links, on a large geographical scale is a complex and expensive civil engineering challenge. However, when
seen through the cross-domain approach, evidence demonstrates the benefit of sharing passive infrastructure amongst
different city departments of city partners such as utilities.
Numerous city network infrastructures can be leveraged to achieve this strategy:
• Access to electrical power distribution infrastructure.
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• Access to ducts, trenches.
• Access to lighting infrastructure.
• Access to water distribution infrastructure.
• Access to traffic control infrastructure (e.g. traffic lights, signs, pipes, etc.).
• Access to gas distribution infrastructure.
• Access to district heating infrastructure.
• Access to sewer collecting infrastructure.
• Access to city infrastructure of private users/operators (e.g. telecommunications and cable operators) through
renting pipe spaces, access to poles/masts, etc.).
Furthermore, other passive city assets such as real estate properties (technical room facility), conduits, manholes,
cabinets, lampposts, poles, masts, antennaes, towers and other supporting constructions could also play an important
role in the design of the digital multiservice city infrastructure.
Best practices in network architectures organize the infrastructure topology into a multi layered structure which spans
across the geographical area to deserve at city scale or urban metropolis scale:
• Layer 1: Digital multiservice city core network:
- The core network provides high-speed and redundant forwarding services to move the data packet
between the distribution nodes which span across the city area. The core nodes (usually routers) are
commonly the most powerful, in terms of forwarding power; they define the Wide Area Network
(WAN). When city communication networks interconnect to each other, some of these nodes also acts as
Metropolitan Area Network (MAN) inter-exchanges nodes. Current appropriated bandwidth are high
speed links such as Gigabit and 10 Gigabits or higher speeds.
• Layer 2: Digital multiservice city distribution Network:
- The distribution network is often referred as the multiservice delivery level which offer several smart
layers' functionalities for the various policies related to data packet routing, data packet filtering and
Quality of Services (QoS). The distribution nodes (usually routers and switches) are mainly dedicated to
connecting the network sites (LAN) to each other; their links to the network sites are often referred as
last mile connections. Appropriate dispersal of these network nodes across the city geographical area
makes them also an appropriate place to connect special delivery network elements, such as the
municipality urban assets. Current appropriated bandwidth are high speed links such as Gigabit (and
potentially 10 Gigabits).
• Layer 3: Digital multiservice city access Network:
- The access network is often referred to the desktop layer. The access nodes (usually switches) have the
main concern to connect the end hosts (workstation, server, enterprise devices: wireless access point
(AP), printer, scanner, IP phone/camera, etc) to the city network infrastructure. The proximity of these
nodes to the end devices makes them also an appropriate place to deliver secured electricity power
(Power over Ethernet, PoE IEEE 802.3af [i.22] or IEEE 802.3at [i.23]) to low consumption devices
(Wi-Fi AP, IP phone/camera, IoT gateway, etc). Current appropriated bandwidth are high speed Gigabit
connections.
When reaching the network site layer, the hierarchy of the infrastructure topology can be further organized in stratums
to fit the actual architectural structure of the local area (single or multi floors house/building, a multi constructions
administrative district/campus) to be served. Typical network topology for LAN access includes star, mesh, tree, and
clusters.
The digital multiservice delivery across the city-wide area implies to cope with multiple distances ranges. Core node
links can deal with long distances which ranges from km to tens of km whereas distribution nodes links deal with
distances from hundreds of metres to a km.
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Off course, the transmission capability to achieve such distances depends on the physical communication medium:
optical fibre is nowadays the preferred media to succeed in the delivery of multi (tens/hundreds) gigabits in long
distances (core/distribution) links through optical transmissions. However, in various cases electrical transmissions over
copper (twisted pair or coax) or wireless links can still be delivering acceptable high-speed data rate for distribution
network links.
ETSI TR 105 174-4 [i.3] and ETSI TS 105 174-4-1 [i.4] detail measures which may be taken to improve the energy
management of access networks for broadband deployment.
As far as possible, the city should do everything to have total control over its digital multiservice city infrastructure. In
other words, it is valuable and advantageous for the city to deploy its own physical networking fibre connectivity links
when technically feasible. When considered in a mid (3 years) to long term (10 years) strategic vision, having the
ownership of the networking links is smarter than having contractual access to a service provider (SP) infrastructure.
Besides such economical considerations, there are various technical reasons which drive the city to deploy its own
physical fibre network infrastructure or to contract, from a carrier, for dark (unlit) fibre links or to rent ducts from third
parties to install its own cables:
• Freedom of the optical transmission standard: network bandwidth depends of the fibre transceivers which are
bound at the extremities of the fibre link and the length of this one. According to the link needs, the
municipality can lit the fibre with the most appropriate transceiver (from a single wavelength to wavelength-
division multiplexing, from gigabit to multigigabits). Should a link speed need to increase, the municipality
has the freedom to upgrade the transceivers.
• Freedom of the digital transmission standard: digital data transmissions can be operated by various
technologies such as Ethernet, MPLS, etc. According to the engineering of the digital services and the
requirement for network resilience one can be more suitable than the other. Network size, number of digital
services, security concerns, multi-homing requirement, etc. are concerns which drives the choice of the
optimal transmission standard.
• Ease of introduction of new digital services: to leverage a single physical network infrastructure sharing while
delivering to each digital service within its own controlled environment, the municipality can either chose to
introduce a new IP service by the means of a complementary VLAN in Ethernet, a complementary LSP in
MPLS, or even by the assignment of a specific light wavelength which virtualizes the link at the optical level.
• Freedom of the choice of ISP: different Internet access might be required to be served by different service
providers. While public administration agents require access to specific Internet service providers with
specified technical SLA (redundancy, low latency, security, etc.), schools, libraries, police, citizen free public
Internet, IoT sensors, etc. may use other service providers.
ETSI TS 105 174-1 [i.2] focuses on the best practices for cabling and installations and transmission implementation
independently from the ownership of these infrastructures. ETSI TS 102 973 [i.5] describes a proposal of requirements
for a Network Termination (NT) device in Next Generation Access Networks.
Deploying networking links includes planning and routing, obtaining permissions, creating ducts and channels for the
cables, and finally installation and connection. When the situation permits, aerial links installation has to be preferred
instead of digging the streets or sidewalks. In that concern, Objectif Fibre organization from the Federation des
Industries Electriques, Electroniques et de Communication (FIEEC) has published a practical guide to deploy shared
local optical infrastructure over aerial support [i.25].
However, there are various situations in which completely following such a strategy is simply unfeasible. In such cases,
when contracting with an SP, passive network links (e.g. dark fibres) have to be preferred over active network links
(e.g. leased line).
Digital service end points are usually distant from their access nodes in range from a few metres to a few hundred
metres. As for the other communication layers, speed, achieved distance and access flexibility depend on the physical
medium in use. Cable free connectivity offered by wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi (Electromagnetic
Communication, EM) or Li-Fi [i.8] (an improvement of Visible Light Communication, IEEE VLC [i.11]) deliver
suitable speeds, to the user desktop. From hundreds of gigabits over a few metres with LiFi (under certain conditions)
up to multi-gigabits over hundreds of meters for existing contemporary IEEE Wi-Fi standards (e.g.
IEEE 802.11ac [i.35]: 1 Gbit/s, IEEE 802.11ad [i.34]/WiGig [i.13]: 4 Gbit/s).
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13 ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11)
Current trends raised by the fields of IoT and M2M give to low speed (few kbit/s or hundred kbit/s) wireless
communication technologies a significant role to play into the digital multiservice city infrastructure. Connectivity in
this low speed and low power wireless network access can be categorized into two main viewpoints: short distance
(LR-WPAN, LP-LAN) and long distance (LP-WAN).
In the former viewpoint, connected objects join the IoT wireless (mainly in unlicensed RF ISM band) gateway hooked
to the city infrastructure at the Access Network layer whereas in the later viewpoint the connected objects join the IoT
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) of a mobile operator network infrastructure (using its licenced RF band). ETSI
TR 103 375 [i.6] provides a complete landscape view on these IoT technologies for Smart Cities.
Regarding the data transport technology, it is clear that IP (v4 and v6) and Ethernet [i.17] are the most suitable
addressing and data transmission protocols to be deployed for the digital multiservice city infrastructure layers.
Appropriate addressing plan, network hierarchy, security policies such as packet filtering and firewalling rules as well
as and related QoS support have to be well engineered to achieve the design of a digital multiservice city delivery
infrastructure.
Furthermore, although Ethernet has been proven to be a good transport technology for WAN, large city core network
may need to consider other types of carrier class transport technologies such as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS,
IETF RFC 3031 [i.14]) or Virtual Private LAN Service (VPLS, IETF RFC 4761 [i.15] and IETF RFC 4762 [i.16]).
However, these considerations as well as engineering details on optical network architectures are outside the scope of
the present document.
5 Digital services delivery through the urban assets
5.1 Leveraging street furniture with digital technologies
Street furniture is a collective term for objects and pieces of equipment installed on city streets and city roads for
various purposes. These urban assets include the objects listed in the following clauses. Many of these city urban assets
can be leveraged to either contribute as:
• network access nodes within the multilayer mesh which constitute the unified digital communication
infrastructure;
• a service distribution and wireless AP node towards end users or connected objects (sensors, actuators) of the
IoT world.
5.2 Usages of billboards, streetlamps, bollards and various
poles, benches and picnic tables
Most of these urban assets can play a role in the enhancement of the sustainability of the city. These assets can be
promoted to a role which provides additional services beyond the native one.
For instance, these urban assets can be the operation points for:
• Communications as transmitter/receiver points for data communications through Li-Fi.
• Provide public Wi-Fi services as a new city infrastructure.
• Public security, through use of CCTVs (IP video security) on posts.
• Control of light attenuation levels.
• Environmental sensing (air quality, noise pollution monitoring).
• Environmental management through CCTVs.
• Traffic control through through CCTVs or radar.
• Parking (monitoring) availability and access through sensors and actuators.
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14 ETSI TS 110 174-2-1 V1.1.1 (2018-11)
• Smart meters reading.
• Sound level monitoring through sensors.
• Movement activity monitoring through motion sensors of CCTVs.
• Image sensing (proximity, pedestrian counter).
• Digital signage (way finding, traffic direction, civic information).
• Water level/flood monitoring.
• Etc.
Through these various data sources, intelligent cross domain analysis and processing (most probably through Big Data
platform) can be leveraged to offer useful services to the city and it is audiences. Typical example includes the
adaptation of the streetlamp illumination level according to environmental parameters such as lighting condition,
proximity of a user, detection of an abnormal incident. Offering to the citizen a better quality of life could be a simple
as sharing the harvested information related to the quality of the air or the presence of high levels of flower pollens in
resting areas, green parks and other child playgrounds.
Beside data harvesting functions, these urban assets can be considered as information delivery points, to the proximity
users, either through local display mechanism (e.g. info kiosks, interactive or not) either through digital service delivery
pushing the contextualized information directly into the user mobile terminal (e.g. smartphone, tablet) via locally
generated wireless access point (e.g. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Near Field Communication (NFC)) or through voice and data
communication over cellular networks (e.g. via small cells).
5.3 Usages of bus or tram stops, taxi stands and phone boxes
Most of these urban assets can play a role in the enhancement of the sustainability of the city and the operations of their
partners. These assets can be promoted to a role which provides additional services beyond the native one.
These urban assets have in common the particularity of being in places which concentrate significate numbers of
individuals who standing there for a while and often expect precise details related to the service delivery (e.g. real-
time-schedule, availability, traffic conditions, etc.).
One-dimensional approach for connecting such urban assets to the digital multiservice city network can be to connect
dynamic display boards, CCTV camera or Wi-Fi hotspot. By adopting a multi-dimensional approach, innovative and
sustainable new type of operation can be offered. Local facts such as the number of persons, the presence of disabled
persons can be valuable information that can be taken into account by the IT system to take decisions and improve the
dynamic operation of the transportation system.
Furthermore, as a place which concentrates significant number of individuals in a defined area, these urban assets may
be considered as an appropriate location to deliver cellular network communications (e.g. via small cells). This would
represent on one side the opportunity to improve the overall performances of the mobile network while opening a
complemen
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