ETSI TS 102 754 V1.2.1 (2008-11)

ETSI TS 102 754 V1.2.1 (2008-11)
Technical Specification

Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD);
Technical characteristics of Detect-And-Avoid (DAA)
mitigation techniques for SRD equipment using
Ultra Wideband (UWB) technology

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2 ETSI TS 102 754 V1.2.1 (2008-11)



Reference
RTS/ERM-TG31A-0120
Keywords
radar, radio, SRD, UWB
ETSI
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3 ETSI TS 102 754 V1.2.1 (2008-11)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Definitions . 7
3.2 Symbols . 8
3.3 Abbreviations . 8
4 Detect and avoid . 8
4.1 Introduction . 8
4.2 Zone model . 8
4.3 Detect and Avoid operational flow . 10
5 Detect framework . 11
5.1 Introduction . 11
5.2 Detect options . 12
5.2.1 Measurement of received victim signal strength . 12
5.2.2 Processing of available external victim service information . 13
5.2.3 Combination of both . 14
5.3 Detection parameters . 15
5.3.1 Initial Channel availability check time . 15
5.3.2 Maximum Detect and Avoid time, t . 16
avoid
5.3.3 Signal detection threshold, D . 16
thresh
5.3.4 Detection probability . 16
6 Avoidance options . 16
6.1 Introduction . 16
6.2 Transmit power management . 17
6.3 Band relocation . 17
6.4 Frequency band notching . 17
6.5 LDC . 17
6.6 Antenna techniques . 17
6.7 Combinations . 17
6.8 Avoidance parameters . 17
6.8.1 Minimum avoidance bandwidth . 17
6.8.2 Default Avoidance bandwidth . 18
6.8.3 Maximum avoidance power level . 18
6.9 Switching to LDC . 18
7 Test considerations . 18
7.1 General considerations . 18
7.2 Considerations for radio location services . 18
7.3 Considerations for BWA services . 19
7.4 Maximum uncertainty . 19
Annex A (normative): Radio location services in the band 3,1 GHz to 3,4 GHz . 20
Annex B (normative): Broadband wireless access services in the band 3,4 GHz to 3,8 GHz . 21
Annex C (normative): Radio location services in the band 8,5 GHz to 9,0 GHz . 22
Annex D (normative): Test Procedure for the radio location DAA test . 23
D.1 Introduction . 23
ETSI

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4 ETSI TS 102 754 V1.2.1 (2008-11)
D.1.1 Start-up test . 23
D.1.1.1 Tests with a radar burst at the beginning of the Minimum Initial Channel Availability Check Time . 23
D.1.1.2 Tests with radar burst at the end of the Minimum Initial Channel Availability Check Time . 24
D.1.2 In-Service Test . 26
D.1.3 Test patterns for the radio location DAA test . 27
Annex E (informative): Detection threshold and range . 28
History . 29

ETSI

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5 ETSI TS 102 754 V1.2.1 (2008-11)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://webapp.etsi.org/IPR/home.asp).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and
Radio spectrum Matters (ERM).
ETSI

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6 ETSI TS 102 754 V1.2.1 (2008-11)
1 Scope
The present document provides the technical specifications of Detect And Avoid (DAA) mitigation techniques. These
techniques are focused on the protection of active radio services.
The following DAA mechanisms have been identified to protect the:
• radio location services in the band 3,1 GHz to 3,4 GHz;
• broadband wireless access services in the band 3,4 GHz to 3,8 GHz;
• radio location services in the band 8,5 GHz to 9,0 GHz.
NOTE: The DAA mitigation techniques are to some extent generic and may also be used with modifications for
the protection of other radio services in the future if the technical requirements are identified.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific.
• For a specific reference, subsequent revisions do not apply.
• Non-specific reference may be made only to a complete document or a part thereof and only in the following
cases:
- if it is accepted that it will be possible to use all future changes of the referenced document for the
purposes of the referring document;
- for informative references.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
For online referenced documents, information sufficient to identify and locate the source shall be provided. Preferably,
the primary source of the referenced document should be cited, in order to ensure traceability. Furthermore, the
reference should, as far as possible, remain valid for the expected life of the document. The reference shall include the
method of access to the referenced document and the full network address, with the same punctuation and use of upper
case and lower case letters.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of the present document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For non-specific references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
Not applicable.
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7 ETSI TS 102 754 V1.2.1 (2008-11)
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not essential to the use of the present document but they assist the user with
regard to a particular subject area. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
[i.1] ECC DEC(06)04: "ECC Decision of 24 March 2006 amended 6 July 2007 at Constanta on the
harmonized conditions for devices using Ultra-Wideband (UWB) technology in bands below 10.6
GHz" (2007/131/EC).
[i.2] Draft amended ECC DEC(06)12: "ECC Decision of [1 December 2006] on supplementary
regulatory provisions to ECC/DEC/(06)04 for UWB devices using mitigation techniques".
[i.3] ECC Report 120 (March 2008): "ECC Report on Technical requirements for UWB DAA (Detect
and avoid) devices to ensure the protection of radiolocation in the bands 3.1-3.4 GHz and 8.5-9
GHz and BWA terminals in the band 3.4 - 4.2 GHz".
[i.4] ECC TG3#18-18R0: "Flexible DAA mechanism based on "isolation criteria" between victim
service and UWB devices", ECC TG3 Meeting 18, Mainz, March 2007.
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
avoid implementation time: maximum time taken to adjust to a new TX parameter set following signal level
measurement and identification, Parameter: T
avoid impl
avoidance level: maximum amplitude to which the UWB transmit power is set for the relevant protection zone
channel availability check interval: maximum time between two consecutive detect operations, Parameter: T
avail
detect and avoid time: time duration between a change of the external RF environmental conditions and adaptation of
the corresponding UWB operational parameters
detection probability: probability that the DAA enabled UWB device reacts appropriately to a signal detection
threshold crossing within the detect and avoid time
in operation channel availability check time: minimum time the UWB device spends searching for victim signals
during normal operation, Parameter: T
in op avail
maximum avoidance power level: UWB transmit power assuring the equivalent protection of the victim service
minimum avoidance bandwidth: portion of the victim service bandwidth requiring protection
default avoidance bandwidth: portion of the victim service bandwidth to be protected if no enhanced service
bandwidth identification mechanisms are implemented in the DAA enabled devices
minimum initial channel availability check time: minimum time the UWB device spends searching for victim signals
after power on, Parameter: T
avail, Time
Non-Interference mode operation (NIM): operational mode that allows the use of the radio spectrum on a
non-interference basis without active mitigation techniques
signal detection threshold: amplitude of the victim signal which defines the transition between adjacent protection
zones, Parameter: D
thresh
signal detection threshold set: set of amplitudes of the victim signal which defines the transition between adjacent
protection zones
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8 ETSI TS 102 754 V1.2.1 (2008-11)
victim signal: signal(s) of the service to be detected and protected by the DAA mitigation technique
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
T time
f frequency
D detection threshold
I Isolation in dB
P Power in dBm
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
BPSK Binary Phase Shift Keying
BWA Broadband Wireless Access
DAA Detect And Avoid
CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
CPC Cognitive Pilot Channels
CW Continuous Wave
dBm deciBel relative to 1 mW
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
e.i.r.p. equivalent isotropically radiated power
ERM Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
LDC Low Duty Cycle
LFM Linear Frequency Modulation
NIM Non Interference Mode
RF Radio Frequency
SRD Short Range Device
TPC Transmit Power Control
UWB Ultra WideBand
4 Detect and avoid
4.1 Introduction
The present clause defines a Detect And Avoid (DAA) based interference mitigation architecture for UWB devices to
protect active victim services. In the following clauses the basis for and the individual DAA parameters for protection
of specific services will be given.
4.2 Zone model
The flexible DAA concept is based on the definition of different zones for which an appropriate UWB emission power
level is authorized. Each zone corresponds to a minimum isolation between the potential victim system and the potential
UWB interferer. Based on the minimum isolation an equivalent degree (see note below) of victim service protection is
derived. This concept is embodied in the zone model.
As existing systems are subject to technological change and other systems may be deployed or developed in the future
e.g. IMT-Advanced, it should be noted that different zone parameters and transmission levels may be required.
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9 ETSI TS 102 754 V1.2.1 (2008-11)
The zone model is based on the isolation between the victim device and the UWB device. By deriving the distances
based on the isolation it is possible to segment the region of space around the victim receiver into discrete zones. In the
first zone, zone 1, the UWB device shall operate in the non-interference mode (NIM) as defined in the non DAA
regulatory framework [i.1] and [i.2] using the parameters give in table 1. In the last zone, zone N, the UWB device can
operate without restrictions up to the maximum permitted power level of -41,3 dBm/MHz or as defined in a future DAA
regulation for the corresponding operational frequency range. Between the zone 1 and zone N an arbitrary number of
transition zones 2 to N -1 may be defined, provided equivalent protection can be assured. Based on the result of the
detection process (clause 5) the UWB device has to determine the corresponding zone it occupies.
Table 1: Non-interference mode parameters in the band 3,1 GHz to 9,0 GHz
Operational Frequency NIM Power levels (e.i.r.p.) NIM Power levels (e.i.r.p.) with LDC implemented
-70 dBm/MHz average. -41,3 dBm/MHz average.
3,1 GHz to 3,4 GHz -36 dBm peak 0 dBm peak
(see notes 2 and 3) Standard LDC parameters as in [i.2]
-80 dBm/MHz average. -41,3 dBm/MHz average.
3,4 GHz to 3,8 GHz - 40 dBm peak 0 dBm peak
(see notes 2 and 3) Standard LDC parameters as in [i.2]
-70 dBm/MHz average. -41,3 dBm/MHz average.
3,8 GHz to 4,2 GHz -30 dBm peak 0 dBm peak
(see notes 2 and 3) Standard LDC parameters as in [i.2]
-70 dBm/MHz average. -41,3 dBm/MHz average.
4,2 GHz to 4,8 GHz -30 dBm peak 0 dBm peak
(see notes 2 and 3) Standard LDC parameters as in [i.2]
-41,3 dBm/MHz average. -41,3 dBm/MHz average.
6,0 GHz to 8,5 GHz 0 dBm peak 0 dBm peak
(see note 2) Standard LDC parameters as in [i.2]
-65 dBm/MHz average. -41,3 dBm/MHz average.
8,5 GHz to 9,0 GHz -25 dBm peak 0 dBm peak
(see notes 2 and 3) Standard LDC parameters as in [i.2]
NOTE 1: As defined in the scope of the present document, the DAA mitigation only affects the frequency bands 3,1 GHz
to 3,4 GHz, 3,4 GHz to 3,8 GHz and 8,5 GHz to 9 GHz. NIM power levels for the other frequency bands are
included in this table for informative purposes.
NOTE 2: Devices installed in road or rail vehicle not using LDC need to implement TPC as defined in [i.2].
NOTE 3: Devices fitted with DAA mitigation may operate to the maximum permissable limit of -41,3 dBm/MHz average
and 0 dBm peak.

The zone model is illustrated in figure 1 for N = 4. This example has been taken from the CEPT ECC TG3 regulatory
discussion [i.4]. The transition zones in this example are defined based on a 10 dB pathloss step size.

D
thres_1
D
thres_(N-1)
N = �
� > 74 dB
65 dB
3,5 m
�
to
55 dB
74 dB
�
to
45 dB
Victim
65 dB
to
1 m
55 dB
9,5 m
31 m

Figure 1: Zone model segmentation and corresponding path loss
with LoS distance in meters for N = 4
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10 ETSI TS 102 754 V1.2.1 (2008-11)
4.3 Detect and Avoid operational flow
The defined zone model is incorporated into the overall detect and avoid operational flow. This flow is depicted in
figure 2.
 UWB Device
Power ON
UWB Operation in
Non-Interference (NI) mode
Yes
Stay in
NI mode?
Detect and Avoid time
No
“ ”
Detect operation
Victim Victim
Signal > D Signal < D
thresh_1 thresh (N-1)
Victim Signal
Level estimation
D < Victim < D
2 1
thresh thresh
Signal
UWB Operation in
UWB Operation in UWB Operation in
. . .
Zone 2 N
Zone 1 Zone

Figure 2: Detect and Avoid overview, including N zones
All UWB devices enter a non-interference mode at start-up. This non-interference mode can only be changed after a
signal detect, estimation and decision process has been performed. Estimations are done against threshold levels
D , n = 1…N-1.
thres_n
The non-interference mode operational zone can be subdivided into zones of equivalent protection where appropriate
avoidance techniques are implemented. This gives rise to additional operational zones between the non-interference and
free mode operational zones based on technical considerations. This multi zone concept is illustrated in figure 3 taking
into account the reduction of the UWB transmit power after the application of the appropriate avoidance technique.
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11 ETSI TS 102 754 V1.2.1 (2008-11)
P
uwb_free
Detection threshold D
thresh_N
LoS assumption:
2
P * [R/R ]
uwb_free N-1
P
uwb_NIM
Distance from Victim
Victim
R R R R
Range
N-4 N-3 N-2 N-1
Basic zone model
Zone 1    Zone N, N=2
E.g. 5 zone model
Zone 1    2 3 4 Zone N, N=5

Figure 3: Illustration of multi zone concept based on equivalent protection levels
The basic zone model consists of two zones, the non-interference mode operational zone, zone 1, and the free mode
operational zone, zone N, N = 2. The basic threshold level D , separating free mode operational zone and the
thresh_(N-1)
non-interference mode operational zone, is defined by two key parameters:
• Minimum needed isolation I, including margins for an interference free operation of the victim receiver, when
in the presence of a UWB device operating in zone N.
• The transmit power of the victim device P .
TX_vic
Then D is given as:
thresh_(N-1)
D = P - I
thresh_(N-1) TX_vic
During the detection and estimation process performed by the UWB device, a received victim signal level will be
compared to the threshold level D . If the received victim signal level exceeds the threshold level D
thresh_(N-1) thresh_(N-1)
the UWB device shall operate in the non-interference mode. This signal level estimation is periodically updated in order
to accommodate the potential changing RF environmental conditions. When changes in the RF conditions are detected
the operational mode of the UWB device shall be adapted accordingly.
5 Detect framework
5.1 Introduction
The clause introduces the detection options and victim service related detection parameters for the definition of the
DAA test specification requirements. The limits for the test are given in the victim service related annexes A to C and
are determined in the relevant ECC deliverable [i.3].
ETSI
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12 ETSI TS 102 754 V1.2.1 (2008-11)
5.2 Detect options
5.2.1 Measurement of received victim signal strength
The approach of the measurement of the received victim signal strength is depicted in figure 4. The reliability of the
decision process in comparing the zone thresholds with the measured victim signals shall depend on the type of signal
measured and the signal to noise level of the measurement. The signal to noise ratios achievable by the UWB devices
will be dependent upon the manufacturers' implementation.
The frequency band selection shall take into account the operational frequency band of the UWB device and all
potential victim services. For convenience this frequency band may be segmented to enhance both characterization and
measurement procedure of amplitudes. Where any amplitudes are detected which are higher than the background noise
of the receiver/measurement subsystem these shall be characterized.
If no signals are detected above the background noise no additional steps have to be taken. This implies that the
minimum usable sensitivity (including a specified blocking capability) of the detector shall allow measurement of DAA
threshold values. Regarding figure 4, i.e. the noise figure of the equipment shall not impair the detection capability of
the DAA mechanism.
The process of characterization shall include not only the identification of the parameters of the received signals but
also the comparison against a known and specified set of parameter (e.g. a pattern) of the potential victim services in the
relevant frequency band. The details on how the characterization is performed will be left to the individual UWB
implementation design. The more comprehensive the characterization information is, the better the possible match with
the avoidance techniques and hence the higher the spectrum efficiency will be.
If none of the detected signals correspond to a potential victim service no further action is needed.
If at least one signal corresponds to a potential victim service, the relevant threshold sets of the zone model shall be
selected. In the following step the members of the relevant threshold sets shall be compared to the corresponding
characterized signal levels. Based on this comparison the UWB operational parameters shall be adapted.
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13 ETSI TS 102 754 V1.2.1 (2008-11)

Start of Detect
Select frequency band for the measurement
Measure amplitude(s) within a given time
no
Is the amplitude(s) higher
than my noise level?
yes: Signal detected
Characterise signal(s)
no
Victim Service(s)
detected?
yes
Select the relevant threshold set(s) D
thresh
Compare signal(s) level to the members of the selected set(s) of
thresholds and adapt operating parameters accordingly
Done

Figure 4: Detect flow diagram for victim signal strength measurement
5.2.2 Processing of available external victim service information
An alternative to the measurement approach (depicted in clause 5.2.1) is the use of current DAA information obtained
from other devices or systems within the receive range of the UWB device (e.g. a centralized DAA detector). This
information can be used by the UWB device to set its own DAA parameters for its local environment, e.g. membership
of the peer group.
Received information comprises but is not restricted to:
• victim service information available from peer UWB devices;
• victim service information available on pilot channels, such as Cognitive Pilot Channels (CPC);
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14 ETSI TS 102 754 V1.2.1 (2008-11)
• control information from potential victim systems.
The scope of the information available to any UWB device is dependent on its specific implementation. The use of such
information carries some risk, e.g. in a mobile environment the zone information may be rapidly outdated, under certain
conditions potential victim service may be hidden from peer
...