ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)

Technical Specification
Electromagnetic compatibility
and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Technical Specification on Preliminary Tests
and Trial to verify mitigation techniques
used by RFID systems for sharing spectrum
between RFID and ER-GSM
2 ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)

Reference
DTS/ERM-TG34-19
Keywords
DAA, ER-GSM, radio, RFID
ETSI
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ETSI
3 ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
Contents
Intellectual Property Rights . 6
Foreword . 6
Introduction . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 References . 7
2.1 Normative references . 7
2.2 Informative references . 7
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations . 8
3.1 Definitions . 8
3.2 Symbols . 9
3.3 Abbreviations . 9
4 Background Information . 10
4.1 DAA process . 10
4.2 GSM-R . 11
5 Test Equipment . 11
5.1 RFID equipment . 11
5.1.1 Hardware . 11
5.1.2 Software . 11
5.2 GSM-R equipment . 11
6 Specification for conformance tests . 12
6.1 Radiated power (e.r.p.) . 12
6.1.1 Definition . 12
6.1.2 Method of measurement . 12
6.1.2.1 Radiated measurement . 12
6.1.2.2 Conducted measurement . 13
6.1.3 Limits . 13
6.2 Transmitter spectrum mask . 14
6.2.1 Definition . 14
6.2.2 Method of measurement . 14
6.2.3 Limits . 15
6.3 Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain. 15
6.3.1 Definition . 15
6.3.2 Method of measurement . 15
6.3.2.1 Method of measuring the power level in a specified load, clause 6.3.2, a) i). 16
6.3.2.2 Method of measuring the effective radiated power, clause 6.3.2, a) ii). 16
6.3.2.3 Method of measuring effective radiated power, clause 6.3.2, b) . 18
6.3.3 Limits . 18
6.4 Limits and methods of measurement for tag emissions - Radiated power (e.r.p.) . 18
6.4.1 Definition . 18
6.4.2 Method of measurement . 18
6.4.2.1 Method of measuring the power in an un-modulated sub-carrier, clause 6.4.2, a) . 18
6.4.2.2 Method of measuring the power in a modulated sub-carrier, clause 6.4.2, b) . 20
6.4.3 Limits . 21
6.5 Limits and methods of measurement for tag emissions - Unwanted emissions . 21
6.5.1 Definition . 21
6.5.2 Method of measurement . 21
6.5.3 Limits . 22
7 Specification for Preliminary tests . 23
7.1 Test site . 23
7.1.1 Location . 23
7.1.2 Test lab environment . 24
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4 ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
7.1.3 Test arrangement . 25
7.2 Measurement setup . 26
7.2.1 RFID equipment arrangement. 26
7.2.2 Demonstrator settings . 27
7.3 Test criteria . 28
7.4 Measurement procedure . 28
7.4.1 Railway operation detection time and level . 28
7.4.1.1 Railway operation detection time when a BTS is powered up after a demonstrator (demonstrator
in-operation test) . 29
7.4.1.2 Railway operation detection time when BTS is powered up before the demonstrator
(demonstrator start-up test) . 29
7.4.1.3 Railway operation detection level . 29
7.4.2 Impact from GSM-R BTS on RFID system with BLF=640 kHz . 30
7.4.3 Impact from GSM-R Mobile on RFID system with BLF=640 kHz . 30
7.4.4 Two demonstrators simultaneously operating on the same high power channel . 31
7.4.5 Ability of demonstrators to reliably distinguish between another RFID demonstrator and avoid an
GSM-R designated channel . 31
8 Specification for field measurements . 32
8.1 Test site . 32
8.2 Measurement setup . 33
8.3 Measurement procedure . 33
8.3.1 Reference measurements . 34
8.3.2 Co-existence test in non-busy GSM-R environment . 34
8.3.3 Co-existence test in busy GSM-R environment . 35
8.3.4 Co-existence test while operating from train . 35
9 Observations and conclusions . 36
Annex A (informative): Compliance tests . 37
A.1 Introduction . 37
A.2 Radiated power (e.r.p.) . 37
A.3 Transmit spectrum mask . 38
A.4 Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain . 39
A.5 Tag spectrum mask . 42
A.6 Conclusions . 45
Annex B (informative): Preliminary test results . 46
B.1 Introduction . 46
B.2 Equipment settings applicable for all tests . 47
B.3 Tests in respect to clause 7.4.1.1 . 47
B.4 Tests in respect to clause 7.4.1.2 . 50
B.5 Tests in respect to clause 7.4.1.3 . 52
B.6 Tests in respect to clause 7.4.2 . 55
B.7 Tests in respect to clause 7.4.3 . 57
B.8 Tests in respect to clause 7.4.4 . 59
B.9 Tests in respect to clause 7.4.5 . 62
B.10 Conclusions . 66
Annex C (informative): Field trial test results . 67
C.1 Introduction . 67
C.2 Tests in respect to clause 8.3.1 . 69
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5 ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
C.3 Tests in respect to clause 8.3.2 . 74
C.4 Tests in respect to clause 8.3.3 . 75
C.5 Tests in respect to clause 8.3.4 . 76
C.6 Conclusions . 77
Annex D (informative): Bibliography . 78
History . 79

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6 ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
Intellectual Property Rights
IPRs essential or potentially essential to the present document may have been declared to ETSI. The information
pertaining to these essential IPRs, if any, is publicly available for ETSI members and non-members, and can be found
in ETSI SR 000 314: "Intellectual Property Rights (IPRs); Essential, or potentially Essential, IPRs notified to ETSI in
respect of ETSI standards", which is available from the ETSI Secretariat. Latest updates are available on the ETSI Web
server (http://ipr.etsi.org).
Pursuant to the ETSI IPR Policy, no investigation, including IPR searches, has been carried out by ETSI. No guarantee
can be given as to the existence of other IPRs not referenced in ETSI SR 000 314 (or the updates on the ETSI Web
server) which are, or may be, or may become, essential to the present document.
Foreword
This Technical Specification (TS) has been produced by ETSI Technical Committee Electromagnetic compatibility and
Radio spectrum Matters (ERM).
Introduction
In order to accommodate the spectrum needs for the increasing number of RFID devices and systems, an extension band
has been requested for high power RFID systems in the range between 915 MHz and 921 MHz. This band is already
used by RFID in several countries worldwide and its designation in Europe would increase its functionality and simplify
the international movement of goods using RFID identification systems. In Europe, part of this new frequency band will
be shared between the primary user GSM-R and RFID. In order to guarantee an interference-free coexistence between
the two systems, mechanisms should be implemented by RFID systems to reduce the probability of interference to
GSM-R to a minimum. These techniques can be either regulatory, or technical mechanisms or of an operational nature.
The present document includes the results of the conformance test, preliminary tests, field trials specification and tests
results of UHF RFID systems using the cognitive mitigation techniques and procedures defined in [i.1] and [i.2].
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7 ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
1 Scope
The present document describes the test plan and the results of a series of tests and measurements that were performed
to verify the effectiveness of cognitive mitigation techniques applied to UHF RFID systems sharing the band 918 MHz
to 921 MHz with GSM-R.
2 References
References are either specific (identified by date of publication and/or edition number or version number) or
non-specific. For specific references, only the cited version applies. For non-specific references, the latest version of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
Referenced documents which are not found to be publicly available in the expected location might be found at
http://docbox.etsi.org/Reference.
NOTE: While any hyperlinks included in this clause were valid at the time of publication ETSI cannot guarantee
their long term validity.
2.1 Normative references
The following referenced documents are necessary for the application of the present document.
[1] ETSI EN 302 208 (V1.4.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Radio Frequency Identification Equipment operating in the band 865 MHz to 868 MHz with
power levels up to 2 W".
2.2 Informative references
The following referenced documents are not necessary for the application of the present document but they assist the
user with regard to a particular subject area.
[i.1] ETSI TS 102 902 (V1.2.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and radio spectrum matters (ERM);
Methods, parameters and test procedures for cognitive interference mitigation towards ER-GSM
for use by UHF RFID using Detect-And-Avoid (DAA) or other similar techniques".
[i.2] ETSI TS 102 903 (V1.1.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Compliance tests for cognitive interference mitigation for use by UHF RFID using Detect-And-
Avoid (DAA) or other similar techniques".
[i.3] ETSI ERM TG34: ERM-TG34#23-03, Measurement Report, Feasibility Tests between E-GSM-R
and UHF RFID at Kolberg, Germany, 25th to 26th June 2009.
[i.4] ETSI TR 102 649-2 (V1.3.1): "Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio spectrum Matters (ERM);
Technical characteristics of Short Range Devices (SRD) and RFID in the UHF Band; System
Reference Document for Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) and SRD equipment; Part 2:
Additional spectrum requirements for UHF RFID, non-specific SRDs and specific SRDs".
[i.5] ISO/IEC 18000-63:2013: "Information technology -- Radio frequency identification for item
management -- Part 63: Parameters for air interface communications at 860 MHz to 960 MHz
Type C".
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8 ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
3 Definitions, symbols and abbreviations
3.1 Definitions
For the purposes of the present document, the following terms and definitions apply:
Cognitive Radio System (CRS): radio system (optionally including multiple entities and network elements), which has
the following capabilities:
• obtains knowledge of the radio operational environment and established policies and monitors usage patterns
and users' needs;
• adjusts dynamically and autonomously its operational parameters and protocols according to this knowledge in
order to achieve predefined objectives, e.g. minimize a loss in performance or increase spectrum efficiency;
and
• learns from the results of its actions in order to further improve its performance.
demonstrator: interrogator extended with means to detect (E)R-GSM band use by railways under the scope of the
present document
Detect and Avoid: (DAA): technique used to protect radio communication services by avoiding co-channel operation
NOTE: Before transmitting, a system senses the channel within its operational bandwidth in order to detect the
possible presence of other systems. If the channel is occupied, the system avoids transmission until the
channel becomes available.
Downlink (DL): direction of communication from master to slave, where in the case of a typical RFID system the
direction flows from the interrogator to tag
Dynamic Frequency Allocation (DFA): protocol that allows for changing transmit frequency during operation
Dynamic Power Control (DPC): capability that enables the transmitter output power of a device to be adjusted during
operation in accordance with its link budget requirements or other conditions
ER-GSM: extended Railways GSM 900 band from 873 to 880 MHz / from 918 to 925 MHz (includes R-GSM band)
fixed: physically fixed, non-moving device; includes temporary installations as well
GSM-R: standard based GSM system for use by Railways in the designated R-GSM/ER-GSM band
interrogator: fixed or mobile data capture and identification device using a radio frequency electromagnetic field to
stimulate and effect a modulated data response from a transponder or group of transponders in its vicinity
link adaptation: result of applying all of the control mechanisms used in Radio Resource Management to optimize the
performance of the radio link
Listen Before Talk (LBT): spectrum access protocol requiring a cognitive radio to perform spectrum sensing before
transmitting
location awareness: capability that allows a device to determine its location to a defined level of precision
master: controls the radio resource changing actions (a device that controls the actions of other dependent devices)
mobile: physically moving device
radio environment map: integrated multi-domain database that characterises the radio environment in which a
cognitive radio system finds itself
NOTE: It may contain geographical information, available radio communication services, spectral regulations and
policies, and the positions and activities of co-located radios.
R-GSM: Railways GSM 900 band from 876 to 880 MHz / from 921 to 925 MHz
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9 ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
Service Level Agreement (SLA): defined level of service agreed between the contractor and the service provider
slave: performs the commands transmitted by its Master
Tari: length of a binary zero for interrogator to tag communication in ISO/IEC 18000-63 [i.5]
Uplink (UL): direction of communication from Slave to Master
white space: part of the spectrum, which is available for a radio communication application at a given time in a given
geographical area on a non-interfering/non-protected basis with regard to other services with a higher national priority
3.2 Symbols
For the purposes of the present document, the following symbols apply:
α pathloss exponent in the Friis Equation
dB decibel
d distance
f frequency measured under normal test conditions
fc centre frequency of carrier transmitted by interrogator
λ wavelength
Ω Resistance
∆f frequency offset
3.3 Abbreviations
For the purposes of the present document, the following abbreviations apply:
ARFCN Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number
BCCH Broadcast Control Channel
BLF Backscatter Link Frequency
BTS Base Transceiver Station
CEPT Conférence Européenne des Postes et des Télécommunications
DAA Detect And Avoid
DB Deutsche Bahn
DL Downlink
EPC Electronic Product Code
ER-GSM Extended Railways GSM
GSM Global System for Mobile communications
GSM-R Global System for Mobile communication for Railways applications
ICE Inter-City-Express
M Miller subcarrier index
RBW Resolution BandWidth
RF Radio Frequency
RFID Radio Frequency Identification
R-GSM Railways Global System for Mobile communications
STF Special Task Force
TCH Traffic Channel
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TX Transmitter
UHF Ultra High Frequency
UII Unique Item Identifier
UL Uplink
USB Universal Serial Bus
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10 ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
4 Background Information
4.1 DAA process
The flow diagram at figure 1 shows the decision tree for determining whether a channel is available in the ER-GSM
band for use by RFID.
Figure 1: GSM-R DL detection for ER-GSM band and RFID DAA process
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11 ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
4.2 GSM-R
GSM-R is an application based on GSM technology used by the railways. In Europe, GSM-R uses the 876 MHz to
880 MHz band (uplink) and the 921 MHz to 925 MHz band (downlink). In addition, the frequency ranges 873 MHz to
876 MHz (uplink) and 918 MHz to 921 MHz (downlink) may be used by CEPT member states as extension bands for
GSM-R. The extension bands are called ER-GSM. In Germany these extension bands are already licensed to Deutsche
Bahn AG.
GSM carrier spacing is 200 kHz. Each GSM carrier has 8 logical channels, which means that 8 different communication
links are simultaneously possible.
GSM-R is a TDMA system, with frame periods of 4,612 ms for each physical channel. Each TDMA frame consists of
8 logical channels (time slots). One or more of these slots are used for BCCH transmissions.
For GSM-R the first carrier includes one or two time slots for BCCH. Deutsche Bahn for instance always uses two
timeslots, which means that the remaining 6 channels are for TCH. Any additional GSM-R carriers provide additional
8 timeslots which can be used for communication while the mobile terminals are listening to the BCCH transmitted on
the first carrier.
5 Test Equipment
5.1 RFID equipment
5.1.1 Hardware
The RFID test equipment should comprise two demonstrators (modified interrogators) with RFID antennas and the
means to detect (E)R-GSM transmissions. Each interrogator should at least support ISO/IEC 18000-63 [i.5].
Approximately 50 UHF RFID tags should be provided for communication with each demonstrator, which means a total
of 100 tags. Each tag should at least support ISO/IEC 18000-63 [i.5] with a 96 bit UII / EPC.
5.1.2 Software
The Check time for Railways Operation t is the interval at which an interrogator automatically checks which
CRO
ER-GSM channels have been allocated. For equipment in the field this time shall not exceed 24 hours. For the tests
t shall be no more than 60 seconds to allow completion of the tests within a reasonable time.
CRO
5.2 GSM-R equipment
GSM-R equipment is used for both the R-GSM and ER-GSM band.
In order to perform the tests the following hardware configurations should be made available by the test lab.
A base transceiver station (BTS) configured to generate two GSM-R carriers:
• first carrier with BCCH
• second carrier with only TCH
The first and second carrier transmit power shall be variable to generate a received power at the demonstrator from
-47 dBm down to -104 dBm.
In order to ensure that all TCH in the first carrier are occupied, they need to be blocked by either voice or data
communication. All additional traffic need to be handled on a separate TCH on the second carrier, which will provide
8 timeslots for voice and data communication.
In order to ensure traffic on the TCH of the second GSM-R carrier, up to 8 GSM-R terminals are required.
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12 ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
6 Specification for conformance tests
Within this clause the term "interrogator" is used instead of "demonstrator" in order to fit to the terminology used in
EN 302 208 [1]. The term demonstrator, however, is used in the ToR of ETSI STF 397.
These tests have been taken from [1] and have been modified according to [i.4].
6.1 Radiated power (e.r.p.)
This measurement applies to equipment with an integral antenna and to equipment supplied with an external antenna.
Both radiated and conducted methods of measurement are permitted. Where the conducted method is used the
conducted power shall be adjusted to take into account the gain of the antenna and be stated as e.r.p.
If the equipment is designed to operate with different carrier powers, the provider shall declare the rated power for each
level or range of levels.
6.1.1 Definition
The effective radiated power is the product of the power supplied to the antenna and its gain relative to a half wave
dipole in the direction of maximum gain in the absence of modulation.
6.1.2 Method of measurement
These measurements shall be performed with an un-modulated carrier at the highest power level at which the
transmitter is intended to operate.
For both methods of measurement the measuring receiver shall be set up in accordance with the requirements of [1],
clause 6.6.
6.1.2.1 Radiated measurement
This measurement shall be carried out under normal test conditions only (see [1], clause 5.3).
Step 1: On a test site, selected from [1], annex A, the interrogator shall be placed at the specified height on
a support, as specified in [1], annex A, and in the position closest to normal use as declared by the
provider.
Step 2: A test antenna shall be oriented initially for vertical polarization and shall be chosen to correspond
to the carrier frequency of the interrogator. The output of the test antenna shall be connected to a
measuring receiver.
Step 3: The interrogator shall be set to transmit continuously, without modulation, on one of the high
power channels. The measuring receiver shall be positioned in the far field as defined in [1],
annex A and tuned to the frequency of the transmission under test.
Step 4: The test antenna shall be raised and lowered through the specified heights until the maximum
signal level is detected by the measuring receiver.
Step 5: The interrogator shall then be rotated through 360º in the horizontal plane, until the maximum
signal level is detected by the measuring receiver.
Step 6: The test antenna shall be raised and lowered again through the specified heights until the
maximum signal level is detected by the measuring receiver. The maximum signal level detected
by the measuring receiver shall be noted.
Step 7: The antenna of the interrogator shall be rotated in the horizontal plane in both directions to
positions where the signal at the measuring receiver is reduced by 3 dB. The total angle of rotation
(which is the horizontal beamwidth of the antenna) shall be recorded.
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13 ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
Step 8: The interrogator shall be replaced by a substitution antenna as defined in [1], clause A.1.5. The
substitution antenna shall be connected to a calibrated signal generator. The substitution antenna
shall be orientated for vertical polarization and the length of the substitution antenna shall be
adjusted to correspond to the frequency of transmission of the interrogator. If necessary, the setting
of the input attenuator of the measuring receiver shall be adjusted in order to increase the
sensitivity of the measuring receiver.
Step 9: The test antenna shall be raised and lowered through the specified heights to ensure that the
maximum signal is received.
Step 10: The input signal to the substitution antenna shall be adjusted to give a level at the measuring
receiver that is equal to the radiated power previously measured from the interrogator, corrected
for any change to the setting of the input attenuator to the measuring receiver.
Step 11: The input level to the substitution antenna shall be recorded as power level, corrected for any
change of input attenuator setting of the measuring receiver.
Step 12: The measurement shall be repeated with the test antenna and the substitution antenna orientated
for horizontal polarization.
Step 13: The measure of the effective radiated power is the larger of the two levels recorded at the input to
the substitution antenna, corrected if necessary for the gain of the substitution antenna.
Step 14: With the interrogator fitted into a suitable test fixture, the relative change of the effective radiated
power between normal and extreme test conditions (see clauses 5.4.1 and 5.4.2 applied
simultaneously) shall be compared. Any increase in the radiated power under extreme test
conditions shall not cause the level to exceed the limit specified in clause 6.1.3.
6.1.2.2 Conducted measurement
Where an interrogator is fitted with an external antenna connector it is permissible to measure the conducted power. In
this case the provider shall declare the maximum gain and beamwidth(s) of the external antenna(s) at the time that the
equipment is presented for test.
Step 1: The transmitter shall be configured to operate on one of the high power channels shown in figure 2
and shall be connected to an artificial antenna (see [1], clause 6.2). The carrier or mean power
delivered to this artificial antenna shall be measured under normal test conditions (see [1],
clause 5.3).
Step 2: The measurement shall be repeated under extreme test conditions (see [1], clauses 5.4.1 and 5.4.2
applied simultaneously).
Step 3: The recorded value shall be corrected for each of the antenna gains and be stated in e.r.p. To
calculate the allowed conducted power with a circularly polarized antenna, the following formula
shall be used:
P = P − G + 5,15 + C
dBm
C erp IC L
Where:
P = interrogator conducted transmit power in dBm;
C
G = antenna gain of a circular antenna in dBic;
IC
C = total cable loss in dB.
L
Step 4: Where the interrogator switches between multiple transmitter outputs, the power level shall be
measured at each output.
6.1.3 Limits
The effective radiated power on each of the four high power channels specified in figure 2 shall not exceed 36 dBm
e.r.p.
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14 ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
6.2 Transmitter spectrum mask
6.2.1 Definition
The transmitter spectrum mask defines the limits within the range fc ± 1 MHz for the average power of all modulated
signals including all side bands associated with the carrier.
6.2.2 Method of measurement
The RF output of the equipment shall be connected to a spectrum analyser via a 50 Ω connector. In the case of
equipment with an integral antenna, the equipment shall be placed in the test fixture (see [1], clause 6.3) and the test
fixture shall be connected to the spectrum analyser. Measurements shall be made on the declared channels of operation
of the interrogator on those channels requiring full tests.
Step 1: The interrogator shall be operated at the carrier power measured under normal test conditions in
clause 6.1. The attenuator shall be adjusted to give an appropriate display on the spectrum analyser
screen.
Step 2: The interrogator shall be configured to generate a succession of modulated transmit pulses. Each
transmit pulse shall be modulated by the normal test signal (see [1], clause 6.1). The length of each
transmit pulse shall be not less than 10 ms and not greater than 50 ms. The interval between
successive transmit pulses shall be not less than 1 ms and shall not exceed 10 ms.
Step 3: The output power of the interrogator, with or without a test fixture, shall be measured using a
spectrum analyser, which shall be set to the following values:
a) Resolution bandwidth: 1 kHz.
b) Video bandwidth: Equal to the RBW.
c) Sweep Time: Auto.
d) Span: 2 MHz.
e) Trace mode: Max. hold sufficient to capture all emissions.
f) Detection mode: Average.
Step 4: For frequencies inside fc ± 1 000 kHz the measured values are the absolute values. The absolute
levels of RF power shall be compared to the spectrum mask at figure 2 (see note).
Step 5: Where the interrogator includes multiple transmitter outputs, all of the outputs shall be connected
via a suitable combiner network to the spectrum analyser. With the interrogator set up as in Step 1
and configured to transmit the test signal described in Step 2 while in its operational mode, the
spectrum mask shall be measured at the spectrum analyser. The measured values shall be adjusted
to compensate for the attenuation of the combiners and compared to the spectrum mask at figure 2.
NOTE: If for any reason the spectrum is measured with a resolution bandwidth other than 1 kHz, the measured
values may be converted to the absolute values using the formula:
1kHz
B = A + 10 log
BW
MEASURED
Where:
- A is the value at the measured resolution bandwidth;
- B is the absolute value referred to a 1 kHz reference bandwidth; or
use the measured value, A, directly if the measured spectrum is a discrete spectral line (a discrete
spectrum line is defined as a narrow peak with a level of at least 6 dB above the average level inside the
measurement bandwidth).
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15 ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
6.2.3 Limits
The absolute levels of RF power at any frequency shall not exceed the limits defined in the spectrum mask envelope at
figure 2 in which the X axis shall be in linear frequency and the Y axis shall be scaled in dBm e.r.p.

NOTE: Where fc is the centre frequency of the carrier transmitted by the interrogator.

Figure 2: Spectrum mask for modulated signals
6.3 Unwanted emissions in the spurious domain
6.3.1 Definition
Spurious emissions are emissions at frequencies other than those of the wanted carrier frequency and its sidebands
associated with normal test modulation.
6.3.2 Method of measurement
Spurious emissions shall be measured at frequencies outside the band fc ± 1 000 kHz where fc is the carrier frequency
of the interrogator. The level of spurious emissions shall be measured as:
either:
a) i) their power level in a specified load (conducted spurious emission); and
ii) their effective radiated power when radiated by the cabinet and structure of the equipment (cabinet
radiation); or
b) their effective radiated power when radiated by the cabinet and the integral antenna, in the case of equipment
fitted with such an antenna and no external RF connector.
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16 ETSI TS 101 602 V1.1.1 (2013-07)
6.3.2.1 Method of measuring the power level in a specified load, clause 6.3.2, a) i)
This method applies only to equipment with an external antenna connector.
Step 1: The interrogator shall be connected to a 50 Ω power attenuator. The output of the power attenuator
shall be connected to a measuring receiver. The interrogator shall be set up to generate a
succession of modulated transmit pulses as described in Step 2 of clause 6.2.2.
In the event that the carrier signal from the interrogator is too high for the dynamic range of the
measurement receiver, a notch filter may optionally be connected between the 50 Ω power
attenuator and the measurement receiver to attenuate the carrier signal. This may be used for
measurements at greater than 2 MHz from the carrier. The filter shall have a loss of less than 3 dB
at ±1 MHz from fc.
Step 2: The measuring receiver, (see [1], clause 6.6) shall be tuned over the frequency range of 30 MHz to
5 GHz. For each of the frequency ranges specified in figure 3, the measuring receiver shall be set
to the following values:
a) Resolution bandwidth: In accordance with the figure 3.
b) Video bandwidth: Equal to the RBW.
c) Sweep time: Auto.
d) Span: As defined by the relevant frequency ranges in figure 3.
e) Trace mode: Max. hold sufficient to capture emissions.
f) Detection mode: Average.
Figure 3: Resolution bandwidths for spurious emissions
Step 3: At each frequency outside the band defined by fc ± 1 MHz at which a spurious component is
detected, the power level shall be recorded as the conducted spurious emission level delivered into
the specified load.
Step 4: The measurements shall be repeated with the interrogator on stand-by.
Step 5: The measurements shall be adjusted to give the output power of the interrogator with its declared
antenna in e.r.p.
6.3.2.2 Method of measuring the effective radiated power, clause 6.3.2, a) ii)
This method applies only to equipment with an external antenna connector.
Step 1: On a test site, selected from [1], annex A, the interrogator shall be placed at the specified height on
a non-conducting support and in the position closest to normal use as declared by the provid
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