ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)

Technical Report
Electromagnetic compatibility and
Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
System Reference document (SRdoc);
Technical characteristics of Radio equipment
to be used in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz band;
Short-Range Radar to be fitted
on fixed transport infrastructure

2 ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)

Reference
DTR/ERM-TGSRR-66
Keywords
radar, regulation, safety, SRD, SRdoc
ETSI
650 Route des Lucioles
F-06921 Sophia Antipolis Cedex - FRANCE

Tel.: +33 4 92 94 42 00  Fax: +33 4 93 65 47 16

Siret N° 348 623 562 00017 - NAF 742 C
Association à but non lucratif enregistrée à la
Sous-Préfecture de Grasse (06) N° 7803/88

Important notice
The present document can be downloaded from:
http://www.etsi.org
The present document may be made available in electronic versions and/or in print. The content of any electronic and/or
print versions of the present document shall not be modified without the prior written authorization of ETSI. In case of any
existing or perceived difference in contents between such versions and/or in print, the only prevailing document is the
print of the Portable Document Format (PDF) version kept on a specific network drive within ETSI Secretariat.
Users of the present document should be aware that the document may be subject to revision or change of status.
Information on the current status of this and other ETSI documents is available at
http://portal.etsi.org/tb/status/status.asp
If you find errors in the present document, please send your comment to one of the following services:
http://portal.etsi.org/chaircor/ETSI_support.asp
Copyright Notification
No part may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying
and microfilm except as authorized by written permission of ETSI.
The content of the PDF version shall not be modified without the written authorization of ETSI.
The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.

© European Telecommunications Standards Institute 2014.
All rights reserved.
TM TM TM
DECT , PLUGTESTS , UMTS and the ETSI logo are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members.
TM
3GPP and LTE™ are Trade Marks of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and
of the 3GPP Organizational Partners.
GSM® and the GSM logo are Trade Marks registered and owned by the GSM Association.
ETSI
3 ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 5
Foreword . 5
Modal verbs terminology . 5
Executive summary . 5
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 9
3.1 Definitions . 9
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.3 Abbreviations . 9
4 Comments on the System Reference Document . 10
5 Fixed Transport Infrastructure Radar . 10
5.1 System Description. 10
5.2 Use Cases and Deployment Scenarios. 10
5.2.1 Surveillance radar for traffic incident detection and prevention . 10
5.2.2 Surveillance radar for traffic enforcement and safety . 10
5.2.3 Road-Railway Crossings . 10
5.2.3.1 Railway network based . 10
5.2.3.2 Road network based . 11
5.2.4 Airport Ground Movements . 11
5.2.5 Non-Transport Applications . 11
6 Market Size and Societal Benefits . 11
6.1 Automatic Incident Detection . 11
6.2 Traffic Enforcement . 11
7 Technical information . 11
7.1 Detailed technical description . 11
7.2 Technical parameters and implications on spectrum . 12
7.2.1 Status of technical parameters . 12
7.2.1.1 Current ITU and European Common Allocations . 12
7.2.2 Transmitter parameters . 13
7.2.2.1 Transmitter Output Power/Radiated Power . 13
7.2.2.1a Antenna Characteristics . 13
7.2.2.1b Beam Profiles . 13
7.2.2.2 Operating Frequency . 15
7.2.2.3 Bandwidth . 15
7.2.2.4 Unwanted emissions. 16
7.2.2.5 Duty Cycle/Mechanical Scanning . 16
7.2.3 Receiver parameters . 16
7.3 Information on relevant standard(s) . 16
7.4 Sharing and Compatibility Studies . 16
7.4.1 MOSARIM . 16
7.4.2 SEAMCAT . 17
7.4.3 Radio Astronomy Service . 17
7.4.4 Sharing and compatibility issues still to be considered. 17
8 Radio spectrum request and justification . 17
9 Regulations . 19
ETSI
4 ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
9.1 Current regulations . 19
9.2 Proposed regulation and justification . 19
Annex A: FMCW Radar - Technical Details . 20
A.1 Principle of operation . 20
A.1.1 Underlying FMCW radar and tracking technology . 20
A.1.2 Processing for incident detection . 21
A.1.3 Processing for enforcement . 21
A.2 Interference Mechanisms . 22
Annex B: Fixed Radar Installations at 76 GHz to 77 GHz . 23
B.1 Existing Installations . 23
B.1.1 South Link Tunnel, Stockholm, Sweden . 23
B.1.2 Bolte Bridge, Melbourne, Australia . 23
B.1.3 E4 Highway, Stockholm, Sweden . 24
B.1.4 E73 Highway, Stockholm, Sweden . 24
B.1.5 Hindhead Tunnel, London, UK . 24
B.1.6 Tunnel, Slovenia . 25
B.1.7 Motorway, Munich, Germany . 25
B.1.8 Mastrafjord and Tunnel, Norway . 26
B.1.9 Autostrada A14, Bologna, Italy . 26
B.2 Market size . 27
B.2.1 For Automatic Incident detection . 27
B.2.1.1 On Managed Motorways . 27
B.2.1.2 In Tunnels . 28
B.2.2 For traffic enforcement . 29
B.2.3 Airports and Landing Strips and Air Traffic Control . 32
B.3 Non Transport Applications . 33
B.3.1 For Industrial detection and automations . 33
B.3.2 Prison Buildings . 35
B.3.3 Power Stations and Reservoirs . 36
B.3.4 Data Centers and Commercial Property . 36
Annex C: Installation details for road surveillance . 37
Annex D: SEAMCAT Study - Fixed and Vehicular Radars . 40
D.1 Radar Antenna Specs. 41
D.2 Conclusions . 42
Annex E: Radio Astronomy Service . 43
E.1 Locations of Millimetre Wave Observatories . 43
E.2 Coupling Calculations . 43
E.2.1 Radiated signal details . 44
E.2.2 Separation distance calculation . 45
E.3 Sector Blanking . 47
E.4 Conclusions . 47
Annex F: Bibliography . 48
History . 49

ETSI
5 ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Report (TR) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio
spectrum Matters (ERM).
EC Decision 2011-829-EU [i.9] obliges EU Member States to allow the use of the 76 GHz to 77 GHz band for Road
Transport an Telematics for terrestrial vehicles and infrastructure systems.
th
This EC Decision is subject to an update process. CEPT Report 44 [i.10] is the recommendation from CEPT for the 5
update cycle. In this it is recommended to broaden the category of Road Transport and Traffic Telematics (RTTT) to
Transport and Traffic Telematics (TTT), and to change the usage restriction on 76 GHz to 77 GHz band to ground
based vehicle and infrastructure systems only.
The draft revised Decision [i.11] indicates that these recommendations are being adopted.
Accordingly, the present document describes fixed infrastructure radar systems in a range of transport applications.
A previously published ETSI System Reference Document, TR 102 704 [i.7], discusses the use of 76 GHz to 77 GHz
band by radars mounted on ground based vehicles other than automobiles.
The purpose of the present document is to provide details of how fixed infrastructure radar are used within the
transportation sector, and to indicate the parameters under which these systems operate.
Modal verbs terminology
In the present document "shall", "shall not", "should", "should not", "may", "may not", "need", "need not", "will",
"will not", "can" and "cannot" are to be interpreted as described in clause 3.2 of the ETSI Drafting Rules (Verbal forms
for the expression of provisions).
"must" and "must not" are NOT allowed in ETSI deliverables except when used in direct citation.
Executive summary
The present document provides information about fixed surveillance radar installations in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz band.
The majority of the systems described here are high value infrastructure systems serving functions of safety and
efficiency in the transport field. Typical uses are for surveillance of critical highway situations such as tunnels and large
road intersections. There is a requirement in the EU for Automatic Incident Detection in road tunnels which have a
control room and are 500 m or longer [i.1].
Other users of the 76 GHz to 77 GHz band include vehicle radars and the Radio Astronomy Service. The important
sharing scenarios are therefore a large number of vehicle radars with a small number of fixed radars and with the RAS
conducting measurements from 8 sites in Europe.
ETSI
6 ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
The 76 GHz to 77 GHz band is designated for both fixed and vehicle radars by 2011-829-EU (the EC Decision on Short
Range Devices) [i.9]. Currently there is a harmonised standard for vehicle radars, EN 301 091-1 [i.8], but fixed radars
are outside its scope. The fixed radars described here operate with the same signal parameters as vehicle radars - they
are in fact compliant with the technical requirements of EN 301 091-1 [i.8].
It should be noted that the fixed radars described do not constitute a new proposal. They represent an established
application with a significant installed base. Systems are currently being installed in many European countries
(Annex B), but by their nature as high capital cost infrastructure systems they cannot be expected to become massively
deployed items.
The present document also examines the sharing scenarios. An acceptable arrangement with the RAS is a small
exclusion zone around each millimetre wave observatory site (Annex E). An initial study shows that probability of a
scanning infrastructure radar interfering with a vehicular radar is even less than that of a vehicular radar interfering with
another vehicular radar (Annex D).The purposes of the present document include:
1) To provide information to CEPT, EC and other bodies to assist studies and regulatory decisions.
2) To pave the way for ETSI to develop a harmonised standard for fixed surveillance radars.
The present document concentrates on applications for surveillance radars in the transport field. The proponents of the
SRdoc also note that there are applications in other fields and these are described in clause B.3.
Introduction
The present document has been developed to support the co-operation between ETSI and the Electronic
Communications Committee (ECC) of the European Conference of Post and Telecommunications Administrations
(CEPT).
The European Commission Decision on harmonisation of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices
2006/771/EC sets out the harmonised frequency bands as well as the technical usage conditions under which SRDs can
be used across Europe. Last updated in December 2011 under EC Decision 2011/829/EU [i.9], the decision sets the
usage scope for this band as "terrestrial vehicle and infrastructure systems".
The 76 GHz RTTT Standard EN 301 091-1 [i.8] defines the technical characteristics and test methods for radar
equipment operating in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz band. Early versions of EN 301 091-1 [i.8] define the scope as covering
both fixed radar installations, and mobile. Subsequent versions of EN 301 091-1 [i.8] have limited the scope to road
vehicles only. Other than the definition of the scope, the fixed radar systems presented are fully compliant with the
latest versions of EN 301 091-1 [i.8].
The 76 GHz to 77 GHz band is highly versatile and can be used also for safety relevant radar applications which operate
either as part of a fixed transport installation, or on a mobile vehicle. These safety related fixed transport installations
are the subject of the present document.
The main benefits of using the 76 GHz to 77 GHz frequency band for these applications are that overall radar sensor
package sizes can be made of a reasonable size without overly large or cumbersome antenna. These are suitable for
roadside installation. With high operating frequency, high resolution range measurements are possible. In addition
componentry is readily available in this band. These advantages are further discussed within.
ETSI
7 ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
1 Scope
The present document describes the application of fixed transport surveillance radar systems in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz
band. Short Range Radars operating in this band are used in a variety of applications, the majority of which are safety
related.
The present document includes in particular:
• market information for applications apart from road vehicles;
• technical information regarding the typical radar installations;
• regulatory issues and interference studies whilst considering other band users.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
Not applicable.
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area. For non-specific references, the latest version of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
[i.1] L167/39: "Directive 2004/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004
on minimum safety requirements for tunnels in the Trans-European Road Network".
[i.2] WN 96W0000071: "The Impact of Rapid Incident Detection on Freeway Accident Fatalities".
[i.3] Rail Safety and Standards Board: "Half-year safety performance report 2012/13".
[i.4] Network Rail: "Strategic Business Plan for England & Wales January 2013".
[i.5] European Railway Agency: "Railway safety performance in the European Union 2012".
[i.6] European Commission: "Mobility and Transport, Road Safety, Level Crossings".
NOTE: Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/transport/road_safety/topics/infrastructure/level_crossing/index_en.htm.
[i.7] ETSI TR 102 704 (V1.2.1) (2010-12): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters
(ERM); System Reference Document; Short Range Devices (SRD); Radar sensors for
non-automotive; ground based vehicular applications in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz frequency range".
ETSI
8 ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
[i.8] ETSI EN 301 091-1 (V1.3.3): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices; Road Transport and Traffic Telematics (RTTT); Radar equipment operating
in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz range; Part 1: Technical characteristics and test methods for radar
equipment operating in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz range".
[i.9] EC Decision 2011-829-EU: Commission Implementing Decision of 8 December 2011 amending
Decision 2006/771/EC on harmonisation of the radio spectrum for use by short-range devices.
[i.10] CEPT Report 44 (11/03/2103): In response to the EC Permanent Mandate on the "Annual update
of the technical annex of the Commission Decision on the technical harmonisation of radio
spectrum for use by short range devices".
[i.11] RSCOM13-05 (6th March 2013). European Commission Communications Networks Content &
Technology Directorate-General. Radio Spectrum Committee: Draft Implementing Decision for
the coordinated revision of Decision 2006/771/EC on SRD and the repeal of Decision
2005/928/EC on the169 MHz band.
[i.12] CEPT/ERC/Recommendation 70-03: "Relating to the use of Short Range Devices (SRD)".
Annexes 4 and 5.
[i.13] ERC Report 25: "The European Table of Frequency Allocations and Applications in the
Frequency Range 8.3 kHz to 3000 GHz (ECA TABLE)". Approved February 2013.
[i.14] MOSARIM: "MOre Safety for All by Radar Interference Mitigation".
NOTE: Available at:
http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/esafety/doc/rtd_projects/fact_sheets_fp7/mosarim.pdf.
[i.15] UK Highways Agency: Results published in March 2011 in the UK Highways Agency's three-year
safety report into the pilot Managed Motorway scheme on the M42.
NOTE: Available at: http://www.highways.gov.uk/our-road-network/managing-our-roads/improving-our-
network/managed-motorways/.
[i.16] ETSI EN 301 783 (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Land Mobile Service; Commercially available amateur radio equipment".
[i.17] ETSI EN 302 264 (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices; Road Transport and Traffic Telematics (RTTT); Short Range Radar
equipment operating in the 77 GHz to 81 GHz band".
[i.18] ETSI EN 302 372 (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD) ;Equipment for Detection and Movement; Tanks Level Probing Radar
(TLPR) operating in the frequency bands 5,8 GHz, 10 GHz, 25 GHz, 61 GHz and 77 GHz".
[i.19] ETSI EN 302 729 (all parts): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Short Range Devices (SRD); Level Probing Radar (LPR) equipment operating in the frequency
ranges 6 GHz to 8,5 GHz, 24,05 GHz to 26,5 GHz, 57 GHz to 64 GHz, 75 GHz to 85 GHz".
[i.20] ECC/DEC/(04)03: "ECC Decision of 19 March 2004 on the frequency band 77-81 GHz to be
designated for the use of Automotive Short Range Radars".
[i.21] ECC/DEC/(11)02: "ECC Decision of 11 March 2011 on industrial Level Probing Radars (LPR)
operating in frequency bands 6 - 8.5 GHz, 24.05 - 26.5 GHz, 57 - 64 GHz and 75 - 85 GHz".
[i.22] ERC/REC 74-01: "Unwanted Emissions in the Spurious Domain".
[i.23] Recommendation ITU-R RA.769-2: "Protection criteria used for radio astronomical
measurements".
[i.24] Recommendation ITU-R P.452-1: "Prediction procedure for the evaluation of microwave
interference between stations on the surface of the Earth at frequencies above about 0.7 GHz".
[i.25] Recommendation ITU-R P.525: "Calculation of free-space attenuation".
ETSI
9 ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
all lane running: permanent use of the hard shoulder or emergency lane as a running lane
antenna boresight: optical axis of a directional antenna, along which the peak antenna gain is found
duty cycle: ratio of the area of the beam (measured at its 3 dB point) to the total area scanned by the antenna (as
measured at its 3 dB point)
managed motorways: controlled use of the hard shoulder as a running lane during periods of high vehicle flow or
incidents
operating frequency: nominal frequency at which the equipment is operated
radome: external protective cover which is independent of the associated antenna, and which may contribute to the
overall performance of the antenna
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
Δf frequency shift between any two frequency steps
F frequency
R distance to target
R received signal
x
T frequency step repetition frequency
T transmitted signal
x
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
AID Automatic Incident Detection
CCTV Closed Circuit TeleVision
CFAR Constant False Alarm Rate
CRAF Committee on Radio Astronomy Frequencies
e.i.r.p effective isotropic radiated power
EC European Commission
ECC Electronic Communications Committee
FM Frequency Modulation
FMCW Frequency Modulated Carrier Wave
IRAM Institut de Radioastronomie Millimétrique
LPR Level Probing Radar
PTZ Pan, Tilt, Zoom
RAS Radio Astronomy Service
RF Radio Frequency
RPU Remote Processing Unit
RR Radio Regulations
RSSB Rail Safety and Standards Board
RTTT Road Transport and Traffic Telematics
SEAMCAT Spectrum Engineering Advanced Monte Carlo Analysis Tool
TEN Trans-European Transport Network
ETSI
10 ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
TEN-T Trans-European Transport Network
TLPR Tanks Level Probing Radar
TTT Transport and Traffic Telematics
WRC World Radio communications Conference
4 Comments on the System Reference Document
No ETSI members raised any comments.
5 Fixed Transport Infrastructure Radar
This clause contains a brief summary of infrastructure radar and its applications. More comprehensive information
together with example installations can be found in Annex B.
5.1 System Description
Fixed Radar systems provide an Automatic Incident Detection capability, for use on motorways and other strategic
roads, bridges and tunnels. By continually measuring and tracking vehicles, people and debris using high frequency
radar the system is able to generate incident alerts, whilst maintaining extremely low nuisance alarm rates.
5.2 Use Cases and Deployment Scenarios
5.2.1 Surveillance radar for traffic incident detection and prevention
Wide area surveillance of roads, to detect events that are highly likely to lead to incidents, is a valuable way of
improving the safety of European road networks. These might include early detection of stopped vehicles, reversing
vehicles, personnel or animals on a road carriageway, debris on a carriageway due to a lost load. Europe's major
highways are increasingly congested; managed motorways are becoming more prevalent so extra capacity from
emergency lanes without the associated costs of extra civil works; reduced Carbon to provide extra road network
capacity; these roads do need a rapid detection system though to alert approaching driver in fast moving traffic to a
stranded vehicle in a live traffic lane, particularly at night time or in poor visibility.
5.2.2 Surveillance radar for traffic enforcement and safety
Enforcing unsafe behaviour of vehicles, unsafe close following of the vehicle ahead, unsafe overtaking or crossing of
the central white lines, illegal behaviour at yellow box junctions leading to congestion as busy intersections become
congested, enforcing and thereby discouraging dangerous driving manoeuvres such as illegal U-Turns, enforcement
where dangerous driving behaviour can lead to loss of life around intersections with other modes of transport, for
example, at railway crossings.
5.2.3 Road-Railway Crossings
Two types of surveillance radar systems are proposed for increasing safety at road-railway crossings, also known as
level crossings.
5.2.3.1 Railway network based
Railway based radars function as obstacle detectors for use only when the crossing is operated as a railway. Generally
they are fixed rather than scanning beam and oriented so as to illuminate the crossing area and the railway track. These
would fall under Annex 4 of Rec 70-03 [i.12]. ETSI intends to introduce a new harmonised standard EN 301 091-3 to
cover this application.
ETSI
11 ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
5.2.3.2 Road network based
Fixed radars can provide a more extensive surveillance of the crossing area and detect illegal or dangerous behaviour by
vehicles, for instance turning along the railway track, failing to stop for the warning lights, driving round the barriers.
More details of such systems is given in clause B.2.2.
5.2.4 Airport Ground Movements
Fixed radars are used for monitoring ground movements at airports and landing strips, for the purposes of Air Traffic
Control and for security. More details of such systems are given in clause B.2.3.
5.2.5 Non-Transport Applications
Applications outside the field of transport are also possible and currently permitted in some countries, such as the UK.
Some of these are described in clause B.3.
6 Market Size and Societal Benefits
This clause is a brief summary. Comprehensive market information for existing and projected installations is given in
clause B.2.
6.1 Automatic Incident Detection
Managed motorway programs are currently in operation within the UK, Sweden, Netherlands and Germany, each
maintaining between 200 km to 300 km. Casualties per billion vehicle miles travelled have reduced by just under
two-thirds (61 %) since hard shoulder running was introduced [i.15]. Managed motorways offer increased capacity, at a
fraction of the cost, and can be delivered in a much shorter timeframe.
Fatal Incidents within tunnels in particular have raised concerns about current safety systems, and within EC law, it is
mandatory in all tunnels longer than 500 m to install automatic incident detection and/or fire detection [i.1].
The Trans-European Transport Network (TEN- T) is set to encompass 90 000 km of motorway and high-quality roads
by 2020 and the EU will eventually have a role in the safety management of these roads.
6.2 Traffic Enforcement
Enforcement, leading to behaviour change of drivers and pedestrians, is an important part of the regulators' strategy to
reduce the number of fatalities at level crossings and other intersections. Fixed radar systems, tracking vehicles as they
drive towards the crossing after red warning lights have been illuminated, are an important tool to improve safety. Some
200 initial sites have been identified by Network Rail in the UK as requiring railway crossing enforcement systems.
7 Technical information
7.1 Detailed technical description
The radar systems described in the present document use a continuous transmission with frequency modulation. The
operating principle is described in detail in Annex A.
Annex B shows a number of existing installations.
The systems are compliant with the technical parameters of EN 301 091-1 [i.8]. Further technical information is also
given in Annexes C, D and E.
ETSI
12 ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
7.2 Technical parameters and implications on spectrum
Table 1 lists the typical parameters of a mechanically scanned infrastructure radar system.
See clauses 7.2.2 and 7.2.3 for further information.
Table 1: Summary of typical technical parameters
Frequency Range 76,2 GHz to 76,8 GHz
Range of Sensor 500 m
Field of View coverage full coverage (for scanning systems)
Peak Power 37,5 dBm
Average Power 15 dBm (according to the formula in clause 7.2.3.2. of
EN 301 091-1 (V1.3.3) [i.8])
Occupied RF Bandwidth 600 MHz
Rotation and transmission rate (scanning systems) nominal 2 rps, through 360 degrees
1 000 ms sweep time leading to 900 measurements
per second (450 per rotation)
Beam width in azimuth 2 degrees
Duty Cycle 0,5 %
Mounting Height Typically 5 m above ground level
Deployment of infrastructure radar Typical separation of 700 m to 1 000 m

7.2.1 Status of technical parameters
7.2.1.1 Current ITU and European Common Allocations
The following table is reproduced from ERC Report 25, February 2013 [i.13].
Table 2: 76 GHz to 77 GHz entry in European Common Allocation table
RR Region 1 European ECC/ERC Applications Standard Notes
Allocation and Common harmonisation
RR Allocation
footnotes
applicable to
CEPT
76 GHz to
77,5 GHz
RADIO RADIO Amateur EN 301 783
ASTRONOMY ASTRONOMY [i.16]
RADIOLOCATION RADIOLOCATION  Amateur Satellite
Amateur Amateur ECC/DEC/(04)03 SRR
[i.20]
Amateur-satellite Amateur-satellite  Radiolocation (civil) EN 302 264
[i.17]
Space research Space research Radio astronomy  Continuum and
(S/E) (S/E) spectral line
observations
5.149 5.149 EU2 ERC/REC 70-03 Radio EN 302 372 Within the band
[i.12] determination [i.18] 75 GHz to 85 GHz for
ECC/DEC/(11)02 applications EN 302 729 TLPR and LPR
[i.21] [i.19] applications
ERC/REC 70-03 RTTT EN 301 091-1 Within the band
[i.12] [i.8] 76 GHz to 77 GHz
Radar. Road
Transport and Traffic
Telematic
Railway EN 301 091-1 Obstruction/vehicle
applications [i.8] detection at level
crossings
ETSI
13 ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
7.2.2 Transmitter parameters
7.2.2.1 Transmitter Output Power/Radiated Power
The typical peak power is +38 dBm e.i.r.p on the antenna boresight.
The typical mean power is +15 dBm e.i.r.p.
See also clause E.2.1 for further details of calculations of the peak and mean power.
7.2.2.1a Antenna Characteristics
Roadside infrastructure radars typically have a beam width in azimuth of 2 degrees with a spread vertical beam pattern.
The antennas are typically mounted well above the carriageway. The infrastructure radar beam boresight is directed at
the road surface at a distance of approximately 200 m , reducing the chance that fixed and vehicular radar should
interfere with each other. The vertical inclination of the boresight towards the road surface is approximately 1,5 degrees
below the horizontal.
Low power lobes are directed off the boresight, towards the road surface in the foreground. At distances less that 100 m
from the radar lower antenna gain and hence power is needed at the road surface, in order to detect objects of interest.
Detection performance can be maintained because there is reduced attenuation from spherical spreading when closer to
the infrastructure radar device.

Figure 1: Illumination of surveillance area by spread vertical beam of the radar antenna
7.2.2.1b Beam Profiles
Antenna beam profiles measured on an example radar system are shown in Figures 2 and 3.
ETSI
14 ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)

NOTE: Note that the antenna is mechanically scanned through 360 degrees.

Figure 2: Infrastructure radar combined antenna beam
ETSI
15 ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)

NOTE: The antenna is mechanically scanned through 360 degrees

Figure 3: Infrastructure radar elevation and azimuth antenna beam plots
7.2.2.2 Operating Frequency
The current operating frequency is in the band 76 GHz to 77 GHz.
7.2.2.3 Bandwidth
The overall bandwidth is defined by the FM sweep pattern. This may range from 500 MHz to 800 MHz. A typical
sweep is 600 MHz in 1 ms. The instantaneous system bandwidth is 5 MHz.
ETSI
16 ETSI TR 103 148 V1.1.1 (2014-06)
7.2.2.4 Unwanted emissions
Unwanted emissions are within the limits specified by EN 301 091-1 [i.8], which is aligned with
ERC/REC 74-01 [i.22].
7.2.2.5 Duty Cycle/Mechanical Scanning
It is only necessary to illuminate a given target area intermittently, and at a very low duty cycle. One method of
achieving this is with a mechanically scanned antenna. The radar boresight scans a horizontal plane parallel to the road
surface. The actual duty cycle depends on the antenna beam width in azimuth and is typically 1 in 200. Typically scan
rate is 2 times per second.
7.2.3 Receiver parameters
The infrastructure radar includes a single antenna for transmit and receive channels. The radar receiver includes an
active mixer that converts the Radio Frequency signal into an Intermediate Frequency or Video range which covers
50 kHz to 5 MHz. The receiver Noise Figure is typically 10 dB at 1 MHz.
7.3 Information on relevant standard(s)
EN 301 091-1 [i.8] defines the technical characteristics and test methods for radar equipment operating in the 76 GHz to
77 GHz band . Early versions of this document define the scope as covering both fixed radar installations, and mobile.
Subsequent versions of the standard have limited the scope to road vehicles only. Other than the definition of the scope,
the fixed radar systems presented are fully compliant with the latest versions of EN 301 091-1 [i.8].
EN 301 091 is a multi-part deliverable and ETSI is currently developing a new part, EN 301 091-3 for radar systems for
rail-road crossings. See clause 5.2.3.1.
7.4 Sharing and Compatibility Studies
The primary services in the 76 GHz to 77 GHz band are the Radio Astronomy Service (RAS) and Radiolocation. The
band is also used by vehicular radars using similar technology to infrastructure radars.
The interference mechanism between fixed infrastructure radar and vehicular based radar should be less problematic
than between different vehicular radars. In particular, when multiple vehicles approach each other, vehicular radars are
lo
...