ETSI TR 102 495-5 V1.1.1 (2009-01)

ETSI TR 102 495-5 V1.1.1 (2009-01)
Technical Report

Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
System Reference Document;
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Technical characteristics for SRD equipment using
Ultra Wide Band Sensor technology (UWB);
Part 5: Location tracking applications type 2 operating
in the frequency bands from 3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz and from 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz
for person and object tracking and industrial applications

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2 ETSI TR 102 495-5 V1.1.1 (2009-01)



Reference
DTR/ERM-RM-263-5
Keywords
radar, radio, short range, SRDoc, testing, UWB
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3 ETSI TR 102 495-5 V1.1.1 (2009-01)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 4
Foreword . 4
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Definitions . 8
3.2 Symbols . 8
3.3 Abbreviations . 8
4 Comments on the System Reference Document . 9
5 Executive summary . 9
5.1 Background information . 9
5.2 Market information. 9
5.3 Technical system description . 9
5.4 Regulations . 10
5.4.1 Current Regulations . 10
5.4.2 Radio spectrum requirements and justification . 10
5.4.3 Proposal for individual site specific licensing approach . 11
6 Expected ETSI Actions . 11
7 Requested ECC Actions . . 11
Annex A: Detailed market information . 12
A.1 Range of applications . 12
A.1.1 Category 1: Personnel applications . 12
A.1.2 Category 2: Industrial & logistics asset tracking . 14
A.2 Market size and value . 17
A.3 Traffic evaluation . 18
Annex B: Technical information . 19
B.1 Detailed technical description . 19
B.2 Technical justification for spectrum . 22
B.2.1 Technical justification for bandwidth . 22
B.2.2 Technical justification for proposed power levels . 23
Annex C: Expected compatibility issues . 26
C.1 Current ITU allocations . 26
C.2 Coexistence and Sharing issues . 26
History . 27

ETSI

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4 ETSI TR 102 495-5 V1.1.1 (2009-01)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM).
The present document is part 5 of a multi-part deliverable covering Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum
Matters (ERM); System Reference Document; Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical characteristics for SRD
equipment using Ultra Wide Band technology (UWB) as identified below:
Part 1: "Building material analysis and classification applications operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz
to 8 GHz";
Part 2: "Object Discrimination and Characterization (ODC) applications for power tool devices operating in the
frequency band from 2,2 GHz to 8,5 GHz";
Part 3: "Location tracking applications type 1 operating in the frequency band from 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz for
indoor, portable and mobile outdoor applications";
Part 4: "Object Identification for Surveillance applications operating in the frequency band from 2,2 GHz to
8,5 GHz";
Part 5: "Location tracking applications type 2 operating in the frequency bands from 3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz
and from 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz for person and object tracking and industrial applications";
Part 6: Void;
Part 7: "Location tracking and sensor applications for automotive and transportation environments operating in
the frequency band from 3,1 GHz to 4,8 GHz and 6 GHz to 9 GHz".
Introduction
The original spectrum request for UWB location tracking applications was covered by part 3 of the present multi-part
deliverable. This original request is now being enhanced by the proposals covered in the present document (part 5).
Therefore, these additional location tracking devices are called type 2. The performance attributes of type 2 devices
include an extended operating range compared with the earlier devices (i.e. type 1) as well as the new frequency range
from 3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz in addition to the 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz frequency range. It is foreseen that individual licensing
of operators on a site-specific basis will be required.
The total addressable market for type 2 devices is expected to be considerable larger than that under the original
request.
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5 ETSI TR 102 495-5 V1.1.1 (2009-01)
UWB location tracking is a viable positioning technology that meets industrial requirements in the following markets:
1) Healthcare.
2) Workplace/Office.
3) Public buildings.
4) Security.
5) Defence training.
6) Professional multimedia production.
7) Logistics, warehouses.
8) Manufacturing assembly lines.
9) Prisons and correctional institutes.
10) Large and hazardous industrial sites, such as oil refineries.
The purpose of producing the present document is to lay a foundation for industry to quickly bring innovative and
useful products to the market.
The present document includes necessary information to support the co-operation between ETSI and the Electronic
Communications Committee (ECC) of the European Conference of Post and Telecommunications Administrations
(CEPT).
Status of pre-approval draft
The present document has been created by ERM TG 31C. It has undergone an ETSI internal consultation and it was
approved for publication as ETSI Technical Report by ERM at ERM#36 (November 2008). The present version is now
intended for submission to ECC WGFM and ECC WGSE for consideration at their next meetings.
Target version Pre-approval date version
(see note)
V1.1.1 a s m Date Description
V1.1.1 0.0.4 10 January 2008 Approved by TG31C and
sent to ETSI ERM for
consultation and subsequent
approval.
V1.1.1 0.0.5 27 June 2008 Mini ETSI internal enquiry
version.
st
V1.1.1 0.0.6 Incorporation of comments
21 August 2008
received during ETSI
internal consultation.
th
V1.1.1 0.0.9 Version after internal ETSI
15 October 2008
consultation and rework in
TG31c.
Approved by TG31c.
V1.1.1 0.0.10 6 November 2008 ERM approved version for
publication.
NOTE: See clause A.2 of EG 201 788 [i.13].

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6 ETSI TR 102 495-5 V1.1.1 (2009-01)
1 Scope
The present document defines the requirements for radio frequency usage for Ultra Wide Band (UWB) location
tracking devices type 2. These devices would operate in the frequency ranges from 3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz and from
6 GHz to 8,5 GHz. Operation is foreseen for indoor and outdoor applications as for the earlier type (i.e. type 1) covered
in TR 102 495-3 [i.9]. The operating distance may be limited to about 200 metres. It would include applications from all
different markets (see list of markets in introduction). Site-specific licensing of fixed outdoor tracking systems using
higher emission levels is possible and proposed by the present document.
The present document covers ultra-wideband location tracking tags which are attached to people or objects. The tags are
tracked using a base station infrastructure. Equipment covered by the present document is fitted with an integral or
dedicated antenna.
Additional information is given in the following annexes:
• Detailed market information (annex A),
• Technical information (annex B),
• Expected compatibility issues (annex C).
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
Not applicable.
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7 ETSI TR 102 495-5 V1.1.1 (2009-01)
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not essential to the use of the present document but they assist the user with
regard to a particular subject area. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
[i.1] CEPT/ECC Report 64: "The protection requirements of radiocommunications systems below
10,6 GHz from generic UWB applications", Helsinki, February 2005".
NOTE: http://www.ero.dk/doc98/Official/pdf/ECCREP064.pdf.
[i.2] CEPT/ERC Report 25: "The European table of frequency allocations and utilisations in the
frequency range 9 kHz to 1000 GHz Lisboa 02 - Dublin 03 - Kusadasi 2004 -Copenhagen 04 -
Nice 07".
[i.3] Document TG3#7-19R0 ("Effects of PSD limits on UWB positioning systems"), submitted to ECC
TG3 meeting, Brest, 1-3 March 2005.
[i.4] FCC 03-33: "Revision of Part 15 of the Commission"s Rules Regarding UWB Transmission
Systems".
[i.5] ECC/DEC/(06)04: "ECC Decision of 24 March 2006 amended 6 July 2007 at Constanta on the
harmonised conditions for devices using Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology in bands below
10.6 GHz".
[i.6] ECC/DEC/(06)12: "Decision of 1 December 2006 on the harmonised conditions for devices using
Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology with Low Duty Cycle (LDC) in the frequency band
3,4-4,8 GHz".
[i.7] Report developed by the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
(CEPT) in response to the European Commission (EC) under the Mandate dealing with the
harmonized technical conditions for the use in the European Union of the mitigation techniques for
UWB applications.
[i.8] ITU-R, Radio Regulations, Geneva, 2004.
[i.9] ETSI TR 102 495-3: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); System
Reference Document; Short Range Devices (SRD); Technical Characteristics for SRD equipment
using Ultra-Wideband Sensor Technology (UWB); Part 3: Location tracking applications type 1
operating in the frequency band from 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz for indoor, portable and mobile outdoor
applications".
[i.10] EC Mandate M/407: Standardisation mandate forwarded to CEN/CENELEC/ETSI for harmonised
standards covering ultra-wideband equipment.
[i.11] NIST Construction Automation Program Report #3 (Electromagnetic Signal Attenuation in
Construction Materials).
[i.12] EC Mandate: Final and adopted Mandate to CEPT to identify the conditions relating to the
harmonised introduction in the EU of radio applications based on ultra-wideband (UWB)
technology (Mandate 4).
[i.13] ETSI EG 201 788: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Guidance
for drafting an ETSI System Reference Document".
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8 ETSI TR 102 495-5 V1.1.1 (2009-01)
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
activity factor: effective transmission time ratio, actual on-the-air time divided by active session time or actual
on-the-air emission time within a given time window
duty cycle: defined as the ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the transmitter "on" relative to a given period as specified
in the technical requirements
fixed equipment: UWB location tracking device on a fixed position
mobile equipment: UWB location tracking device to be used while in motion or during halts at unspecified points
portable equipment: UWB location tracking device normally used on a stand-alone basis and to be carried around
range resolution: ability to resolve two targets at different ranges
tag: mobile or portable UWB location tracking device
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
c velocity of light in a vacuum
δR range resolution or multipath rejection resolution
dBm deciBel relative to 1 mW
T pulse width
P
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
2D/3D Two Dimensional/Three Dimensional
CCTV Closed Circuit TeleVision
CEPT Conference Europeenne des Administrations de Postes et des Telecommunications
DCR Duty Cycle Restriction
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
ERC European Radiocommunications Committee
ERM Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
FS Fixed Service
FSS Fixed Satellite Service
GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System
GPS Global Positioning System
ITU International Telecommunication Union
LAN Local Area Network
LDC Low Duty Cycle
LORAN LOng RAnge Navigation
LOS Line-Of-Sight
LT2 Location Tracking devices type 2
NLOSN Non-Line-Of-Sight
RAs National Regulatory Authorities
OoB Out of Band
PRF Pulse Repetition Frequency
PSD Power Spectral Density
RF Radio Frequency
SRD Short Range Device
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9 ETSI TR 102 495-5 V1.1.1 (2009-01)
ToR Terms of Reference
TPC Total Power Control
UWB Ultra Wide Band
4 Comments on the System Reference Document
No statements have been received on the present document so far.
5 Executive summary
5.1 Background information
The present document describes devices using Ultra Wide Band sensor technology for location tracking applications.
In UWB location tracking, small mobile or portable tags, operating as either transmitters or receivers, or both, are
attached to the objects to be located, or are carried by personnel within an area under surveillance. A network of fixed
equipment around the area to be covered, communicate with the tags. By analysing, e.g. the time-of-arrival and/or
angle-of-arrival of the radio signal relative to the known reference stations, the 2D/3D position of the tag can be found.
Typically, the range between a tag and a reference station might be up to 200 m, depending on the area to be observed.
There is evidence that these devices can address versatile industrial requirements in many different markets and
therefore, a socio-economic benefit is given.
It is also possible that such a system will significantly enhance the security and safety of persons monitored in different
applications such as process industries, healthcare, prisons (guards) and lone workers.
A high precision in range measurement is required. This means that the signals necessarily have a very large bandwidth
to provide the required accuracy.
5.2 Market information
The proposed changes will lead to a greater addressable market that also includes new location tracking applications not
considered before.
Detailed market information is given in annex A.
5.3 Technical system description
Small UWB transmitter tags are attached to the objects to be located, or are carried by persons.
A tracking system in the present document can be realized in 3 different ways:
• transmitting tags and receiving fixed equipment (see figure B.1.1)
The UWB signals emitted by a small transmitting tags (carried by persons or attached to the objects to be
located) are detected by a network of receiving fixed equipment placed at known, fixed points around the area
to be covered. By centralized computational means the location of the tags can be determined. Typical
application.
• receiving tags and transmitting fixed equipment (see figure B.1.2)
The UWB signals emitted by a network of transmitting fixed equipment are detected by receiving tags,
which need to have computational means to a detect their own position. Comparable to a GPS system.
• receiving/transmitting tags and receiving/transmitting fixed equipment (see figure B.1.3)
A combination of 1 and 2; both the tag and the fixed equipment can receive and transmit UWB-signals.
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10 ETSI TR 102 495-5 V1.1.1 (2009-01)
The 3D position information / position can be calculated by detecting the UWB signal at a number of receivers (system
set-up 1 or 3) or by detecting different (known) information from different transmitters at one receiver (system
set-up 2 or 3), and analysing the time-of-arrival and/or angle-of-arrival of each radio signal.
In a typical application (system set-up 1), the range between a tag and the fixed equipment might be between 10 m to
200 m, depending on the level of building obstruction between the two.
Since the transmitting tags can only work in combination with the fixed equipment, a useful activity-control strategy
could be to only allow the tags to transmit when they are ordered to do so, or when they receive a "system heartbeat".
For receiving such a command or heartbeat the tags should also have a receiving part (not necessarily on UWB-basis).
Detailed technical information is given in annex B.
5.4 Regulations
5.4.1 Current Regulations
The current regulation (amended ECC/DEC(06)04 [i.5] and ECC/DEC(06)12 [i.6]) excludes fixed outdoor installations.
5.4.2 Radio spectrum requirements and justification
The addition of the lower frequency ranges (i.e. 3,4 GHz to 4,8 GHz) is attractive due to the availability of chipsets
having lower costs and higher antenna efficiency but also because of the lower propagation losses.
Higher emission levels above 6 GHz are necessary for the application scenarios. A detailed description of the emissions
levels is added in clause B.2.2.
The following requirements are proposed for Location Tracking Type 2 applications as shown in table 5.1. These
proposed limits broaden the set of applications which can be addressed by UWB location tracking systems, by
increasing the emissions levels applicable to indoor systems (but with additional duty-cycle restrictions), and by
enabling fixed outdoor systems (with both duty-cycle restrictions and a requirement for individual licensing which
ensures compatibility with existing users of the radio spectrum).
Table 5.1: Proposed regulation
Individual site specific licensing Without individual licencing
Frequency Maximum value of mean power Maximum value of mean power spectral
(GHz)
spectral density (dBm/MHz) density (dBm/MHz)
New regulation requested New regulation Present regulation
requested
3,4 < f ≤ 4,8 ≤ -41,3 ( fixed outdoor)  ≤ -41,3 indoor
subject to implementation of DCR (implementation of
(see note 1) LDC as per
ECC/DEC(06)12 [i.6]
6 < f ≤ 8,5 ≤ -41,3 (fixed outdoor) + DCR ≤ -31,3 ( indoor) ≤ -41,3 (indoor)
(see note 1) subject to
implementation of DCR
(see note 2)
NOTE 1: An individual site licensing approach as proposed in clause 5.4.3.
DCR: duty cycle restriction: 5 % / s.
NOTE 2: LDC is accepted to replace TPC as a mitigation in the related scenarios (ECC TG3#24).

LDC - parameters (as in ECC/DEC(06)12):
• Ton max = 5 ms.
• Toff mean ≥ 38 ms (averaged over 1 sec).
• Σ Toff > 950 ms per second.
• Σ Ton < 5 % per second and 0,5 % per hour.
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11 ETSI TR 102 495-5 V1.1.1 (2009-01)
DCR - parameters:
• Ton max ≤ 25 ms
• Toff mean ≥ 38 ms (averaged over 1 sec)
• Σ Toff ≥ 950 ms per second
Peak power limitation
Maximum peak e.i.r.p. (in 50 MHz reference bandwidth, as in ECC/DEC(06)04) [i.5] will be limited to 40 dB higher
than the maximum mean e.i.r.p. spectral density (dBm/MHz) defined in table 6.1 for the various cases.
The proposed individual licensing approach is outlined in clause 5.3.3.
5.4.3 Proposal for individual site specific licensing approach
National Regulatory Authorities (NRAs) may establish individual licensing requirements for the use of the radio
spectrum by LT2 systems with fixed outdoor base stations as part of conditions for the efficient use of radio spectrum.
The purpose of this clause is to provide an example for the establishment of these individual licensing provisions so as
to facilitate the work of both administrations and LT2 professional users in Europe.
It is recommended that the individual licensing regime include the following individual requirements:
• operator registration;
• exact location and information on the area covered (geographical coordinates, radius and indoor or outdoor
operation);
• co-ordination with services potentially affected (e.g. FSS and FS receivers) on the basis of fixed terminal
location, antenna orientation, and possibly frequency;
• the specific combination of mitigating factors to be implemented (e.g. antenna pattern, sub-bands avoided, and
TPC as well as low duty cycle).
If NRAs will require applicants to perform some of the co-ordination tasks, e.g. to identify specific service users to be
assessed, they may need to create a database for LT2 operators to consult.
6 Expected ETSI Actions
It is expected to create a new Harmonized Standard for location tracking type 2 devices. EC Mandate M/407 [i.10] and
[i.12] was accepted by ETSI, and calls for the preparation of Harmonized Standards for UWB.
7 Requested ECC Actions
ECC is requested to study the proposal covered in present document.
It is noted that limits for fixed outdoor unlicensed usage have already been discussed in ECC TG3, but not licensed
usage.
The proposed site-specific individual licensing approach for fixed outdoor transmitters, as well as the proposed DCR for
the frequency band 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz should be taken into account for an amendment of the UWB regulatory
framework
It is recommended that the ECC Decision to be made by mid of 2009 to allow manufacturers sufficient time to have
equipment in the market as of 2010.
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12 ETSI TR 102 495-5 V1.1.1 (2009-01)
Annex A:
Detailed market information
A.1 Range of applications
Applications of UWB location tracking technology are many and varied. Within hospitals, equipment, patients and
doctors can be located quickly to speed up response to an incident. In the workplace, computers and communications
systems can be shared between personnel, and automatically configured for a particular user as they walk up to
equipment. In high-security environments, authorized personnel can be tracked, and unauthorized persons quickly
identified when passive sensors
...