ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM);
Sustainable Digital Multiservice Cities;
Broadband Deployment and Energy Management;
Part 2: Multiservice Networking Infrastructure
and Associated Street Furniture;
Sub-part 2: The use of lamp-posts for hosting sensing devices
and 5G networking
2 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)

Reference
DTS/ATTMSDMC-5
Keywords
digital, network, service, smart city, sustainability,
user
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3 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)
Content
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Introduction . 5
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Terms . 8
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.3 Abbreviations . 9
4 The path towards Smart street lighting . 10
4.1 General . 10
4.2 Stage 1: Switching to LED bulbs . 12
4.3 Stage 2: Connected street lighting . 13
4.4 Stage 3: New service development . 14
5 Functionality and availability . 14
5.1 Stage 2 . 14
5.1.1 Functionality . 14
5.1.1.1 Data connection . 14
5.1.1.2 Power supply . 15
5.1.2 Availability . 16
5.2 Stage 3 . 16
5.2.1 Functionality . 16
5.2.1.1 Data connection - front-haul and mid-haul networks . 16
5.2.1.2 Power supply . 18
5.2.2 Availability . 18
5.2.2.1 General . 18
5.2.2.2 Data connection . 19
5.2.2.3 Power supply . 20
6 RRU infrastructure . 20
6.1 General . 20
6.2 Power supply converter . 21
6.3 Power amplifier . 21
6.4 RF transceiver . 21
7 RRU energy consumption . 22
7.1 General . 22
7.2 Power supply converter . 22
7.3 Opto-electronic converter . 22
7.4 Power amplifier . 22
7.5 Antenna . 22
8 Power supply provision . 23
8.1 Power from the grid . 23
8.2 DC power feeding from centralized sites . 23
8.2.1 General . 23
8.2.2 Remote powering at 38 - 72 VDC . 24
8.2.3 Remote powering in accordance with IEEE 802.3 applications . 24
8.2.4 Higher voltage DC power feeding . 24
8.2.4.1 RFT-C and RFT-V . 24
8.2.4.2 Other solutions . 24
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4 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)
8.3 Hybrid data and power supply cabling . 25
8.4 Earthing . 25
9 Accessing the lamp-posts . 25
9.1 Existing pathways. 25
9.1.1 General . 25
9.1.2 Underground services . 25
9.1.3 Overhead services . 26
9.2 New underground pathways . 26
Annex A (informative): The evolution of Radio Access Network architectures . 27
A.1 Introduction . 27
A.2 Centralized and virtual Radio Access Networks . 27
A.2.1 General . 27
A.2.2 C-RAN . 27
A.2.3 V-RAN . 28
A.3 Front-haul . 29
History . 31

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5 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)
Intellectual Property Rights
Essential patents
IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Trademarks
The present document may include trademarks and/or tradenames which are asserted and/or registered by their owners.
ETSI claims no ownership of these except for any which are indicated as being the property of ETSI, and conveys no
right to use or reproduce any trademark and/or tradename. Mention of those trademarks in the present document does
not constitute an endorsement by ETSI of products, services or organizations associated with those trademarks.
Foreword
This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Access, Terminals, Transmission
and Multiplexing (ATTM).
The present document is part 2, sub-part 2 of a multi-part deliverable covering Sustainable Digital Multiservice Cities
(SDMC). Full details of the entire series can be found in part 1 [i.1].
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and
"cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of
provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Introduction
The "smart city" concept radically changes the management of the community IT services.
The present document discusses the use of lamp-posts, pervasive in urban areas, as a physical infrastructure to host
devices to provide data to support that evolving management model.
This re-purposing of the existing infrastructure can take advantage of the general replacement of existing light sources
with high efficiency Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting systems together with management technologies to control
their operation.
A basic approach is to install circuitry to allow the subsequent installation of sensing devices which provide data
directly to the community addressing parameters such as air and noise pollution. These devices do not demand
substantial bandwidth within an access network and do not major demands on availability of connectivity (including
power supplies).
In comparison, many of the services delivered to and for the community, will be founded on data analysis (Big or Fast
Data) coming from a large number of connected devices.
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6 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)
The major challenges will not be the data itself, but how collect, distribute and transport it and the provision of the
appropriate access networks in order to manage the connected devices, requiring connectivity with a high level of
availability, in the most energy and cost-efficient manner.
The next generation of wireless networks designed as "5G" will radically change the services offered by mobile
networks - not least recognizing the arrival of billions of connected devices constituting the Internet of Things (IoT),
autonomous cars and drones (see Figure 1).
The 5G networks will need improved geographic coverage and enhanced bandwidth to carry higher volumes of data,
with some services requiring very low latency (< 1 ms) and the need to guarantee a much higher degree of service
continuity (availability) than current networks.
Latency
Augmented reality
Autonomous
Tactile Internet
driving
5G-enabled services
1 ms
Virtual reality
Disaster Multi-person
Real-time
alert video
gaming
10 ms
call
Bi-directional
Controlling
Automotive
remote control
remote
ecall
100 ms devices First responder
connectivity
Monitoring Wireless
Personal cloud
sensor cloud-based
1 s
networks office
Video streaming
< 1 Mbps 1 Mbps 10 Mbps 100 Mbps > 1 Gbps Throughput

Figure 1: Examples of 5G service demands
The deployment of a 5G compliant infrastructure will have huge consequences in terms of number and variety of access
points and will require substantial number of small cells to be installed at street level so to support new services such as
autonomous driving. The existing lamp-post infrastructure presents an opportunity to host small cell 5G Remote Radio
Units (RRUs) which can avoid deploying a specific and costly infrastructure.
NOTE: 5G, together the need to deploy other connectivity technologies (LiFi, LoRa™, WiFi, etc.), will increase
the number of access points.
There are major concerns regarding the capital expenditure required to build and deploy an infrastructure with optimal
coverage, reliability and quality of service and about the complexity of managing a huge number of contracts and
permission with building owners for each small cell they intend to install. As a result, the use of lamp-posts as an
existing physical infrastructure to host the RRUs of 5G networks represents an opportunity for the community to obtain
revenue from third-party operators of the networks and also to obtain additional data to manage the increasingly "smart
city". The opportunity for 5G network operators to manage a contract and permission with a single entity (the city or the
public lighting operator) will drastically reduce the complexity and the bureaucracy of a city-wide deployment.

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7 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)
1 Scope
The present document addresses the opportunities and challenges offered by the use of lamp-posts to provide facilities
supporting services required by sustainable digital multiservice cities and communities.
The replacement of existing luminaires by LED light sources offers an opportunity to increase the functionality
provided by the lamp-posts - beginning with improved operational control of the lighting provided.
However, additional functionality can be supported by simultaneous installation of an electronics package to enable the
lamp-post to host sensing devices. The present document describes the functions to be supported by this package
together with consideration of power supply to any hosted sensing devices.
A more comprehensive replacement approach includes the incorporation of 5G services by the separate installation of
small (micro- or femto-cell) network components acting as a Remote Radio Unit (RRU). The present document
describes the technical challenges associated with the physical installation, provision of power, cabling and other
infrastructures necessary to meet the required level of availability for these services.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
https://docbox.etsi.org/Reference/.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] CEN EN 40-1:1991: "Lighting columns; Part 1: Definitions and Terms".
[2] ETSI EN 303 472 (V1.1.1): "Environmental Engineering (EE); Energy Efficiency measurement
methodology and metrics for RAN equipment".
[3] IEC 60050-601: "International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) - Part 601: Generation,
transmission and distribution of electricity - General".
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TS 110 174-1: "Access, Terminals, Transmission and Multiplexing (ATTM); Sustainable
Digital Multiservice Cities (SDMC); Broadband Deployment and Energy Management; Part 1:
Overview, common and generic aspects of societal and technical pillars for sustainability".
[i.2] CENELEC EN 50173-1: "Information technology - Generic cabling systems - General
requirements".
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8 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)
[i.3] CENELEC EN 50174-3: "Information technology - Cabling installation - Installation planning and
practices outside buildings - General requirements".
[i.4] HD 60364 series: "Electrical Installations for Buildings".
[i.5] IEC 62368-3: "Audio/video, information and communication technology equipment - Safety -
Part 3: DC power transfer through information technology communication cabling".
[i.6] IEEE 802.3bt™: "IEEE Standard for Ethernet Amendment 2: Physical Layer and Management
Parameters for Power over Ethernet over 4 pairs".
[i.7] IEEE 802.3cg™: "10Mb/s Single Pair Ethernet".
[i.8] Recommendation ITU-T G.652: "Characteristics of a single-mode optical fibre and cable".
[i.9] Recommendation ITU-T G.657: "Characteristics of a bending-loss insensitive single-mode optical
fibre and cable".
[i.10] Recommendation ITU-T K.50: "Safe limits for operating voltages and currents in
telecommunication systems powered over the network".
[i.11] IEC 60479-2: "Effects of current on human beings and livestock - Part 2: Special aspects".
3 Definition of terms, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Terms
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms apply:
backhaul (network): fixed network interconnecting the BaseBand Units (BBUs), collecting/distributing data traffic
from/to those BBUs, to/from core network access points
Base Station (BS): network telecommunications equipment (NTE) which serves one or more cells within a coverage
area of a mobile access network
big data: structured, semi-structured and unstructured data that has the potential to be mined for information and used
in machine learning projects and other advanced analytics applications
core network: functional elements (that is equipment and infrastructure) that enable communication between operator
sites (OSs) or equivalent ICT sites
enhanced mobile broadband: one of three primary 5G New Radio (NR) use cases defined by the 3GPP as part of its
SMARTER (Study on New Services and Markets Technology Enablers) project
fast data: application of big data analytics to smaller data sets in near-real or real-time in order to solve a problem or
create business value
NOTE: The goal of fast data is to quickly gather and mine structured and unstructured data so that action can be
taken. As the flood of data from sensors, actuators and machine-to-machine (M2M) communication in the
IoT continues to grow, it has become more important than ever for organizations to identify what data is
time-sensitive and should be acted upon right away and what data can sit in a database or data lake until
there is a reason to mine it.
front-haul (network): network interconnecting the BaseBand Units (BBUs) or antennas connected to them,
collecting/distributing data traffic from/to those BBUs, to/from Remote Radio Units (RRUs)
lamp-post: lighting column and lantern(s) it supports
lantern: protective case for a light fitting
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9 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)
lighting column: support intended to hold one or more lanterns, consisting of one or more parts: a post, possibly and
extension piece and, if necessary, a bracket
NOTE 1: It does not include columns for catenary lighting.
NOTE 2: Source CEN EN 40-1:1991 [1], clause 2.1.
low voltage: set of voltage levels used for the distribution of electricity and whose upper limit is generally accepted to
be 1 000 V for alternating current
NOTE 1: 1 500 V for direct current.
NOTE 2: Source IEC 60050-601 [3], 601-01-26, modified: note 1 added.
massive IoT: applications that are less latency sensitive and have relatively low throughput requirements, but require a
huge volume of low-cost, low-energy consumption devices on a network with excellent coverage
mid-haul (network): network interconnecting the BaseBand Units (BBUs) to/from antennas which provide wireless
connections to Remote Radio Units (RRUs)
Network Telecommunications Equipment (NTE): equipment between the boundaries of, and dedicated to providing
direct connection to, core and/or access networks
Radio Access Network (RAN): telecommunications network in which the access to the network (connection between
user equipment and network) is implemented over the air interface
NOTE: Source ETSI EN 303 472 [2].
urban data platform: facility to integrate the large amount of data in cities, including energy, transport,
crowdsourced data, etc. and provide holistic view of the information with the aim of improvement and development of
innovative smart city services
3.2 Symbols
Void.
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project
5G Fifth Generation
AC Alternating Current
AWG American Wire Gauge
BBU BaseBand Unit
BS Base Station
CPRI Common Public Radio Interface
C-RAN Centralized Radio Access Network
DC Direct Current
eCPRI evolved Common Public Radio Interface
eMBB enhanced Mobile BroadBand
EU End Users
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
IoT Internet of Things
LED Light Emitting Diode
LiFi Light Fidelity (wireless technology)
LoRa™ Long Range (wireless technology)
LTE-M Long Term Evolution for Machines
LV Low Voltage
LVDC Low voltage Direct Current
M2M Machine-to-Machine
MANO Management and Network Organization
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10 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)
MIMO Multiple Input-Multiple Output
mmWave millimetre Wave
MNO Mobile Network Operator
NB-IoT Narrow Band Internet of Things
NFV Network Function Virtualisation
NSP Network Service Platform
NTE Network Telecommunications Equipment
PA Power Amplifier
PoE Power over Ethernet
PtP Point to Point
PtMP Point to MultiPoint
QoS Quality of Service
RAN Radio Access Network
RF Radio Frequency
RFT-C Remote Feeding Telecommunication - Current limited
RFT-V Remote Feeding Telecommunication - Voltage limited
RRU Remote Radio Unit
URLLC Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications
USB Universal Serial Bus
UPS Uninterruptable Power System
VAC Volt Alternating Current
VCO Voltage-Controlled Oscillator
VDC Volt Direct Current
V-RAN Virtual Radio Access Network
WiFi Wireless Fidelity (wireless technology)
4 The path towards Smart street lighting
4.1 General
It is estimated that there are more than 60 million lamp-posts, or equivalent structures, supporting lanterns providing
lighting for roads and other spaces across Europe.
NOTE: The figures in the present document show conventional lamp-posts but should be considered to represent
any form of supporting structures for lanterns.
The current trend to replace the lights within the lanterns with LED technology offers considerable benefits to the
community which are outside the scope of the present document. However, the replacement process offers the
opportunity to make other changes to the components within the lamp-post to enable the provision of additional services
of both direct and indirect benefit to the community.
Typical examples of such services are shown in Figure 2.
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11 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)
“Smart” lighting
5G services
LED
photocell control
dimming
on-demand
Environmental Image sensing
sensing proximity
- air qualityfootfall monitoring
- noiseparking monitoring
- floodingpublic security
Signage
Sound
-directions
music
- traffic informationalerts
- civic information
- advertising
Vehicle charging
Figure 2: Examples of lamp-post service provisioning
Services of direct benefit to the community would be "smart" lighting, environmental sensing, image sensing, signage
and sound. The power and data enabling these services to operated could be provided over the infrastructure already
used to deliver power to the lamp-posts. Alternatively, the data could be provided over connections to existing wireless
networks of third-party operators. Independent of its delivery mechanism, the data provided to and from the lamp-post
is used directly by the community and the cost of producing, transporting and interpreting that data is borne by the
community.
Indirect benefit to the community results from the revenue-earning opportunity of sharing of the lamp-post, as a part of
a widely distributed infrastructure, with third-party providers such as those offering wireless telecommunications and
vehicle charging. The demands for availability of data and power differs between such third-party services and also
differs from those of the primary function of the lamp-post and the other services described above.
The present document specifically addresses the use of lamp-posts to host "direct benefit" services relating to sensing
devices and "indirect benefit" services relating to the provision of 5G connectivity between End Users (EUs) and the
Radio Access Network (RAN) via the RRU mounted on the poles and the onward connectivity BaseBand Unit (BBU).
The main advantages offered by lamp-posts for 5G connectivity are:
• a well-defined and ubiquitous distribution within urban environments which matches the demands for small
cell coverage from the RRU - providing reduced deployment costs and timescales;
• a height which facilitates propagation of the radio signal - both extending the coverage radius of each cell and
minimizing the impairment produced by large vehicles such as public transport and goods vehicles.
However, the dramatic differences in the requirements for the supply of data and power to the lamp-posts for sensing
devices as compared to 5G connectivity cannot be underestimated.
Table 1 provides a non-exhaustive list of the service groups and the detailed applications that could be supported by the
5G RRUs hosted by the lamp-posts and those applications are differentiated as "Massive IoT". "Enhanced Mobile
Broadband (eMBB)" and "Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC)".
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12 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)
Table 1: Service areas and applications
Service group Application Massive IOT eMBB URLLC
Info-tainment 
Gaming (Ultra High Definition)
Video (Ultra High Definition) 
Virtual reality 
Augmented reality 
Smart gadgets (toys, smartwatches, …) 
Robotics (home) 
Home 
Energy management

Smart sensors (gas, electricity, water, …)
Appliance control 
Intrusion detection 
Remote video watching 
Security issues; detection (leaks, fire, …) 

Smart city Utility monitoring (gas, electricity, water, …)

Street smart light poles

Public safety watching
Traffic control  
Parking management 
Waste management 
Health Road and buildings status 

Fall detection

Remote diagnostic
Health monitoring 
Robotic surgery  
Environment Medication (management) 
Air quality 

Water quality

Noise measurement

Radiations
Energy use 
Leakages (floods, chemical, …) 
Industry Drone watching 
Asset and stock management 

Robotic control - production automation

Production control and safety
Agriculture 
Machine monitoring
Soil monitoring (water, nutriments, …) 
Crop yield 
Storage yield management 

Transports Green house monitoring

Traffic regulation

Remote diagnosis
Autonomous vehicles management  
Watching drone management 
The evolution of the function of lamp-posts is decribed as follows:
• Stage 1: Switching to LED bulbs
• Stage 2: Connected street lighting
• Stage 3: New service development
The present document adopts these terms.
Clauses 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4 explain the meaning and boundaries for each stage of evolution.
4.2 Stage 1: Switching to LED bulbs
Stage 1 is simply the replacement of the existing technology lighting fixture with those using LED technologies. LEDs
offer longer lifetimes, lower energy consumption and reduced maintenance costs. Savings on energy consumption are
estimated to be 50.
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13 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)
This is not of direct interest in the present document except that it defines an opportunity to initiate the other changes to
the lamp-post functionality offered in Stage 2 (clause 4.3) and Stage 3 (clause 4.4).
4.3 Stage 2: Connected street lighting
Stage 2 overlays Stage 1 with a limited bandwidth network connectivity and control systems to:
• remotely monitor lighting performance: maintenance costs are reduced by detecting and raising a service alert
when there is a problem with an LED;
• change light levels to match ambient light levels: street lights are switched on when fog or rain creates low
daylight levels or dimmed when there is too much reflected glare (e.g. from snow cover);
• change light levels to match local activity: street lights integrated with motion sensors are switched on when
pedestrians or cars pass;
• change light levels to alert the public: public safety personnel can increase lighting levels, or have lights flash,
at locations where accidents or emergencies have occurred;
• measure energy consumption: measuring the consumption of each lamp-post.
This level of control uses an "urban data platform" to monitor and manage the performance of the lighting provided on
the lamp-post.
The network connectivity varies and includes both wired solutions and wireless connections and the data represents a
form of Massive IoT mentioned in Table 1.
The present document adds to this concept by specifying in clause 5.1 the functionality of electronic circuitry necessary
to provide a connection to this urban data platform from sensors attached to lamp-posts to provide data relating to:
• intermittent polling of climatic conditions:
- temperature;
- pressure;
- humidity;
- precipitation;
- wind;
- ultraviolet UVA/UVB radiation;
• intermittent polling of environmental Key Performance Indicators:
- noise;
- air quality:
 carbon dioxide;
 nitrogen dioxide;
 fine particulate matter;
• continuous monitoring:
- instances of peak noise (e.g. gun-shot);
- video surveillance (e.g. traffic control).
It is recognized that not all lamp-posts will host the same (or any) sensors but the majority of the above sensors are
subject to strict requirements for their location.
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14 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)
The electronic circuitry above is required to be able to communicate directly with the urban data platform using either
the network solutions employed to manage the lighting, the 5G network described in clause 4.4 or other networks (e.g.
2G, 3G, 4G, LoRA™ and SIGFOX™).
4.4 Stage 3: New service development
Stage 3 represents the full migration of the lamp-post infrastructure to support 5G connectivity to EUs supporting as
required the Massive IoT, eMBB and URLLC applications listed in Table 1.
While existing lamp-posts may be served by a power supply suitable to support Massive IoT applications, the existing
power supplies may not be continuously available. This may be adequate for the electronic circuitry for the package of
electronics meeting the objectives of Stage 2 evolution but is not adequate for those of Stage 3.
It is a real challenge to provide the number of infrastructural components needed to distribute 5G connectivity (and the
widespread installation of sensors) with the associated demands for reliability, security, ubiquity and Quality of
Service (QoS).
The costs and complexity of such deployments, involving many different stakeholders can slow the 5G network
implementation because:
• many more RRUs are required due to the short wavelengths used to enable the service demands and RRUs
need to be installed closer to each other and to the EUs compared to 3G and 4G solutions;
• however, very few (if any) lamp-posts will be served with a power supply with an appropriate quality and/or
availability necessary to meet the demands of 5G RRUs;
• the maintenance of service requires not only provision of power and data to each lamp-post which is separate
from the existing provision but may also require a network design that maintains the required services even if
that provision of power and data fails at a given lamp-post.
The presence of multiple access networks and power supplies clearly represents a challenge for demarcation during
installation and maintenance. The present document does not address vehicle charging but the risk to service provision
can be considered to be exacerbated if other parties are involved in providing other power supplies to and in the lamp-
posts.
5 Functionality and availability
5.1 Stage 2
5.1.1 Functionality
5.1.1.1 Data connection
Figure 3 shows the complete functional set for the sensor circuitry. It is recognized that not all lamp-posts will host the
same (or any) sensors but the installation of a common circuit board capable of hosting all sensors offers advantages in
terms of both cost and operational flexibility.
The present document does not specify the type of sensor devices or the interfaces between them and the data
amalgamation circuitry.
A common set of sensors have to be selected for all lamp-posts in order to define the data amalgamation circuitry
shown schematically in Figure 3.
ETSI
Data
Power
Data
Power
Data
Power
Data
Power
Data
Power
15 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)
Temperature
Pressure Precipitation Wind UVA/UVB
Humidity
Intermittent - Climatic
PSU
Wireless
AC-DC
Data
fed by Data amalgamation
transport
unswitched
Wired
lamp-post
supply
Continuous Intermittent - Environmental
Particulate
Video Noise NO CO
2 2
matter
Figure 3: Examples of lamp-post service provisioning
The data transport technology has to be able to support either a wired or wireless connection to the urban data platform
using either the network controlling the lamp-post itself or via a third-party operator's network (including the 5G
connectivity) implemented under Stage 3.
Where battery-powered sensors are used, it is common to employ wide area, low power communications systems (e.g.
NB-IoT, LTE-M, SIGFOX™, LoRa™) in order to maximize battery life and minimize the disruption and cost of
battery replacement.
5.1.1.2 Power supply
There are number options, depending on the energy consumption of the sensors and by the communication system,
including:
• an integrated battery - where sensors have particularly low energy consumption and communicate very limited
amounts of data to the urban data platform;
• a local energy harvesting solution (e.g. solar panel) - the presence of a battery-backup is typically required as
the energy to be harvested can be erratic;
• the power supply to the lamp-post - a battery providing back-up power is typically required as the supply may
often be absent (e.g. during the day, during maintenance) and in any case such a solution is only practical for
powering equipment that have low energy consumption (e.g. < 1 W);
• ad-hoc power supply remotely fed so to provide both the amount of energy needed (even tens of watts) and
guarantee the needed service continuity - such systems can be those used for Stage 3.
It is considered that all the sensors on a given lamp-post would not require a power supply of more than 20 W unless
specific requirements exist for video camera functionality (e.g. heating of camera enclosures, etc.).
The power provided to the sensors and protocol used to poll data from the sensors can either be:
• proprietary with each sensor potentially using a different supply voltage and interface protocol - this requires
each sensor to be specified before the electronics package can be defined and designed; or
• implemented via existing standards such as Universal Serial Bus (USB), IEEE 802.3bt [i.6] or
IEEE 802.3cg [i.7] - this provides much greater flexibility in terms of changing the type of sensors installed -
however this may result in increased power consumption, and physical dimensions, of the electronics package.
NOTE 1: Certain sensors may operate using power supplied from a local battery.
ETSI
Power
Data
Power
Data
Power
Data
Power
Data
Power
Data
16 ETSI TS 110 174-2-2 V1.1.1 (2019-06)
NOTE 2: Sensors may operate using power supplied from a local energy harvesting solution such as solar cell
technology. In such cases, mechanical constraints should be taken into account, in particular the stresses
the structure supporting the solar cell places on the lamp-post (see clause 5.1.2).
5.1.2 Availability
The first element of availability to be addressed is the physical capability of the population of lamp-posts in a given city
to support the mass of the sensors and any local power supply solutions. It should be noted that additional mass can
change the behaviour of the lamp-post, cause collapse and represent a safety risk when a transverse load is applied
(e.g. resulting from wind or traffic accidents).
Typical lamp-posts are fed from 230 VAC. There is no obvious problem with obtaining a power supply adequate to
serve the sensor package via an AC-DC convertor connected to an unswitched input to the lamp-post (not the output of
the on/off switch for the light).
The availability of the existing power supplies to the lamp-post should be assessed to determine its impact on
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