ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)

TECHNICAL REPORT
Integrated broadband cable and telecommunication networks
(CABLE);
Characteristics of Evolving Electromagnetic Environment with
ECN800 parameters and Cable Network Equipment

2 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)

Reference
DTR/CABLE-00002
Keywords
cable, environment
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3 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
1 Scope . 6
2 References . 6
2.1 Normative references . 6
2.2 Informative references . 6
3 Symbols and abbreviations . 7
3.1 Symbols . 7
3.2 Abbreviations . 7
4 General principles of HFC and LTE co-existence . 9
4.1 Technical considerations . 9
4.1.1 Radio frequency usage . 9
4.1.2 Reference signals for assessing co-existence . 9
4.2 Scheme of Harmonised Standards . 11
5 Evolution of the electromagnetic environment due to Digital Dividend . 15
5.1 History of ECN user equipment (UE) . 15
5.2 ECN user equipment in the 800 MHz band . 15
5.3 ECN base transmitter stations (BTS) in the 800 MHz band . 15
5.4 HFC customer premise equipment (CPE) . 16
6 HFC network design and electromagnetic environment . 16
6.1 Impact of ECN services . 16
6.2 Screening efficiency in cable networks . 17
7 Immunity characteristics of HFC customer premise equipment . 19
7.1 Immunity parameters . 19
7.2 Immunity (tuner test) against differential mode RF voltages at the antenna terminal . 20
7.3 Screening effectiveness . 21
7.4 Immunity against radiated electromagnetic fields . 21
7.5 Conclusions . 22
8 Parameters of mobile radio networks in the 800 MHz band . 23
8.1 Frequency Arrangements for the 790 MHz to 862 MHz band . 23
8.1.1 Introduction. 23
8.1.2 Minimum separation between mobile and broadcast channels . 24
8.1.3 Deployment of TDD within the 790-862 MHz band . 24
8.2 Emissions limits of mobile emissions . 25
8.2.1 Base stations . 25
8.2.2 Terminals . 25
8.2.3 Definition of block edge masks . 26
8.3 Deployment scenarios for mobile networks in the 790 MHz to 862 MHz . 27
8.3.1 Introduction. 27
8.3.2 Reference ECN system characteristics . 28
8.3.3 ECN cell radius . 28
8.3.4 General Assumptions related to ECN . 29
9 Interference scenarios . 30
9.1 Modelling co-existence of HFC and ECN . 30
9.1.1 Modelling Parameters . 30
9.1.2 Modelling Approach . 31
9.1.3 Modelling Results . 31
9.1.4 Prediction of field strength at an HFC network caused by a Base Station with an aerial height of
10 m . 34
9.1.5 Prediction of field strength at an HFC network caused by a Base Station with an aerial height of
1,5 m . 35
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4 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)
9.2 Modelling transmit power values in ECN . 36
9.2.1 User equipment (UE) . 36
9.2.2 Downlink transmission path . 37
9.2.3 Summary of results . 39
History . 41

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5 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (https://ipr.etsi.org/).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Integrated broadband cable
telecommunication networks (CABLE).
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "should", "should not", "may", "need not", "will", "will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be
interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
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6 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)
1 Scope
The present document describes the current and evolving electromagnetic environment following introduction of new
radio services in the digital dividend UHF frequency band from 790 MHz to 862 MHz. It compares and contrasts
relevant parameters against the current and evolving cable network equipment parameters defined by adopted European
Norms.
2 References
2.1 Normative references
Normative references are not applicable in the present document.
2.2 Informative references
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication, ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] CEPT Report 30: "The identification of common and minimal (least restrictive) technical
conditions for 790 - 862 MHz for the digital dividend in the European Union", November 2009.
[i.2] CEPT Report 31: "Frequency (channelling) arrangements for the 790-862 MHz band",
November 2009.
[i.3] CENELEC EN 50083-2:2012: "Cable networks for television signals, sound signals and
interactive services - Part 2: Electromagnetic compatibility for equipment".
[i.4] CENELEC EN 50083-8:2013: "Cable networks for television signals, sound signals and
interactive services - Part 8: Electromagnetic compatibility for networks".
[i.5] CENELEC EN 50117: "Coaxial Cables".
[i.6] CENELEC EN 55013:2013: "Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated equipment -
Radio disturbance characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement".
[i.7] CENELEC EN 55020:2007/A11:2011: "Sound and television broadcast receivers and associated
equipment - Immunity characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement".
[i.8] CENELEC EN 55022:2010/AC:2011: "Information technology equipment - Radio disturbance
characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement".
[i.9] CENELEC EN 55024:2010/A1:2015: "Information technology equipment - Immunity
characteristics - Limits and methods of measurement".
[i.10] CENELEC EN 61000-4-3:2006/A1:2008/A2:2010: "Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) -
Part 4-3: Testing and measurement techniques - Radiated, radio-frequency, electromagnetic field
immunity test".
[i.11] ETSI EN 300 429 (V1.2.1) (04-1998): "Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB); Framing structure,
channel coding and modulation for cable systems".
[i.12] ETSI TR 103 288: "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM); Report of
the CENELEC/ETSI Joint Working Group in response to the EC letter
ENTRP/F5/DP/MM/entr.f5.(2013)43164 to the ESOs".
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7 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)
[i.13] Recommendation ITU-R F.1336 (02-2014): "Reference radiation patterns of omnidirectional,
sectoral and other antennas for the fixed and mobile service for use in sharing studies in the
frequency range from 400 MHz to about 70 GHz".
[i.14] G531/01077/09: "Measurement Report: Immunity of integrated TV receivers, settop boxes and
data-modems connected to broadband cable and TV networks against radiation from LTE user
equipment", January 2010, Federal Network Agency Germany.
[i.15] "NorDig Unified Requirements for Integrated Receiver Decoders for use in cable, satellite,
terrestrial and IP-based networks", August 2014.
NOTE: Available at http://www.nordig.org/specifications.
[i.16] D-Book 8: "Digital Terrestrial Television Requirements for Interoperability", March 2015, Digital
Television Group (DTG).
[i.17] ECC/DEC/(09)03: "ECC Decision of 30 October 2009 on harmonised conditions for mobile/fixed
communications networks (MFCN) operating in the band 790 - 862 MHz", October 2009.
[i.18] Commission Decision 2010/267/EU: "Commission Decision of 6 May 2010 on harmonised
technical conditions of use in the 790-862 MHz frequency band for terrestrial systems capable of
providing electronic communications services in the European Union", May 2010.
[i.19] CEPT ERC Recommendation 74-01: " Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain",
January 2011.
[i.20] Recommendation ITU-R P.1546-5: "Method for point-to-area predictions for terrestrial services in
the frequency range 30 MHz to 3 000 MHz", September 2013.
3 Symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
d Distance
dB Decibel
dB(µV) Decibel with reference to 1 µV
dB(µV/m) Decibel with reference to 1 µV/m
dBm Decibel with reference to 1 mW
E Electrical Field Strength
m Meter
Mbit/s Megabit per second
MHz Megahertz
ms Millisecond
mW Milliwatt
P Power
V/m Volt per Meter
W Watt
3.2 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
3GPP Third Generation Partnership Project
AM Amplitude Modulation
APT Asia-Pacific Telecommunity
ASMG Arab Spectrum Management Group
ATU African Telecommunications Union
BEM Block Edge Mask
BS Base Station
BTS Base Transmitter Station
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8 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)
CATV Community (Cable) Antenna Television
CEN European Committee for Standardization
CEPT European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations
CISPR International Special Committee on Radio Interference
CITEL Inter-American Telecommunication Commission
CPE Customer Premises Equipment
DIN German Industrial Norm
DKE German Electrotechnical Commission
DL DownLink
DTT Digital Terrestrial Television
DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
DVB-C Digital Video Broadcasting - Cable
DVB-T Digital Video Broadcasting - Terrestrial
ECC Electronics Communications Committee (CEPT)
ECN Electronic Communications Network
EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiated Power
EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility
EN European Norm
ERC European Radiocommunications Committee
ERP Effective Radiated Power
ESO European Standards Organization
EU European Union
FDD Frequency Division Duplex
FM Frequency Modulation
FTTx Fiber-To-The-x
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication
HFC Hybrid Fiber-Coax
IEC International Electrotechnical Commission
IF Intermediate Frequency
ITU International Telecommunications Union
JTG Joint Task Group
JWG Joint Working Group
LTE Long-Term Evolution
MFCN Mobile/Fixed Communication Network
MNO Mobile Network Operator
PAL Phase Alternating Line
QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
RF Radio Frequency
RX Receiver
SDO Standards Developing Organizations
SIR Signal-to-Interference Ratio
SMS Short Message Service
STB Set-Top Box
TC Technical Committee
TDD Time Division Duplex
TRP Total Radiated Power
TV TeleVision
TX Transmitter
UE User Equipment
UHF Ultra High Frequency
UL Uplink
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System
VCR Video Cassette Recorder
WG Working Group
WRC World Radio Conference
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9 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)
4 General principles of HFC and LTE co-existence
4.1 Technical considerations
4.1.1 Radio frequency usage
For many decades the UHF spectrum between 470 MHz and 862 MHz was used for terrestrial and cable broadcast TV
distribution. It was decided to use 8 MHz channels in the UHF spectrum. The relevant portion of the channel raster is
displayed in Figure 1. The same frequency spectrum is used by terrestrial broadcasting over the air as well as by RF
cable systems in a wired network. Co-existence is enabled by establishing a set of standards defining appropriate
requirements for the separation of the wired transmission from its electromagnetic environment.
With the more efficient usage of the spectrum by digital television, the terrestrial service portfolio can be maintained by
using fewer frequency resources. The parts of the spectrum becoming available for alternative use are known as the
Digital Dividend. Resulting from the decisions of the ITU World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) 2007 with
regard to the future usage of the Digital Dividend many European countries are in the course of or have completed the
reorganization of the relevant spectrum. Decisions by CEPT e.g. on the allotted bandplan in the 800 MHz band were
taken with the aim to minimize impact on the Customer Premises Equipment (CPE). The idea was that a base
transmitter station was expected to not have an impact to the disturbance situation to the same extent as UE.
For example, the German government decided to make available the frequency range from 790 MHz to 862 MHz for
mobile broadband Internet in Germany while the usage for terrestrial broadcasting services ceases. The main difference
resulting for the electromagnetic environment compared to the previous usage by broadcast services is the presence of
radio signals in up- and downlink in close proximity to broadcasting CPE. Previously, there were no transmitters close
to TV sets or other CPE like cable modems, VCRs or set-top boxes.
Mobilfunk
Sendefrequenzbereich BS (Downlink) Duplexlücke Sendefrequenzbereich TS (Uplink)
30 MHz (6 Blöcke je 5 MHz) 11 MHz 30 MHz (6 Blöcke je 5 MHz)
791 - 796 796 - 801 801 - 806 806 - 811 811 - 816 816 - 821 821 - 832 832 - 837 837 - 842 842 - 847 847 - 852 852 - 857 857 - 862
Kabel
72 MHz (9 Kanäle je 8 MHz)
790 - 798 798 - 806 806 - 814 814 - 822 822 - 830 - 830 - 838 838 - 846 846 - 854 854 - 862

Figure 1: Co-Channel situation with the frequency assignment for new mobile services
against the broadcast UHF channel raster
4.1.2 Reference signals for assessing co-existence
While the broadcast signals used in terrestrial and cable networks are well defined and exhibit fairly stable
characteristics over time, LTE signals are highly variable and practical experience is still limited. Therefore, it is
essential to define a set of reference signals that can be used consistently when assessing co-existence between LTE and
cable. The reference signals should reflect specific characteristics of actual LTE transmissions as close as possible. In
the present document, LTE UE uplink signals are considered when uploading and when idle. The focus on UE
generated signals is following the principle as described in the previous Clause that the UE is expected to be the major
source of potential disturbance.
The structures of the RF signals as they are transmitted by LTE UEs are shown in the figures 2 and 3. The highly
variable nature of the signal is depicted by choosing two operational modes (i.e. upload and idle) that are resulting in
significantly different signal shapes and spectral distribution of transmit power. The figures show the signal format in
the time as well as in the frequency domain. These signal structures were used for the common measurements in
Kolberg, Germany [i.14]. Participants from the German regulator BNetzA, mobile operators, cable operators and TV
manufacturers agreed on the definition of the reference signals. The group used a 10 MHz UE (i.e. mobile terminal)
signal.
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10 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)
Figure 2 shows the UE signal measured with a real time spectrum analyser. The shown signal is a multicarrier signal
with a bandwidth of 10 MHz. The spectrogram (left portion of Figure 2) shows an actual capture of a LTE UE signal
over 200 ms (y-Axis). Transmit power encoded in colours (blue - low power; red - high power) is distributed across
time and frequency. The occupied Resource Blocks (unit of scheduling) are clearly visible across the frequency axis (x-
Axis). The UE signal occupies different parts of the channel over time during a transmission.
The signal definition is based on a capture of a 2 Mbit/s upload from a UE in a live LTE 800 network. For the
measurement campaign this signal was mapped for the use with a commercially available programmable LTE signal
generator. Table 1 shows the statistical evaluation of the recorded LTE signal (2 Mbit/s upload) which was used in
Figure 2. The widest allocation of Resource Blocks occupies 8,25 MHz but is only used 3 % of the time. This is despite
the fact that the signal is configured for a 10 MHz channel.

NOTE: Time span of spectrogram is 200 ms.

Figure 2: LTE signal (2 Mbit/s upload, generated by signal generator)
Table 1: Statistics of a LTE signal (2 Mbit/s upload) recorded at a live LTE 800 network
Time resolution: 1 ms Counts Probability
Total frames:  200 100,0 %
Width > 1:  37 18,5 %
Block width 0: 0,36 MHz 163 81,5 %
Block width 1: 1,00 MHz 6 3,0 %
Block width 2: 2,10 MHz 3 1,5 %
Block width 3: 3,20 MHz 6 3,0 %
Block width 4: 4,40 MHz 3 1,5 %
Block width 5: 5,00 MHz 7 3,5 %
Block width 6: 5,70 MHz 6 3,0 %
Block width 7: 7,10 MHz 0 0,0 %
Block width 8: 8,25 MHz 6 3,0 %

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11 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)
Figure 3 shows a mapped version of a real measured idle signal which is used in live LTE 800 networks. Only a small
number of resource blocks is used for the transmission of management information in idle mode. The signal captured in
a live LTE 800 network was mapped for the use with a commercially available programmable LTE signal generator.

NOTE: Time span of the spectrogram is 200 ms.

Figure 3: LTE signal (idle mode with control channel only)
4.2 Scheme of Harmonised Standards
HFC networks and their components are developed against international standards, Harmonised European standards and
other European standards. The most relevant aspect for this report is the electromagnetic compatibility. Figure 4 depicts
a high-level view on the architecture of current cable networks and identifies the European Harmonised Standards and
the portions of the network they apply to as well as the modulation and channel coding given by ETSI
EN 300 429 [i.11].
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12 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)

Figure 4: Relevant standards for emission of and immunity
against electromagnetic field strength in HFC networks and attached equipment
Standards play a key role in establishing interoperability among devices but also in addressing regulatory and
co-existence requirements. Particularly in the area of radio frequency co-existence and electromagnetic compatibility
(EMC) a complex structure of various organizations on international and European level has evolved with the goal to
appropriately take into account all relevant interests. In many cases, the establishment of joint activities (e.g. Joint
Working Groups between CENELEC and ETSI) has been necessary in order to efficiently align various interests and
develop technical deliverables. Figure 5 depicts the relation between international and European organizations when
defining the electromagnetic environment. It is influenced by both, users of the radio frequency spectrum in free space
as well as operators of RF modulated signals guided in wires.
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13 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)

Figure 5: Relation of European and international standardization
in the context of frequency co-existence and EMC
The usage of the radio frequency spectrum is defined and coordinated on a worldwide scale by ITU-R. Regularly,
assignment of spectrum and other radio regulations are reviewed by the World Radio Conference (WRC). Various
regional spectrum managing organizations (e.g. ASMG, APT, CEPT, CITEL, ATU) are contributing their requirements
to WRC and coordinate cross-regional issues. Technical conditions for the usage of the frequency spectrum such as
signal levels and out-of-band behaviour are technology dependent and are defined worldwide by technology
standardization organizations such as 3GPP and CISPR. While ETSI is one of the organizational partners within 3GPP
it does not have a special role in 3GPP's standardization process.
On a European level, the electromagnetic environment is first and foremost defined by regulatory decisions of the
European Commission and by the agreements developed within CEPT. Technical details are defined by the ESOs
CENELEC and ETSI which are engaging in joint work if appropriate. The function of ETSI in the European
standardization scheme including its close coordination with CEPT should not be mixed up with ETSI's role in 3GPP.
Regulatory decisions on spectrum usage and technology specifications for wireless and wired communication systems
define an electromagnetic environment. Additional specifications are required to ensure that all contributors to that
electromagnetic environment are prevented from causing interference to each other while at the same time using the
radio frequency spectrum efficiently. For wireless technologies this is specified as frequency co-existence, for wired
technologies this is ElectroMagnetic Compatibility (EMC).
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14 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)

Figure 6: Process of EMC standardization (with German National Committee as example)
Figure 6 explains the process of developing globally applicable requirements for EMC. Taking the German National
Committee as an example, the existence of mirror committees on international, European and national level ensures that
requirements are aligned. The process demonstrates that the definition of requirements for EMC limited to the European
context may be rendered useless if international agreements (e.g. APT band plan) cause changes to the electromagnetic
environment in the global context.
Standardization in general enables the development of interoperable products which fosters the adoption in a wide
market with the resulting economies of scale. However, to be compliant with a technical standard is the choice of the
implementor. A manufacturer is free to choose to implement a standard if it is appropriate for the intended purpose of
the product or its area of application. This choice may, particularly, be driven by the need to interoperate with products
from other manufacturers or by customer requirements. But in principle, the application of a standard is voluntary.
In the system of European Standards Organizations (ESO) there is a notable exception to that principle. By developing
Harmonized Standards, the ESOs CEN, CENELEC and ETSI play a key role in supporting European regulation and,
thus, creating a single European market. The requirements for access to European markets of products and services in
information and communication technology are harmonized by the European Commission via European Directives,
Regulations and Decisions which are enforced by legislation. A Harmonized Standard is a technical standard that
provides the technical detail necessary to conform to the 'essential requirements' as defined by the European regulatory
documents. By complying to a Harmonized Standard, manufacturers and suppliers can demonstrate conformity with the
relevant regulation which is a sufficient condition to make available products and services on the European market. A
technical standard becomes a Harmonized Standard by listing it in the Official Journal of the European Union against
the relevant European Directive.
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15 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)
5 Evolution of the electromagnetic environment due to
Digital Dividend
5.1 History of ECN user equipment (UE)
Mobile communication technologies are ubiquitously available in virtually all populated parts of the world. An ever
increasing number of users, demand on transmission capacity and feature capabilities of the terminal equipment have
lead to an extension of spectrum usage from generation to generation of mobile technologies. With the usage of other
frequency bands taking into account its varying physical transmission characteristics and the higher density of users
more and more sophisticated mechanisms for spectrum access and frequency co-existence had to be developed. Also the
consideration of the impact of electromagnetic fields on the human body have led to changes in the technology.
Current mobile terminals have evolved from the first generation of digital user equipment using GSM technology
operating on the 900 MHz band. A typical transmission power capability of the first generation mobile terminal has
been in the range of 2 W. GSM extended its frequency usage into the 1,8 GHz band with transmission power in the 1 W
range. With UMTS, the 2,1 GHz has been introduced. Smaller cell sizes and other advancements allowed to reduce
transmission power to 0,2 W. Since the licensed bands for cellular technologies has been well outside the frequency
bands assigned to traditional wireless communication technologies such as television, issues of frequency co-existence
and EMC have been very limited.
With regard to the services, there has been an evolution from voice telephony with limited additional services such as
SMS to voice telephony with significant data communication capabilities towards technologies focusing on data
communication such as LTE. Regulators have accommodated the introduction of more and more technologies and
services by migrating from technology and service specific spectrum licensing to service and technology neutral
assignment of frequencies as long as all technologies are observing common technical conditions.
5.2 ECN user equipment in the 800 MHz band
With the decision to make available the frequency range from 790 MHz to 862 MHz for mobile communication
networks on a co-primary basis by the WRC and subsequent regional and national decisions, the electromagnetic
environment has, fundamentally, changed. The newly assigned frequency band overlaps with the TV broadcasting band
which is used for terrestrial transmission and communal aerial systems with a large legacy market in Europe and is
widely implemented in RF modulated wired networks such as RF cable communication systems.
The key characteristic of a UE when analysing its impact on the electromagnetic environment is its transmission power
and signal formats. For the 800 MHz band, technical conditions require the terminal output power to be limited to 23
dBm (+ 2 dB) (TRP). The actual transmit power will be highly variable and depend on the current link budget. It will be
in the range between 0 dBm (outdoor close to base station) and the maximum limit as allowed by the technical
conditions for use of the band. A typical scenario that has been identified by mobile operators and is documented in
contributions and deliverables of various working groups, e.g. ETSI TR 103 288 [i.12], applies a UE transmit power of
14 dBm on average.
Relevant parameters such as UE transmit power are determined by typically applied operational values. Therefore,
when assessing co-existence between LTE and cable, actual deployment scenarios should be considered.
5.3 ECN base transmitter stations (BTS) in the 800 MHz band
While the user equipment has been identified as the main potential source of interference due to its un-deterministic
behaviour in terms of transmit power and location and due to the number of devices likely to be located in close
proximity to other users of the radio frequencies, also base transmitter stations (BTS) will have an impact on the
electromagnetic environment.
According to harmonized regulatory requirements, a BTS is limited in its transmission power to a range between
56 dBm in 5 MHz channels and 64 dBm in 5 MHz. However, this requirement is not as strict as for the terminal since
member states may decide on different power limits. The actual power level will heavily depend on the network
infrastructure, the business model of the mobile network operator and the specific services to be deployed. The latter
information is, typically, commercially sensitive and, thus, cannot be used in preparing against potential interference.
Also the concentration of the allowed transmit power into smaller transmission channels would cause an increase in
power spectral density.
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16 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)
A transmit power level in the range around 59 dBm in 10 MHz EIRP for a cell radius of 2700 m in urban areas where
the level is noise limited was used as a worst case scenario in co-existence simulation studies by CEPT Report 30 [i.1].
A typical scenario that has been identified by mobile operators and is documented in contributions and deliverables of
various working groups applies a BTS transmit power of 40 dBm on average. An in house level of electrical field
strength above 1 V/m is not expected from a base station.
Relevant parameters such as base station transmit power are determined by typically applied operational values.
Therefore, when assessing co-existence between LTE and cable, actual deployment scenarios should be considered.
5.4 HFC customer premise equipment (CPE)
Co-existence considerations for HFC need to take into account user equipment such as TVs, STBs, recorders and cable
modems that are normally connected to RF cable networks in order to receive television, data and telephony services
(triple play). Until recently, the co-channel interference risk on HFC networks in the 470 MHz to 862 MHz range was
from (high tower, high power) broadcast transmitters. The introduction of mobile communication services in the
800 MHz band will add additional sources of potential interference due to high numbers of in-band base stations and
mobile terminals that are physically located adjacent to in-home equipment.
Current TVs and STBs are designed to withstand the environment determined by broadcast transmitters which was
expected to exhibit moderate radiation field strengths. The key characteristic for protection against external
electromagnetic fields is the screening effectiveness. The present requirement is 50 dB in CENELEC EN 55020 [i.7].
This implies good screening for an existing cable network including CPE. Current equipment is designed in accordance
with existing global standards. Recent measurement campaigns have verified the actual level to be in the range of 36 dB
to 65 dB [i.14]. The conclusion is that the present requirements for screening effectiveness for CPE are adequate.
Immunity requirements are specified based on measurements that are using a 80 % AM modulated carrier with 1 kHz
bandwidth [i.10]. As described in clause 4.1.2, LTE signals have very specific characteristics and time and frequency
that are not very well reflected by the currently used test signal. However, recent analysis has shown that both signals
have a similar effect in terms of causing interference. The current measurement method [i.10] covers the impact of LTE
as an interfering signal on equipment appropriately.
6 HFC network design and electromagnetic
environment
6.1 Impact of ECN services
Figure 7 shows that the current networks (cable and FTTx) are based on spectrum use up to 862 MHz. These systems
are protected against disturbance from normal broadcast transmitters by current standards. Any impact of handheld user
devices or small base stations in close proximity to the network and CPE system was not required. After introduction of
mobile services in the 800 MHz band, this situation will change from a high-power, high-tower to a high-power, low-
tower scenario. Preparatory studies for the introduction of the mobile services such as CEPT Report 30 [i.1] do not take
into account this aspect of co-channel interference that is relevant for both HFC networks and communial aerial
systems. Therefore, these results cannot be used for the discussion on the electromagnetic environment.
ETSI
17 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)
Figure 7: Illustration of the current balanced electromagnetic environment and the future unbalanced
electromagnetic environment
6.2 Screening efficiency in cable networks
Table 2: Limits of in-band immunity of active equipment [i.3]
Frequency range Level (emf) Field strength
MHz dB(µV) dB(μV/m)
0,15 to 80 106 ---
80 to 1 000 (note 1) --- 106
790 to 862 --- 120 (note 3)
950 (note 2) to 3 500 --- 106
3 500 to 25 000 --- currently undefined
NOTE 1: Applicable for equipment with an upper frequency limit ≤ 1 000 MHz.
NOTE 2: Applicable for equipment with a lower frequency limit ≥ 950 MHz.
NOTE 3: In cases where digitally modulated wanted signals are applied.

Table 2 identifies the limits of in-band immunity of active equipment as given in CENELEC EN 50083-2 [i.3]. It shows
that over the full frequency range from 150 kHz up to 3 500 MHz the immunity limit is 106 dB(µV/m) (with the
exception of the presence of digitally modulated signals in the 800 MHz band).
Table 3: Limits of screening effectiveness of passive equipment [i.3]
Frequency range Limit value
MHz dB
Class A Class B
5 to 30 85 75
30 to 300 85 75
300 to 470 80 75
470 to 1 000 (note 1) 75 65
950 (note 2) to 3 500 55 50
NOTE 1: Applicable for equipment with an upper frequency limit ≤ 1 000 MHz.
NOTE 2: Applicable for equipment with a lower frequency limit ≥ 950 MHz.

ETSI
18 ETSI TR 103 182 V1.1.1 (2016-09)
Table 3 shows that the screening effectiveness in the frequency range 470 MHz to 950 MHz is limited to 75 dB for
Class A material. It is also possible to use material with 65 dB screening effectiveness (Class B) in this frequency range.
Screening effectiveness of CPE has been found to be in the range between 36 dB and 65 dB by recent studies,
e.g. G531/01077/09 [i.14].
NOTE: 10 MHz measurement bandwidth.

Figure 8: Deviation of the Kolberg measurement results
in relation to the standardized limit of 125 dB(µV/m)
Figure 8 shows the variation of the results of the CPE measured in Kolberg. The immunity values vary from
100 dB(µV/m) (@ 10 MHz) to 148 dB(µV/m) (@ 10 MHz). In comparison, the immunity limit in cable networks is
specified at 125 dB(µV/m) (@ 10 MHz (calculated value)). The immunity limit of the cable system relates in this
frequency range to a screening effectiveness of 75 dB.
For immunity limits below 125 dB(µV/m), the screening effectiveness of the CPE is the limiting factor. Disturbances to
cable TV services are caused by an interfering signal entering the CPE. Above 125 dB(µV/m), the cable system
screening effectiveness is the limiting factor. Interfering signals may enter the network.
When defining a screening effectiveness for the cable delivery chain, practical values for the individual network
components and CPE have to be taken into account. In addition, by connecting the components to connectors, interfaces
and to each other the screening effectiveness is further weakened. This is summarized in Table 4. An example for a
system calculation of a cable TV system with a screening effectiveness of 75 dB is shown in Table 5. The disturbance
radius for a cable TV system with varying screening effectiveness is depicted in Table 6 depending on the transmit
power of the mobile signal.
Table 4: Expectations on screening effectiveness for cable TV system including connected CPE
above 470 MHz
Cable system screening effectiveness Value
Minimum of today deployments 36 dB
Maximum of today deployments 55 dB
Future limit for deployments 65 dB
Technology limit for deployments 75 dB

ETSI
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