ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03)

ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
Technical Report


Satellite Earth Stations and Systems (SES);
Advanced satellite based scenarios and
architectures for beyond 3G systems

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
2 ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03)



Reference
DTR/SES-00288
Keywords
3G, architecture, MSS, satellite
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE

Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00  Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16

Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88

Important notice
Individual copies of the present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org
The present document may be made available in more than one electronic version or in print. In any case of existing or
perceived difference in contents between such versions, the reference version is the Portable Document Format (PDF).
In case of dispute, the reference shall be the printing on ETSI printers of the PDF version kept on a specific network drive
within ETSI Secretariat.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.

© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2010.
All rights reserved.

TM TM TM TM
DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS , TIPHON , the TIPHON logo and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered
for the benefit of its Members.
TM
3GPP is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
LTE™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI currently being registered
for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI

---------------------- Page: 2 ----------------------
3 ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 9
Foreword . 9
Introduction . 9
1 Scope . 10
2 References . 10
2.1 Normative references . 10
2.2 Informative references . 10
3 Abbreviations . 28
4 Overview on future Mobile Satellite Systems . 33
4.1 Aims . 33
4.2 Future Mobile Satellite System Architectures . 34
4.2.1 Medium-Term Architecture . 34
4.2.2 Long-Term Architecture . 36
4.3 Land Mobile Satellite Channel Modelling . 37
4.3.1 Summary of Models and Conclusions . 37
5 Analysis of Medium-Term MSS Architecture . 38
5.1 QoS Requirements . 38
5.2 Signal Processing and Diversity Techniques for Improving the Performance of Mobile Satellite Systems . 39
5.2.1 Signal Detection Technique for Multi-User CDMA systems, Spatially/Polarized multiplexed MIMO
and Inter-Spotbeam Interference Suppression . 40
5.2.2 Diversity and MIMO Techniques . 41
5.2.3 Adaptive Beamforming . 41
5.2.4 State-of-the-art Error Correction Codes . 42
5.2.5 Time Interleavers . 42
5.2.6 Conclusions on Signal Processing and Diversity Techniques for Improving the Performance of
Mobile Satellite Systems . 42
5.3 Upper-Layer Error Control Techniques . 43
5.3.1 Introduction. 43
5.3.2 Upper-Layer Coding and Interleaving . 43
5.3.3 Feedback-based Schemes . 43
5.3.3.1 ARQ . 43
5.3.3.2 Hybrid ARQ . 44
5.3.4 Satellite Reliable Multicast Transport Protocols. 44
5.3.4.1 Reliable Multicast over Unidirectional Satellite Link (RMUS) . 44
5.3.4.2 Satellite Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (SRMTP) . 45
5.3.4.3 SATellite Reliable Multicast Transport Protocol (SAT-RMTP) . 45
5.3.5 Conclusions on Upper-Layer Error Control Techniques . 45
5.4 Existing satellite systems and standards . 45
5.4.1 Fixed and Broadcast satellite systems and standards . 46
5.4.1.1 DVB-SH, DVB-S/S2 and DVB-RCS . 46
5.4.1.2 SATMODE . 46
5.4.1.3 Conclusions on existing fixed and broadcast satellite systems and standards . 46
5.4.2 Mobile satellite standards . 47
5.4.2.1 Existing mobile satellite systems and standards . 47
5.4.2.2 New and emerging mobile satellite systems and standards . 47
5.4.2.3 Conclusion on mobile satellite systems and standards . 47
5.5 New existing mobile Terrestrial Standards . 48
5.5.1 IEEE Mobile WiMAX . 48
5.5.2 3GPP evolutions including LTE (Long Term Evolution of UMTS). 49
5.5.3 Conclusions on New existing mobile Terrestrial Standards . 50
6 Analysis of Long-Term MSS Architecture . 50
6.1 4G concepts . 50
ETSI

---------------------- Page: 3 ----------------------
4 ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
6.2 Dynamic Spectrum Sharing and Cognitive Radio . 55
6.2.1 Introduction. 55
6.2.2 Existing Examples of Dynamic Spectrum Access . 56
6.2.3 Cognitive Radios for Realising Opportunistic Spectrum Access . 58
6.2.4 Interference Mitigation Techniques . 60
6.2.5 Conclusions on Dynamic Spectrum Sharing and Cognitive Radio . 61
6.3 Radio Relays and Co-Operative Transmission Techniques . 62
6.3.1 Introduction. 62
6.3.2 Cooperative Techniques in the IEEE 802.16 [i.333] Standard (a.k.a Wimax) . 63
6.3.3 Conclusions on Radio Relays and Co-Operative Transmission Techniques . 65
6.4 Mobile Ad-hoc Networks . 65
6.4.1 Introduction. 65
6.4.2 Ad-hoc Networking Capability in IEEE 802 Standards. 67
6.4.2.1 IEEE 802.11s . 67
6.4.2.2 IEEE 802.15 [i.279] . 68
6.4.2.3 IEEE 802.16 [i.333] . 68
6.4.3 Conclusions on Mobile Ad-hoc Networks . 69
7 Candidate System Architecture for Beyond 3G or 4G Satellite Component . 69
7.1 Overview . 69
7.2 Examples of candidate system architecture . 70
7.2.1 Application examples . 70
7.2.2 Possible services . 70
7.2.3 System requirements . 71
7.2.3.1 Integrated satellite and terrestrial system case . 71
7.2.3.2 Hybrid satellite and terrestrial system case . 72
7.2.4 Specific features . 73
7.2.4.1 Integrated satellite and terrestrial system case . 73
7.2.4.2 Hybrid satellite and terrestrial system case . 75
7.2.5 Possible technical issues . 76
7.2.5.1 Integrated satellite and terrestrial system case . 76
7.2.5.1.1 Mobility between terrestrial and satellite coverage . 76
7.2.5.1.2 Mobility between terrestrial system and MSS integrated satellite and terrestrial case . 77
7.2.5.1.3 Terminal architectures . 77
7.2.5.1.4 Application of long term techniques. 77
7.2.5.2 Hybrid satellite and terrestrial system case . 77
7.2.6 Example of proposed beyond 3G system . 77
8 Spectrum Requirements . 78
9 Conclusions . 80
9.1 Medium-Term Architecture. 80
9.2 Long-Term Architecture . 80
10 Recommendations . 81
Annex A: Detailed Review of Land Mobile Satellite Channel Models . 82
A.1 Empirical Models . 82
A.2 Statistical Models . 83
A.2.1 Single-State Narrowband (stationary) Models . 83
A.2.2 Second order statistics of single-state models . 85
A.2.3 Multi-State Narrowband Models . 86
A.2.4 Wideband Models. 88
A.2.4.1 Hybrid Satellite-Terrestrial Channel Models . 89
A.3 Physical and Physical-Statistical Models . 94
A.3.1 MIMO (multi-satellite and dual-polarized) . 95
Annex B: Detailed Review of Multi-Signal Detection Techniques . 96
B.1 DS-CDMA up-link model and the formulation of the classical Multi-User Detection Problem . 96
B.1.1 Equivalence with the Spatially Multiplexed MIMO Equalization and Inter-Spotbeam Interference
Suppression Problems . 97
ETSI

---------------------- Page: 4 ----------------------
5 ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
B.2 Review of MUD Methods and Algorithms . 97
Annex C: Detailed Review of Diversity Techniques and MIMO . 101
C.1 Types of Diversity . 101
C.1.1 Frequency Diversity . 101
C.1.2 Time Diversity . 101
C.1.3 Space diversity . 102
C.1.4 Polarization diversity . 102
C.2 Receive Diversity Combining Techniques . 103
C.2.1 Switch diversity/Selection Diversity . 103
C.2.2 Maximal Ratio and Equal Gain Combining . 103
C.2.3 Space-Time Coding . 103
Annex D: Review of Optimal Combining and Direction of Arrival Algorithms for
Beamforming . 105
D.1 Optimal Combining Algorithms . 105
D.2 Direction of Arrival (DoA) Estimation . 106
Annex E: Detailed Review of State-of-the-Art Error Correcting Codes . 108
E.1 Turbo Codes . 108
E.2 LDPC Codes . 110
E.2.1 Optimal Maximum Likelihood Decoding . 111
E.2.2 Bit-Flipping Algorithms . 111
E.2.3 The Belief Propagation Algorithm . 111
Annex F: Review of Upper-Layer FEC Codes and Upper-Layer Interleaving . 114
F.1 Characteristics of Small and Large FEC Codes . 114
F.2 Common FEC Codes . 115
F.2.1 Reed Solomon (RS) . 115
F.2.2 Low Density Generator Matrix (LDGM) . 116
F.2.3 Raptor Codes . 118
F.2.4 Other FEC Codes . 118
F.3 Interleaving . 119
F.3.1 Block Interleaving . 119
F.3.2 Convolutional Interleaving . 120
F.3.3 Random Interleaving . 120
Annex G: Review of Mobile WiMAX . 121
G.1 Physical Layer Aspects . 121
G.1.1 Scalable OFDMA . 121
G.1.2 TDD Frame Structure . 122
G.1.3 Advanced Physical Layer Features . 123
G.1.4 MIMO Techniques . 124
G.2 MAC Layer . 126
G.2.1 Quality of Service (QoS) Support . 126
G.2.2 MAC Scheduling Service . 127
G.3 Mobility Management . 128
G.3.1 Power Saving Features . 128
G.3.2 Handoff . 128
G.4 Security. 129
G.5 Multicast and Broadcast Service (MBS) . 129
G.6 End-to-End WiMAX Architecture . 130
G.6.1 Support for Services and Applications . 131
ETSI

---------------------- Page: 5 ----------------------
6 ETSI TR 102 662 V1.1.1 (2010-03)
G.6.2 Interworking and Roaming . 131
G.6.3 Network-Level Mobility Handover . 133
Annex H: Review of UMTS Long Term Evolution (LTE) . 134
H.1 LTE System Architecture . 134
H.2 Protocol Architecture . 136
H.3 Mobility Management . 139
H.4 Evolved MBMS . 140
H.5 Physical Layer of LTE UMTS . 141
H.5.1 Downlink . 142
H.5.2 Uplink . 145
Annex I: Detailed Analysis of LTE and WiMAX air interfaces over satellite links . 148
I.1 Application Scenarios. 148
I.1.1 Considered OFDM Numerology . 148
I.1.2 Reference signals patterns . 148
I.1.3 Broadcasting scenario - Physical Layer Configuration . 149
I.1.3.1 End-to-end simulation cases . 150
I.1.4 Two-Way communications - Physical Layer Configuration . 152
I.1.4.1 Forward Link . 152
I.1.4.2 Reverse Link . 153
I.1.5 Simulation Block Diagrams . 155
I.1.5.1 LTE FL and RL . 155
I.1.5.2 WiMAX FL and RL . 156
I.1.5.2.1 Ideal estimation . 156
I.1.6 PHY Time series generation for UL Simulator . 156
I.2 PHY Techniques: Enablers . 159
I.2.1 Inter-TTI interleaving through Forced Retransmission . 159
I.2.2 PAPR Reduction .
...