ETSI TR 103 300-1 V2.1.1 (2019-09)

TECHNICAL REPORT
Intelligent Transport System (ITS);
Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) awareness;
Part 1: Use Cases definition;
Release 2
2 ETSI TR 103 300-1 V2.1.1 (2019-09)

Reference
DTR/ITS-00165
Keywords
ITS, safety, use case, user
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3 ETSI TR 103 300-1 V2.1.1 (2019-09)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 7
Foreword . 7
Modal verbs terminology . 7
Executive summary . 7
Introduction . 8
1 Scope . 9
2 References . 9
2.1 Normative references . 9
2.2 Informative references . 9
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 10
3.1 Terms . 10
3.2 Symbols . 11
3.3 Abbreviations . 11
4 Vulnerable Road User system description . 12
4.1 Background . 12
4.2 Vulnerable Road Users . 13
4.3 VRU system . 13
4.4 VRU system configuration . 14
4.5 Traffic situations . 15
4.5.1 Introduction. 15
4.5.2 Collision risks . 15
4.5.2.1 General considerations . 15
4.5.2.2 Mid-block situations. 15
4.5.2.3 Crossing or intersection situations . 16
4.5.3 VRU awareness . 16
4.5.4 Traffic efficiency . 16
4.5.5 Collision Avoidance . 17
4.6 Environment . 17
4.6.1 Introduction. 17
4.6.2 Road layout . 17
4.6.3 Road side equipment . 18
4.6.4 Vehicle equipment . 18
4.6.5 Obstacles . 18
5 Categorization of use cases . 19
6 Description of example use cases . 21
6.1 General considerations for the use case descriptions . 21
6.2 Category A: VRU to VRU direct cooperation . 21
6.2.1 UC-A1: Sharing pavement between pedestrian and cyclists . 21
6.2.1.1 Description . 21
6.2.1.2 Actors . 22
6.2.1.3 Pre-conditions . 22
6.2.1.4 Triggers . 22
6.2.1.5 Normal flow . 22
6.2.1.6 Alternative flow . 23
6.2.1.7 Post-conditions . 23
6.2.1.8 High Level Illustration . 23
6.2.1.9 Use case analysis . 23
6.2.2 UC-A2: Pedestrian crossing a road with an e-scooter approaching . 24
6.2.2.1 Description . 24
6.2.2.2 Actors . 24
6.2.2.3 Pre-conditions . 24
6.2.2.4 Triggers . 24
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4 ETSI TR 103 300-1 V2.1.1 (2019-09)
6.2.2.5 Normal flow . 25
6.2.2.6 Alternative flow . 25
6.2.2.7 Post-conditions . 25
6.2.2.8 High Level Illustration . 25
6.2.2.9 Use case analysis . 25
6.3 Category B: VRU to Vehicle direct cooperation . 26
6.3.1 UC-B1: Active Roadwork . 26
6.3.1.1 Description . 26
6.3.1.2 Actors . 26
6.3.1.3 Pre-conditions . 26
6.3.1.4 Triggers . 26
6.3.1.5 Normal flow . 26
6.3.1.6 Alternative flow . 27
6.3.1.7 Post-conditions . 28
6.3.1.8 High Level Illustration . 28
6.3.1.9 Use case analysis . 29
6.3.2 UC-B2: VRU crossing a road . 29
6.3.2.1 Description . 29
6.3.2.2 Actors . 29
6.3.2.3 Pre-conditions . 30
6.3.2.4 Trigger . 30
6.3.2.5 Normal flow . 30
6.3.2.6 Alternative flows . 30
6.3.2.7 Post-conditions . 32
6.3.2.8 High Level Illustration . 32
6.3.2.9 Use case analysis . 32
6.3.3 UC-B3: Rider is ejected from his motorbike . 32
6.3.3.1 Description . 32
6.3.3.2 Actors . 33
6.3.3.3 Pre-conditions . 33
6.3.3.4 Triggers . 33
6.3.3.5 Normal flow . 33
6.3.3.6 Alternative flow . 34
6.3.3.7 Post-conditions . 34
6.3.3.8 High Level Illustration . 34
6.3.3.9 Use case analysis . 34
6.3.4 UC-B4: Emergency Electronic Brake Light . 35
6.3.4.1 Description . 35
6.3.4.2 Actors . 35
6.3.4.3 Pre-conditions . 35
6.3.4.4 Triggers . 35
6.3.4.5 Normal flow . 35
6.3.4.6 Alternative flow . 36
6.3.4.7 Post-conditions . 36
6.3.4.8 High Level Illustration . 36
6.3.4.9 Use case analysis . 36
6.3.5 UC-B5: Motorcycle Approach Indication/Motorcycle Approach Warning . 37
6.3.5.1 Description . 37
6.3.5.2 Actors . 37
6.3.5.3 Pre-conditions . 37
6.3.5.4 Triggers . 37
6.3.5.5 Normal flow . 37
6.3.5.6 Alternative flow . 38
6.3.5.7 Post-conditions . 38
6.3.5.8 High Level Illustration . 38
6.3.5.9 Use case analysis . 39
6.4 Category C: V2V direct cooperation . 39
6.4.1 UC-C1: Signalling VRU hidden by an obstacle . 39
6.4.1.1 Description . 39
6.4.1.2 Actors . 39
6.4.1.3 Pre-conditions . 40
6.4.1.4 Triggers . 40
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6.4.1.5 Normal flow . 40
6.4.1.6 Alternative flow . 41
6.4.1.7 Post-conditions . 41
6.4.1.8 High Level Illustration . 41
6.4.1.9 Use case analysis . 41
6.5 Category D: I2V direct cooperation . 42
6.5.1 UC-D1: Signalled few VRUs in a protected area . 42
6.5.1.1 Description . 42
6.5.1.2 Actors . 42
6.5.1.3 Pre-conditions . 42
6.5.1.4 Triggers . 42
6.5.1.5 Normal flow . 42
6.5.1.6 Alternative flow . 43
6.5.1.7 Post-conditions . 44
6.5.1.8 High Level Illustration . 44
6.5.1.9 Use case analysis . 44
6.5.2 UC-D2: Non equipped VRUs crossing a road . 45
6.5.2.1 Description . 45
6.5.2.2 Actors . 45
6.5.2.3 Pre-conditions . 45
6.5.2.4 Triggers . 46
6.5.2.5 Normal flow . 46
6.5.2.6 Alternative flow . 46
6.5.2.7 Post-conditions . 47
6.5.2.8 High Level Illustration . 47
6.5.2.9 Use case analysis . 47
6.5.3 UC-D3: VRUs crossing at a zebra protected by a traffic light . 48
6.5.3.1 Description . 48
6.5.3.2 Actors . 48
6.5.3.3 Pre-conditions . 48
6.5.3.4 Triggers . 48
6.5.3.5 Normal flow . 48
6.5.3.6 Alternative flow . 49
6.5.3.7 Post-conditions . 50
6.5.3.8 High Level Illustration . 50
6.5.3.9 Use case analysis . 50
6.5.4 UC-D4: Scooter/Bicyclist Safety with Turning Vehicle . 50
6.5.4.1 Description . 50
6.5.4.2 Actors . 51
6.5.4.3 Pre-conditions . 51
6.5.4.4 Triggers . 51
6.5.4.5 Normal flow . 51
6.5.4.6 Alternative flow . 52
6.5.4.7 Post-conditions . 52
6.5.4.8 High Level Illustration . 52
6.5.4.9 Use case analysis . 53
6.6 Category E: Equipped VRU via a third-party Centre . 53
6.6.1 UC-E1: Network assisted vulnerable pedestrian protection . 53
6.6.1.1 Description . 53
6.6.1.2 Actors . 53
6.6.1.3 Pre-conditions . 53
6.6.1.4 Triggers . 53
6.6.1.5 Normal flow . 53
6.6.1.6 Alternative flow . 54
6.6.1.7 Post-conditions . 54
6.6.1.8 High Level Illustration . 54
6.6.1.9 Use case analysis . 54
6.6.2 UC-E2: Detection of an animal or pedestrian on a highway . 54
6.6.2.1 Description . 54
6.6.2.2 Actors . 55
6.6.6.3 Pre-conditions . 55
6.6.2.4 Triggers . 55
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6.6.2.5 Normal flow . 55
6.6.2.6 Alternative flow . 55
6.6.2.7 Post-conditions . 55
6.6.2.8 High Level Illustration . 55
6.6.2.9 Use case analysis . 56
6.7 Category F: Equipped VRU via a third party RSE . 56
6.7.1 UC-F1: Signalled Many VRUs in a protected area . 56
6.7.1.1 Description . 56
6.7.1.2 Actors . 56
6.7.1.3 Pre-conditions . 57
6.7.1.4 Triggers . 57
6.7.1.5 Normal flow . 57
6.7.1.6 Alternative flow . 58
6.7.1.7 Post-conditions . 58
6.7.1.8 High Level Illustration . 58
6.7.1.9 Use case analysis . 59
6.7.2 UC-F2: Intelligent traffic lights for all (P2I2V) . 59
6.7.2.1 Description . 59
6.7.2.2 Actors . 59
6.7.2.3 Pre-conditions . 60
6.7.2.4 Triggers . 60
6.7.2.5 Normal flow . 60
6.7.2.6 Alternative flow . 60
6.7.2.7 Post-conditions . 61
6.7.2.8 High Level Illustration . 61
6.7.2.9 Use case analysis . 61
7 Summary and conclusion . 61
7.1 General overview . 61
7.2 Unpredictable behaviour from the VRU - profiling . 62
7.3 Positioning aspects . 63
7.4 Resource Usage . 64
7.4.1 Introduction. 64
7.4.2 Spectrum resource constraints . 64
7.4.3 Power and complexity constraints . 65
7.4.4 New functional constraints . 66
7.5 Performances of the VRU system . 66
7.6 Security and privacy of the VRU application . 67
7.7 Architecture to support progressive system deployment (roadmap) . 68
7.8 Heterogeneity of in-service vehicles . 70
7.9 Passive versus active collision avoidance action . 70
7.10 Harmonization with existing standards (SAE, etc.) . 71
7.11 Considerations on Access Technology . 72
7.12 Regulation and Liability . 72
History . 74

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7 ETSI TR 103 300-1 V2.1.1 (2019-09)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS).
The present document is part 1 of a multi-part deliverable covering Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) awareness as
identified below:
Part 1: "Use Cases definition";
Part 2: "Functional Architecture and Requirements definition";
Part 3: "Specification of VRU awareness basic service".
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Executive summary
Technological developments and research activities in C-ITS have primarily focused on motorized transport to improve
safety and environmental impacts by advancing equipment of vehicles and infrastructure. For this C-ITS, V2V, I2V and
V2I use cases and applications have been identified in the Basic Set of Applications (BSA).
Additional use cases are being developed to cover applications such as Platooning, Cooperative Adaptive Cruise
Control (C-ACC), Cooperative Perception Service (CPS) and Manoeuvre Coordination Service (MCS). Vulnerable
Road Users (VRUs) related use cases can make use of these specifications and applications and should be taken into
account. Interoperability between vehicle-based and portable safety devices is of paramount importance to improve the
overall safety and decrease the fatalities in both urban and non-urban areas. There is therefore the need to develop VRU
related specifications in order to allow the deployment of VRU safety applications.
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8 ETSI TR 103 300-1 V2.1.1 (2019-09)
The objective of the present document is to provide the material to help identify improvements of current specifications
and the content of additional specifications based on ongoing VRU developments. VRU applications extend the
awareness of and/or about Vulnerable Road Users such as motorcycles, bicycles, pedestrians and more impaired traffic
participants in the neighbourhood of other traffic participants. They enable further improvement of traffic safety and
management based on both direct ITS station-to-ITS station communications and via a third party ITS station (e.g.
vehicle or road-side equipment).
The present document is the first part of a three-part standard:
• Part 1 (the present document) describes the VRU system and the use cases related to Vulnerable Road Users
such as pedestrians, bicyclists and road workers.
• Part 2 [i.17] specifies the VRU related requirements; as well as the functional architecture of the VRU system.
In addition, it analyses the impact on existing standards (for instance the CAM European Norm).
• Part 3 [i.18] specifies the communication protocols, message format, semantics and syntax as well as key
interfaces and protocol operation for the VRU awareness service.
The present document starts with a definition of what is considered as a VRU, its possible configurations and its
environment.
The next clause introduces a categorization of the potential use cases involving VRUs, classified based on the different
stakeholders involved in the C-ITS system which could contribute to prevent a risk of collision with the VRU. Each of
these categories has its own specificities. The categories will help develop the structure and prepare the specification of
the VRU system functional architecture in ETSI TS 103 300-2 [i.17].
A set of exemplary use cases is then described, where VRUs encounter a risk of collision and how this risk could be
mitigated by the C-ITS system. These use cases have been analysed and one of the outcomes of this analysis is that
depending on the use case and the actors involved, different elements of the architecture may be mandatory or optional
(for example functions in the cloud). This is also closely linked to the deployment level of the different features of the
C-ITS system.
Finally, the deliverable concludes with the outcome of the analysis of the use cases, discussing the different challenges
identified in the use case descriptions that need to be taken into account when specifying the VRU basic awareness
service in ETSI TS 103 300-2 [i.17] and ETSI TS 103 300-3 [i.18]. Part of the main challenges are the unpredictable
behaviour from the VRU and a VRU profiling proposal, positioning aspects, resource usage, in terms of spectrum,
power and functions, performance parameters, security and privacy and roadmap for a progressive system development
of the VRU architecture.
Introduction
VRU applications extend the awareness of and/or about Vulnerable Road Users such as motorcycles, bicycles,
pedestrians and more impaired traffic participants in the neighbourhood of other traffic participants. They enable further
improvement of traffic safety and management based on both direct ITS station-to-ITS station communications and via
a third party ITS station (e.g. vehicle or road-side equipment).

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